AP World UNIT 3 REVIEW [Everything You NEED to Know!]

Summary

Highlights

• 1450-1750 was a time of massive territorial expansion for land-based empires, fueled by gunpowder. 💣
• The Ottomans, featuring heavily in exams, mastered gunpowder weapons for swift expansion. 🎇
• Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 marked a pivotal moment, using big 'boom sticks'. 💥
• The Safavid Empire's Shia Islam foundation led to conflicts with Sunni neighbours. 🕌
• The Mughal Empire flourished under Akbar's policy of religious tolerance, despite Hindu-Muslim tensions. 🤝
• The Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming, expanding with gunpowder and consolidating power under non-Han leadership. 🏯
• Religion saw dramatic shifts, notably the Protestant Reformation in Christianity, and intensified Sunni-Shia splits in Islam. ✝️☪️
• Empires used religion, art, and innovation in tax systems to legitimize and consolidate power. 🏛️

Key Takeaways

• Land-based empires grew from 1450 to 1750 by expanding their territories, notably using gunpowder. 🎇
• The Ottoman Empire, a major player, expanded with gunpowder weapons and had unique military practices including the Janissaries. 💥
• The Safavid Empire, although similar to the Ottomans, followed Shia Islam, intensifying rivalries with Sunni states. 🕌
• The Mughal Empire was notable for its religious tolerance under Akbar, promoting prosperity in a diverse region. 🤝
• The Qing Dynasty represented a shift in Chinese power, expanding with Manchu leadership and gunpowder. 🎆
• Religion played a key role, with Christianity and Islam experiencing significant internal splits and developments. ✝️☪️
• Administrative systems were crucial, with empires using bureaucracies, taxation, and monumental architecture to maintain control. 🏛️

Overview

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction to Land-based Empires The chapter 'Introduction to Land-based Empires' covers the essential aspects of land-based empires during the period 1450-1750. It outlines their expansion, administration, and belief systems. A land-based empire is defined as one whose power is derived primarily from its territorial holdings. The period from 1450 to 1750 saw these empires becoming larger and more consolidated.
• 00:30 - 02:30: Expansion of the Ottoman Empire The chapter discusses the significance of the Ottoman Empire in history, particularly in the context of AP World History. It highlights the importance of understanding the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and how it relates to global history. The speaker offers a tip for students who are preparing for the AP World exam: when in doubt, the Ottoman Empire is often a safe choice to reference due to its widespread influence and frequent appearance in historical narratives. Additionally, the chapter is part of a broader educational resource aimed at aiding students in their study of world history.
• 02:30 - 04:00: Safavid Empire and Shia Islam The chapter discusses the expansion of the Safavid Empire and its connection to Shia Islam.
• 04:00 - 05:00: Mughal Empire and Religious Tolerance The chapter discusses the Ottoman Empire's expansion in the 15th century, highlighting the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The conquest, aided by advanced gunpowder weapons, was significant as it marked the downfall of the Byzantine Empire and opened the path for further Ottoman expansion into Eastern Europe.
• 05:00 - 06:30: Qing Dynasty and Gunpowder Empires The chapter discusses the military strategies and expansions of gunpowder empires, focusing on the Ottomans and Safavids.
• 06:30 - 10:30: Administration of Empires Under the leadership of Sha Ismail, the south began raiding and conquering neighboring territories, leading to rapid expansion. The lack of natural defensive barriers, such as mountains, prompted a later ruler, Sha Abbas, to focus on strengthening the Safavid military. This included adopting gunpowder weapons. However, similar to the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid cavalry was resistant to shooting guns from horseback. In response, Sha Abbas established an enslaved army composed of Christians from conquered regions, particularly the Caucasus, who were highly trained.
• 10:30 - 13:00: Christian Reformation and the Catholic Church The chapter discusses the similarities and differences between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. Both empires had humble beginnings, expanded rapidly with the use of gunpowder, and relied on elite enslaved military forces. They were both Muslim empires, but the significant difference was in their sects: the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims while the Safavids were Shia Muslims. This religious difference was a significant cause of conflict between the two empires.
