The Sea Peoples & The Late Bronze Age Collapse // Ancient History Documentary (1200-1150 BC)

Summary

Highlights

• Civilizations like Egypt, the Hittites, and Mycenae fell during this chaotic period. ⚔️
• The Sea Peoples, a coalition of different tribes, are believed to have played a crucial role in this era's upheaval. 🤯
• Archaeological discoveries, such as weapons and pottery, help piece together the story of these elusive invaders. 🏺
• Environmental phenomena, including prolonged droughts, might have driven migrations and conflicts. 🌦️
• Trade routes were disrupted, impacting economies and leading towards a societal decline. 🚢
• Historians and archaeologists continue to debate the true impact and identity of the Sea Peoples. 🔍

Key Takeaways

• The Late Bronze Age Collapse was a time of immense disruption and change, affecting multiple great civilizations. 🌍
• The Sea Peoples remain a mystery, with various theories suggesting origins from Sardinia, Sicily, and Greece. 🤔
• Archaeological and textual evidence provides clues but no definite answers about the Sea Peoples' true identity and motives. 🏺
• Environmental catastrophes, like droughts and earthquakes, possibly exacerbated societal collapse. 🌊
• The interconnected trade networks of the Bronze Age meant the failure in one region could trigger broader collapse. 🔄

Overview

Chapters

• 00:00 - 02:00: Introduction The chapter introduces Egypt as a land deeply rooted in history, highlighting its status as an ancient civilization even by the 12th century BC. It mentions the grandeur of vast temple complexes and pyramids, which serve as monuments to the power of kings who ruled over a millennium earlier, symbolizing different eras and dynasties.
• 02:00 - 05:00: Egypt in the 12th Century BC This chapter discusses Egypt during the 12th century BC, highlighting the societal and cultural changes after years of turmoil, invasions, and a dark age. Despite these disruptions, the enduring presence of the same gods and a similar culture showcases Egypt's resilience and continuity. The narrative indicates that Egypt was moving forward, possibly implying further developments or changes in its sociopolitical structure.
• 05:00 - 10:00: Interconnected Trade System of the Ancient World The chapter titled 'Interconnected Trade System of the Ancient World' describes a vast trade network that extended from the southern shores of Britain in the north to the mountains of Afghanistan in the east. This network is depicted as one of the wealthiest and most stable systems of that time. Evidence for this trade system is supported by findings from a large diplomatic library.
• 10:00 - 15:00: The Rise of the Sea Peoples During the time of the heretical Pharaoh Akhenaten, the city of Amana in Egypt served as a hub where the great kings of the era frequently communicated. They engaged in diplomatic marriages, trade deals, and sometimes even warfare, which was mainly conducted by charioteers, who were considered the tanks of their time.
• 15:00 - 20:00: The Collapse of Bronze Age Civilizations The chapter discusses the widespread use of cuneiform letters written in Acadian and Babylonian languages during the Bronze Age, serving as the lingua franca of the era. It highlights the communication and cultural interactions that occurred across great distances, facilitated by these writings, and notes the discovery of roughly 300 such letters at a single archaeological site, illustrating a highly interconnected world during the 15th century BC.
• 20:00 - 31:00: The Identity and Origin of the Sea Peoples The chapter discusses the instability in the world by the 12th century BC, particularly highlighting the famines affecting the Hittite empire (Hattie) after centuries of stability.
• 31:00 - 45:00: The Archaeological Evidence This chapter delves into the archaeological evidence related to the fall of the Mycenaean civilization in mainland Greece and how this destruction was also mirrored in Egypt. It discusses the burning of the grand palatial complexes of the Mycenaean warrior kings, leaving behind a record of arrowheads and ash that illustrates the extent of the devastation. The narrative connects these events to the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses III, acknowledging that despite possible denials, even Egypt was not immune to the widespread turmoil affecting the region during this period.
• 45:00 - 49:30: Conclusion and Call to Action The chapter describes a turning point in ancient history around 1177 BC when a fleet of warships with black sails were sighted approaching the Egyptian shore. This event marked a significant moment, as the ships maneuvered through the Nile's fertile riverways, symbolizing a challenge to the existing world system's self-sufficiency.