• 13:00 - 15:00: Sunni and Shia Split in Islam This chapter discusses the historical split between Sunni and Shia Islam. The Sunnis believed that any spiritually qualified individual could succeed Muhammad as leader. In contrast, the Shia held that only Muhammad's blood relatives were legitimate successors, with each faction considering themselves the true representatives of Islam. This schism caused significant tensions, which are acknowledged but not covered in detail here. Additionally, the chapter introduces the Mughal Empire, established in the first half of the 16th century in South and Central Asia, and gives a nod to the prior Delhi Sultanate in the same region.
• 15:00 - 16:00: Development of Sikhism The chapter discusses the rise of the Mughal Empire in South Asia, starting with Babur's leadership in Central Asia in 1526. Babur led successful campaigns against the Delhi Sultanate, establishing Mughal rule. The Mughals expanded their empire through a strong military and gunpowder weapons. Under Babur's grandson Akbar, the empire expanded further. Although both the Mughals and the previous Delhi Sultanate were Muslim, they struggled to spread Islam among the largely resistant Indian population.
• 16:00 - 17:00: Conclusion The chapter titled 'Conclusion' discusses the improvements in religious tolerance during the reign of Akbar in the Mugal Empire. Akbar's unusual tolerance for different belief systems and his exceptional administration contributed to the Mugal Empire becoming the most prosperous during the 16th century. As the chapter transitions, it introduces the Qing Dynasty, also known as the Manchu Empire, touching upon the historical context of the Mongols taking over China previously.

AP World UNIT 3 REVIEW [Everything You NEED to Know!] Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 oh you want a full review of everything you need to know about unit 3 of AP World History you know I got you boo now we're in the time period 1450 to 1750 and it's all about landbased Empires their expansion their Administration and their belief systems so if you're ready to get them brain cows milk let's get to it okay first let's define our terms what is a land-based Empire well it's an Empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial Holdings so it's an Empire that's landbased and that's about the easiest thing you're going to have to learn in this unit so let's take the wind where we can and the big idea to get here is that in the time period 1450 to 1750 land-based Empires were expanding getting bigger getting tight
• 00:30 - 01:00 in their sweatpants after a big meal you get it and in order to compare how this expansion occurred I need to introduce you to four of them and these are the four you have to know first is the Ottoman Empire and hey here's a little AP World exam hack if there ever comes a time when you have no idea what an answer is or what to write for an leq or whatever just go with the Ottoman Empire they're massively important during this unit they're just going to keep showing up throughout the course okay that tip is free so put it in your pocket and do what you will with it but before we get cozy with the Ottomans I should mention that this video is part of a larger resource called the AP World History hler review guide and if you're if you're feeling saucy you should check it
• 01:00 - 01:30 out in the link below it's got whole unit review videos like this one that are not here on YouTube it's got note guides to follow along practice questions practice exams and answer keys for all of them it is the fastest way to study for your class in your exam in May so you know have a look and now back to the Ottomans this Empire was founded in the 14th century and it was a wee little thing but spoiler alert they expanded uh real fast there were a lot of reasons they were able to do that but Chief among them was the adoption of gunpowder weapons recall that This Magnificent powder had been invented in China but it had spread via trading routs to many parts of afro Eurasia so with these
• 01:30 - 02:00 giant boom sticks the Ottomans ended up controlling much of Southwestern Europe and Anatolia by the beginning of the 15th century 50 years later the Islamic Ottomans scored a massive win by conquering Constantinople in 1453 and renaming it to Istanbul and they did it of course with gunpowder weapons but you know the Ottomans sacked plenty of other cities with their giant cannons so what made this one so special well Constantinople was the Beating Heart of the remainder of the once great Roman Empire and once it fell to the Ottomans the door was open to continue their expansion into Eastern Europe and once they mosied into Eastern Europe the
• 02:00 - 02:30 Ottomans encountered another resource to bulk up their military namely Christians you see as the Ottomans conquered state after state in the Balkans they had a policy of enslaving many of the Christians that they found there and once those Christians were in their custody they converted them to Islam and turned the best of the best into an elite fighting force known as the janary so add the janissaries to the rest of the Ottoman Army and they had all they needed to expand their empire like mad until by 1750 it looked like this okay now the Second Empire you need to know as the sapph ofit empire in the Middle East it was founded at the beginning of the 16th century and just like the Ottomans began as a wee little thing but they didn't stay we for long because