The Sea Peoples & The Late Bronze Age Collapse // Ancient History Documentary (1200-1150 BC) Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 egypt land of the nile by the 12th century bc this place was already old vast temple complexes and pyramids dominating the horizon monuments to the power of kings who ruled over a thousand years before a different time a different dynasty
• 00:30 - 01:00 in the intervening years since those colossal edifices had been hewn into the landscape egypt had seen societal turmoil outside invasion and dark age yet more than a millennia on the same gods ruled over this land a more or less similar culture held sway and now egypt was no longer going it
• 01:00 - 01:30 alone one piece of a vast interconnected trade system the tendrils of which reached all the way to the southern shores of britain in the far north to the mountains of afghanistan and beyond in the east the wealthiest and most stable system the world had ever seen we know from a vast diplomatic library found at
• 01:30 - 02:00 amana in egypt capital of the heretical pharaoh akhenaten that the great kings of this age regularly corresponded with one another into marrying making trade deals and very occasionally going to war campaigns fought primarily by charioteers the tanks of the day
• 02:00 - 02:30 supported by masses of spearmen nearly 300 cuneiform letters written in acadian and babylonian the lingua franca of the day being sent from one side of the world to the other for hundreds of years from at least the 15th century bc discovered at this one site alone
• 02:30 - 03:00 yet by the 12th century bc all was not well in the world after centuries of stability unnerving reports had begun filtering in [Music] in far off hattie famine racked the land year after year
• 03:00 - 03:30 in mainland greece one by one the great palatial complexes of the mycenaean warrior kings were burned to the ground arrowheads and ash permeating the archaeological record of late the rot had reached egypt as much as he might try to deny it the pharaoh ramesses iii and his state were part
• 03:30 - 04:00 of this world system no longer self-sufficient then one day around 1177 bc black sails were sighted off the egyptian shore [Music] a fleet of sleek war vessels gliding into the fertile riverways at the mouth of the nile [Music] irrigated field systems and wild marshes
• 04:00 - 04:30 around them glory and plunder on their minds the ensuing events were so important for ramesses that he inscribed them on a massive scale for future generations to behold in pictures and in hieroglyphics this is the complex of medinette habu
• 04:30 - 05:00 the decorated frescoes here that can still be seen today are one of the most important sources for the catastrophic turmoil of ram caesar's age speaking directly to his people the pharaoh regaled his own deeds in defeating this new seabourn menace of course pharaohs never lost according to imperial propaganda they
• 05:00 - 05:30 just won closer and closer to home yet the situation seems to have been so dire by this point that a direct proclamation was needed [Music] according to ramses before he defeated them on the nile no land could stand before the arms of this foreign force already having ravaged territories from
• 05:30 - 06:00 hattie code carcamish azawa and alecia onwards devastation that matches the archaeological record before ending their journey at egypt on the images at medinetaboo we can see these invaders face to face some wearing horned helmets
• 06:00 - 06:30 others aegean style kilts and feathered headdresses they weren't uniformed comprising of a variety of different looking peoples some heavily armored in plate others in light leather some of them are shirtless all had come
• 06:30 - 07:00 to destroy the established world and beginner knew [Music] most importantly their arms were longswords and javelins not spearmen supporting chariots as had been the way of war for centuries the world was changing these warriors were runners chariot killers
• 07:00 - 07:30 perhaps most importantly at medinet habu we get names these seabourn invaders were the pelosette tajeka danuna and washesh a confederacy of lands united plots brimming in their proud chests the fire of war carried before them but who were these newcomers and where did they come from today we
• 07:30 - 08:00 know them simply as the sea peoples their story is one of the most fascinating ever told and this wasn't the only group of so-called sea peoples but the second of at least two large invasion attempts of egypt an earlier armada having been defeated by ramses's father some three decades earlier egyptian
• 08:00 - 08:30 and other sources also mention other names the sherdon shekalesh luca karkesha nine or ten seafaring peoples [Music] wherever their names appear death and destruction follows
• 08:30 - 09:00 yet the egyptian sources are extremely egyptian-centric the attack on the nile was in fact just one battle in a much larger saga illuminated by its recording in the historical record just before history goes dark almost completely for hundreds of years the darkest age ever yet to befall
• 09:00 - 09:30 mankind ramses state would survive the collapse turning back the sea peoples on the nile making a wall of ships and spears to block their advance tellingly a chariot is present on the battlefield but not integral to victory a sign of the times
• 09:30 - 10:00 despite ramses victory this was a battle which signaled the downfall of the egyptian state it was to be a slow lingering death leaving their colossal remains empty decaying all across the land doomed to irrelevance the only bronze age power left
• 10:00 - 10:30 in an uncertain new age of iron for after the 12th century bc for at least a century or more there were no cities in the eastern mediterranean scholars have debated for close to 200 years as to the identity of these elusive invaders and to their exact nature
• 10:30 - 11:00 where did they come from and where did they go were they grizzled veterans mercenaries opportunistically going to war some no doubt having fought on the sea for decades by the time they got to egypt or a mass migration from the west the survivors of destroyed civilizations
• 11:00 - 11:30 banding together out of necessity [Music] for this was the age of the late bronze age collapse until this time the most devastating societal breakdown in history the first true interruption since the city builders of ancient sumer some 3000 years before though we can never know for certain
• 11:30 - 12:00 what drove the sea peoples or even for the most part the lives they led the battles they fought the record is simply too sparse [Music] however using the very latest archaeological genetic climatological and historical research we can form a most basic picture of who they might have been
• 12:00 - 12:30 telling the late bronze age collapse from their point of view [Music] hello and welcome to history time this is a two-hour deep dive into the epic world of the late bronze age and those seaborne warriors who contributed to its end i'm your host pete kelly don't forget to hit that subscribe button and the bell
• 12:30 - 13:00 notification so you can access the library of other history videos on this channel and be updated on new projects in the future history time is a one-man team so don't forget to leave a like and a comment to feed youtube's algorithm making this gigantic project worthwhile and others like it in the future possible shortly we'll return to the end of the bronze age to investigate the origins and everything we know about each and every one of the sea
• 13:00 - 13:30 peoples but first a quick word from our sponsor magellan tv what was the secret to egypt's survival during the late bronze age giant sphinx warriors aliens no knowledge what better place to get yourself some new knowledge than magellan tv science nature space society
• 13:30 - 14:00 and of course history from all different eras all completely ad free and now history time and magellan tv have teamed up to offer you an exclusive month-long free trial my recommendation this month is this epic about the great pharaoh ramesses ii who we'll be hearing more of shortly and if you aren't seeking knowledge well i don't want to say it but pretty sure
• 14:00 - 14:30 that's how you get sea people anyway head on over to try.magellantv.com forward slash history time or use my link in the description below to get yourself a free trial now back to the bronze age ugarit modern day syria
• 14:30 - 15:00 once this was the venice of the bronze age world a powerful city-state it's kings rich and respected trade links and diplomatic allegiances extending all across the known world then a little over three thousand years ago all that came to an end
• 15:00 - 15:30 when excavated in the 20th century it soon became apparent what caused ugar its end hastily scrawled cuneiform tablets being discovered here still in the kilns that they'd been fired in the last written messages of this land for hundreds of years burned along with the city that made
• 15:30 - 16:00 them before they could ever be sent the picture painted here by those records is a bleak one the warriors of the city were away fighting in foreign lands the ships of the enemy patrolling the coast at will getting ever closer to the city itself the year was around 1180 bc
• 16:00 - 16:30 and according to those desperate sos messages by this time the hittite world to the north was already dead and so soon would be ugarit as we have already seen the egyptian sources talk of a great mustering at this time in the seas around cyprus then known as alicia
• 16:30 - 17:00 a seaborne threat coming out of their many islands presumably those of the eastern mediterranean that they'd recently overwhelmed we know from archaeology that this was a region ravaged by violence and chaos all around the coast of this once peaceful sea the story is the same once decadent vibrant societies of the shore retreating inland
• 17:00 - 17:30 to hilltop vastnesses populations dwindling crops failing cities abandoned some never to be rebuilt again further north and to the west in the mycenaean world great kings had once engaged economically all over the mediterranean their warriors seeking service as retainers in the
• 17:30 - 18:00 armies of prosperous kings but now their palaces burned their cities destroyed to the east too in the euphrates river valley home to the first true cities of the world hordes of enemies are said to have ravaged the land
• 18:00 - 18:30 this was bad news if babylon fell so too would fall the access to tin one of the main components in the bronze used by kings to retain their power the bronze that kitted out armies that in a world before coinage paid followers the bronze that kept the world in check without it everything would fall apart