• 02:30 - 03:00 under the leadership of sha is male the south of its raided and conquered neighboring territories and began to expand rapidly and how did they do it no it's gunpowder don't be crazy so because this Empire lacked any natural defensive barriers like mountains a later ruler named sha abas got to work building up the safavid military which included the adoption of gunpowder weapons and just like in the Ottoman Empire safavid Cavalry were not interested in learning to shoot guns from horses and so sha abas established an enslaved Army which were again like the Ottomans Christians from conquered regions in this case the Caucasus region they were highly trained
• 03:00 - 03:30 to became full-time soldiers in the service of the Sha and were no small contributor to the saf of its ability to expand so there's a lot of similarities between these two Muslim empires humble beginnings rapid expansion with gunpowder Elite enslaved military forces and they were both Muslim but big butt massive butt there is one very significant difference between these two empires that's going to cause a lot of problems yes they were both Muslim but they were not the same kind of Muslim the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims while the safavids were Shia Muslims and the short version of the difference between them is sunis believed that the rightful
• 03:30 - 04:00 successor of Muhammad could be anyone spiritually fit for the office while the Shia believed that only blood relatives of Muhammad were his legitimate successors and to put an even finer point on it each branch believed that they were the true representations of Islam and the other was not so again that's going to cause some problems and you know we'll get to that later but for now let me introduce you to the third Empire you need to know namely the mugal empire in South and Central Asia which was established in the first half of the 16th century now if you remember back to the last time period you might be thinking isn't that where the deli sulate was located it's like I'm in your head right and that is correct correct
• 04:00 - 04:30 but in 1526 a guy by the name of babber rose to leadership in Central Asia and soon led campaigns against the Delhi sulate and wiped it off the map that began the period of mugal rule in South Asia and just like the other Empires the mugal Empire expanded rapidly through a growing military that used what gunpowder weapons and then years later under the leadership of babar's grandson Akbar the empire was expanded even further until it looked like this now the mugal were Muslim and if you remember so was the deli sultanate and the rulers of the Delhi sultanate didn't have much luck spreading Islam throughout India because most of the population refused to turn away from
• 04:30 - 05:00 Hinduism and that was a tense for a very long time but under abar things did get a little better yes Muslims still ruled over a majority of Hindu people but Akbar was unusual for his time in that he was tolerant of all kinds of belief systems in his Empire and so because of this tolerance and akbar's masterful administration of the Empire the mugal became the most prosperous Empire of the 16th century and then finally let me introduce you to the last empire you need to know namely the Ching Dynasty otherwise known as the Manu Empire now remember that in the last period the Mongols went ahead and took over all the China his crap and established the Juan
• 05:00 - 05:30 Dynasty but after that fell we get the rise of the Ming Dynasty and the most important thing to know about them is that they were ethnically Han which is to say Chinese and that was a big deal because they got those pesky foreign Mongols out and then they created a new Dynasty with their own people like no more Outsiders are going to rule us a crap here come the Manu which is to say Outsiders who are going to set up a new Dynasty so in the first half of the 17th century the Ming dynasty was getting weak and so the Manu people of the north came in and set up the Ching Dynasty and from that point the Ching Dynasty beefed up its military and leg conquest of
• 05:30 - 06:00 expansion using what I know you know that's right gunpowder weapons okay now let's compare these four Empires by way of summary all of them were landbased all of them expanded rapidly during this period all of them used gunpowder to achieve that expansion both the ching and the mugal were ethnically different from their subjects and while both the safavids and the Ottomans were Muslim one was Shia while the other was Sun now if you're paying attention it should be obvious that if all these Empires were expanding like mad and waving guns in everybody's faces then it was inevitable that they would Clash with one another and you know they did and there are lots of examples I can give you but you only need need to know one so let's consider
• 06:00 - 06:30 the safid mugal conflict this was a series of wars fought over territory in what is today Afghanistan and before the war started the mugal controlled this territory but while they were off fighting elsewhere the sophitz were like yeah we'll take that and so the mugal doubled back to drive the sophitz from their territory But ultimately they were unable to do it and what made this conflict even more bitter was the religious element remember that the savids were Shia Muslims and the mugal were Sunni and so each Empire believing that they themselves were the true representatives of Islam fought to establish full dominance over this region even so after the series of Wars ended there was really no clear Victory