• 18:30 - 19:00 the king's power gone in an instant [Music] during the late bronze age the vast majority came from what is now afghanistan carried by traders along the ancient silk road into mesopotamia where cassite babylon passed it along to egypt hattie and greece the great city of babylon would survive
• 19:00 - 19:30 for a time beleaguered as it was but by 1158 bc the neighbouring king of elam the old enemy of mesopotamia had long promised to see the city burn and in that year he did it laying waste to the land between the two rivers cutting off the tin trade to the east and leaving just assyria and egypt intact
• 19:30 - 20:00 out of all the great powers of the bronze age in anatolia syria even across the sea in mainland greece every major settlement met its end torn asunder along with the trade system once enjoyed by egypt in greece the record simply goes blank events later half remembered by bardic poetry such as the iliad written down much
• 20:00 - 20:30 later here there would be no verifiable contact with the outside world for hundreds of years the palatial world of powerful individual personalities interacting with each other on behalf of entire kingdoms and empires would give way to one of many warriors illiterate chieftains and warlords whose words actions and motivations are lost to us
• 20:30 - 21:00 today but what caused the collapse was it invasion by the elusive sea peoples perhaps not too dissimilar to the 4th century germanic barbarians embedding themselves within the late roman empire whilst simultaneously laying it to waste indeed the evidence does seem to suggest that for the first time armies of infantry on the periphery of
• 21:00 - 21:30 the bronze age world had worked out how to defeat chariot warriors [Music] now having the technology and expertise to do so all of egypt's great cities lay on the nile if they could break through there they would have been able to take over the whole kingdom or at least plunder its cities
• 21:30 - 22:00 however it remains a debated point whether the sea peoples were directly responsible for the collapse or whether they were a symptom of it just as much victims as those they attacked perhaps drawn in from afar to take by force what once had been freely traded with them something else seems to have been going
• 22:00 - 22:30 on to cause the invasions in recent years the idea of systems collapse has risen to the fore [Music] during the late bronze age the great powers weren't individual kingdoms but a linked up system topple one and the rest can easily fall so then what was the catalyst
• 22:30 - 23:00 in the last few decades recent developments in science have enabled researchers an entirely new way of looking at the past and the picture they get in the 13th and 12th centuries bc is one of disaster on a massive scale we know from contemporary sources that famine wracked the land
• 23:00 - 23:30 and now we may know why for this was an era of unprecedented drought so much so that in many areas rainfall seems to have dropped so much that there was no longer enough left to sustain agriculture in many areas where crops had once bloomed the ground became desert [Music] in highland regions like hattie easily
• 23:30 - 24:00 defensible in good years those suffering from a lack of water at the best of times the result could have been world ending [Music] and it may be that this environmental crisis was felt all over europe and beyond creating mass population movement
• 24:00 - 24:30 and then we have the earthquakes according to seismology the 12th century bc was awash with them all over greece anatolia syria and the levant but tellingly not in egypt where imperial administration survived intact there's another argument too one based
• 24:30 - 25:00 on access to resources most states in the late bronze age had their own small copper mines though it was often difficult to mine there was one place however with an abundance practically falling out of the ground so much so that the place may have been named after it [Music] cyprus
• 25:00 - 25:30 the effects of cyprus falling to the sea peoples could have been devastating [Music] though not as much as the loss of tin the other metal needed for bronze tiny tin mines did exist in italy spain anatolia and a fair amount in far-off inaccessible britain no doubt making their owners incomprehensibly rich
• 25:30 - 26:00 but mostly the trade came from afghanistan some three thousand kilometers away by the 12th century bc however a new metal was beginning to be utilized a sign of a new age to come iron first used around 3000 bc but not in massive amounts iron
• 26:00 - 26:30 is much more difficult to smelt than copper or bronze needing heats of over 1500 degrees the upside however was that this metal could be found everywhere a great leveler allowing new elites to form and the result the destabilization of the entire world so then by 1200 bc spurred on by crisis after crisis a new order was arising
• 26:30 - 27:00 it may well be that starving people from countryside areas rose up to sweep in and burn their own cities to the ground removing the upper stratums of society entirely to be replaced with something else helped along the way by sheer desperation and just maybe access to weapons and
• 27:00 - 27:30 arms only previously held by the elite so it may well be that the pre-existing populations of the eastern mediterranean were just as responsible for the collapse as the underworld of pirates and raiders long spoken of at the edges of the bronze age system who now took advantage to raid on a scale never seen before