• 06:30 - 07:00 okay now the next big idea we need to come to terms with is exactly how rulers administered those giant honking landbased Empires I mean territorial expansion and blowing people up is great and all but if you don't know how to run your Empire it's going to fall apart quick fast and in a hurry so really what we're trying to understand is how rulers legitimized and Consolidated their power and hey I'm not just throwing around $5 words for funsies you will absolutely see these terms on your exam so what do they mean well when we talk about how rulers legitimize power we're talking about the methods a ruler uses to establish their Authority and when we talk about how rulers Consolidated their
• 07:00 - 07:30 power we're talking about the methods they used to transfer power from other groups to themselves so there are essentially four major ways that rulers of land-based Empires legitimized and Consolidated their power first was through the formation of large bureaucracies and in case you forgot a bureaucracy includes the thousands of government officials that ensure laws are kept throughout the Empire so you know if the emperor got the runs after eating some old nacho meat and decided that nachos are now illegal in my Empire well you know how is he going to ensure that nobody in his giant honking Empire is eating nacho like he's not going to
• 07:30 - 08:00 be knocking on everyone's door just to make sure so that's what the bureaucracy is for thousands and tens of thousands of The Emperor's officials spread out to make sure that Randy isn't crushing a plate of nachos hey is that cheese on your chin oh all right kill him anyway for rulers who wanted to maintain control of their Empire's bureaucracies were the way to go for example the Ottomans used the dev sheer system to staff their bureaucracy with highly trained individuals this went hand inand with their whole invade the Balkans and enslave Christians thing because many of those Christians converted to Islam were sent to aan buul for education and training and afterward the top
• 08:00 - 08:30 performers were appointed to Elite positions in the ottoman bureaucracy and because of their extensive Education and Training not only were they wise administrators but they were also loyal to the sultan okay now the second way rulers administered their Empires was through the development of military professionals now I mentioned the janies and the Ottoman Empire earlier and that's a good example and then the Third Way rulers administered their Empires is actually a collection of three related items religious ideas art and Monumental architecture I'll give you examples of each from various Empires across the world starting in Europe during this period European monarchs began to gain more and more power and one way they did it was through the religious belief
• 08:30 - 09:00 known as the divine right of kings essentially this just means that monarchs perpetuated the idea that they were God's representative on earth like if I'm the king it's because Jesus himself put me here so y'all fall in line the Christian populations this had a powerful way of legitimizing the authority of their ruler now in terms of using art let's visit the Ching Dynasty and let me introduce you to Emperor kangi now remember that the ching were Manu not Han like the rest of the Chinese people over which they rule so how does an emperor legitimize power over people who think he's an outsider Ki went ahead and hung Imperial portraits of himself all around the city
• 09:00 - 09:30 and if you look closely you can see that he's surrounded by books which suggests confusion wisdom or to put it another way these portraits were kongi's PR campaign to convince the Han population that he was in fact a legitimate Chinese ruler in the line of ancient Chinese dynasty okay now in terms of using Monumental architecture let's head over to the Americas and check in with the Inca here you see the sun Temple of Cusco and in its prime the walls were covered with gold sheets and the courtyards were filled with golden statues now within this Temple High religious festivals were held and since Inca rulers were associated with the Gods magn ient buildings like this had a
• 09:30 - 10:00 way of legitimizing power and then one way architecture was used to consolidate power was apparent in the Palace of Versailles built by Louis the 14th in France and yeah this huge structure had a way of communicating who was in charge namely this guy but Louie also used it to transfer power to himself he did it by requiring the French nobility to live in the palace for at least part of the Year where he can keep an eye on them and where they competed for his attention and since prior to this it was the nobility who held most of the power in France their new living Arrangement had a way of transferring power under Louis okay now the Fourth Way rulers administered their Empires was through Innovations in tax collection systems
• 10:00 - 10:30 now in case you've never ruled an Empire yourself you might not know that Empires don't pay for themselves so rulers during this period figured out new ways to extract revenue from their people to pay for their upkeep and I'll give you three examples first is the zamar system employed by the mugal Empire now zamindars were Elite land owners who were granted authority to tax peasants living on their land on behalf of the Imperial government eventually the zamindars grew corrupt and started skimming money off the top to enrich themselves but nevertheless this was a significant way the mugal maintained control over their empire and Consolidated power under themselves
• 10:30 - 11:00 second is the ottoman tax farming system now the Ottomans decided that increasing the size of the bureaucracy just to collect taxes was not for them so they established the tax farming system which essentially meant that the right to tax subjects of the empire was awarded to the highest bidder and whoever won the bidding had the right to collect taxes from a particular group of people and they charged more than was required and thus enriched themselves dirty but effective and then third Aztec rulers used tribute list to generate revenue for their empire whenever the Aztecs conquered a place they gave tribute list filled with the goods that that place was responsible for sending to the
• 11:00 - 11:30 Imperial seed and tribute this practice ensured a steady flow of a wide variety of goods to the Empire and communicated who was in charge to those conquered regions and finally the last topic we need to consider is how belief systems both stayed the same and changed during this period so let's start with Christianity in Europe Now by our period the heart of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe was located in Rome and it had represented the dominant belief system in Western Europe since the first century but despite its enormous Power by our period the church had become plagued with corruption people were buying their way into positions of ecclesiastical power which is a practice known as simony and most important for
• 11:30 - 12:00 what we're talking about here the church began financing its massive building project through the sale of indulgences essentially that just means that people were told that they could pay money to get their sins forgiven and to be honest it was pretty effective popes had money for days and now let me introduce you to a Catholic monk named Martin Luther this guy was seriously troubled by all these practices because they weren't in the Bible and even more troubling he thought that the Catholic church had misinterpreted scriptural teachings about salvation so you know not a small thing so in 1517 Luther made a list of his complaints known as the 95 thesis
• 12:00 - 12:30 and nailed it to the door of a church in vitberg now the church to put it mildly were not fans of this movie so they denounced Luther as a heretic and excommunicated him from the church but thanks to the recent invention of the printing press Luther kept writing and his ideas spread far and wide throughout Europe and as more and more people were convinced that Luther was right a massive split in the church occurred and this is what we call the Protestant Reformation so that is a big change in Christianity in Europe but you didn't think that the Roman Catholic Church just slinked away and disappeared did you don't be crazy no the Catholic Church continued as a dominant expression of Christian Christianity in Europe however to be fair they did
• 12:30 - 13:00 initiate a Reformation of their own in a series of meetings called the Council of Trent Catholics cleaned up a lot of the corruption that Protestants were complaining about but they also went ahead and reaffirmed that their doctrine of salvation was just fine thank you very much and that represented not only continuity in the faith but also a permanent split between the two branches of the faith regardless both reformations LED to significant growth of Christianity in Europe okay second let's consider Islam and here we need to examine how political rivalries intensified the Sunni Shia split now I already mentioned that sha Ismail declared the saf of Empire would adhere to Shia Islam and that put them at odds
• 13:00 - 13:30 with other Sunni Muslim empires in this area but I probably undersold just what a big deal that was in fact many people argue that ismail's decision was among the most significant events in Islamic history that's because his decision aggravated and intensified the split between these two branches and when Ismail made his declaration he carried it out with ferocity like Sunni Muslims in the Empire who resisted were often slaughtered in public and to take it even further a division of the safavid military was developed whose sole responsibility was to ensure that everyone in the safavid Dynasty ritually and regly cursed the first three cffs
• 13:30 - 14:00 who succeeded Muhammad you remember earlier when I said that the beef between these two branches of Islam had a lot to do with who the legitimate successor of Muhammad was well it was those first three that were patently not blood relatives of the prophet and so this regular ritual cursing of them was like spitting in the face of Sunni Muslims everywhere so yeah the split between the Shia and the sunnis definitely intensified because of political rivalries among Islamic empir and third let's consider the development of seism in South Asia now we've been talking an awful lot about the fracturing of belief systems but here's an example of the blending of Rel religions which resulted in something
• 14:00 - 14:30 new essentially sism was a syncretic blend of both Hindu and Islamic doctrines and that shouldn't surprise you given how long those two systems coexisted in South Asia anyway seism demonstrated continuity with both belief systems by retaining several important doctrines like the belief in one God and the cycle of reincarnation and death however it marked a change as well since Sikhism discarded the gender hierarchies of Islam and the cast system in Hinduism Okay click here to grab my AP World heimler review guide which is everything you need to get an A in your class and a five on your exam in May if you need more detailed help on any of the topics covered then you can C here to watch my individual topic videos I'll catch you
• 14:30 - 15:00 on the flipflop I'm lur out