• 27:30 - 28:00 particularly given the enmity usually felt between common people of different regions hittites and myceneans in particular seeming to be engaged in a cold war lasting centuries like vikings in the early middle ages these raiders could have launched surprise hit and run attacks always striking when the enemy is weakest to a certain extent some of the sea
• 28:00 - 28:30 peoples may well have been former citizens of the bronze age powers there's some evidence of this too in greek myth relating events before the dark age odysseus's 10-year wanderings across the world following the trojan war saw him traveling to crete egypt lebanon and libya before finally returning to ithaca to find the place in turmoil
• 28:30 - 29:00 menelaus of sparta had a similar eight-year journey back [Music] odysseus even reminisces about seven years spent in service to the egyptian pharaoh working on retainer for cash following unsuccessful attacks on the country [Music] indeed much of the archaeological finds linked with the so-called sea peoples
• 29:00 - 29:30 are bronze age aegean in style yet surely this wasn't just military expansion there is evidence to suggest that population movement was happening on a massive scale forced to flee from wherever they came from by drought environmental devastation economic and societal turmoil
• 29:30 - 30:00 and warfare the fringes of the bronze age world in comparison in the far east and west where some of these invaders may have originated were wilder less organized lands and now it is to the western mediterranean that we must look
• 30:00 - 30:30 when frenchman jean-francois champollion began studying the ancient edifices of egypt in the early 19th century just brought into the ascendant french empire under napoleon he couldn't have fathomed the immense antiquity displayed on those surfaces hidden within long forgotten tombs
• 30:30 - 31:00 for these were hieroglyphics and when finally after dedicating his entire life to the study of those ancient symbols their secrets were finally unlocked due to the rosetta stone [Music] the long-held secrets of ancient egypt could finally be read offering
• 31:00 - 31:30 an unprecedented window into an ancient world in the ensuing decades much was learned immense dynasties rising and falling one after another over thousands upon thousands of years archaeology undertaken by the great flinders petrie and the like one by one ancient cultures began to be
• 31:30 - 32:00 filled in on the map beginning to show a complicated patchwork of kingdoms and empires [Music] long thought to be a biblical fantasy the hittites held out the longest before their texts too were unravelled allowing us another window into the bronze age world [Music] yet one glaring mystery still remained
• 32:00 - 32:30 that of the nations who ended that world it was quickly realized that such a collapse happened but who caused it and where they had come from became a subject of intense debate [Music] in 1855 french egyptologist emmanuel darusch was the first to use
• 32:30 - 33:00 the term peoples of the sea when describing the nations depicted at medinet habu [Music] it was a scholar of the next generation however gaston masspero who popularized the term [Music] noting that most of the nine nations mentioned in the egyptian sources came from the sea on ships
• 33:00 - 33:30 also associating it with the popular migration theories of the time which related to the origins of the germanic peoples of europe and others a theory which in the last few decades has been intensely scrutinized by many scholars [Music] indeed these nine bows raised against egypt as they are sometimes referred to in the egyptian sources didn't all come from the sea
• 33:30 - 34:00 and certainly their actions weren't always there cities being sacked far inland in anatolia syria greece and mesopotamia even babylon was destroyed by elamites we know egypt was attacked across the western desert from libya probably from nubia in the south and
• 34:00 - 34:30 certainly from the east across the levantine shore greece and anatolia weathered attacks from the north from phrygians thracians and perhaps dorians the later inheritors of the mycenaean world yet still the evidence of the sea peoples arriving on boats is unquestionable and in this
• 34:30 - 35:00 age of immense turmoil and chaos with warriors arriving in force from the north south and east surely they must have come from the west too [Music] a peripheral world almost entirely unknown in the written records of the great bronze age powers
• 35:00 - 35:30 yet using archaeology we can reach some understanding of the relationship between the eastern mediterranean and the west [Music] for centuries the very first sea roaming culture
• 35:30 - 36:00 to span the entirety of the mediterranean was thought to have been the phoenicians [Music] mysterious levantine survivors of the bronze age collapse establishing trading posts wherever they went from around the 10th century bc onwards [Music] one of which would eventually become carthage bringing with them the basis for the alphabet we still use today
• 36:00 - 36:30 along with exotic trade goods and settlers this great expansion preceding that of the classical greeks by centuries can clearly be seen in the archaeological record at first with small items found in the burgeoning towns of iberia and even further passed the straits of gibraltar north to britain known as the tin isles
• 36:30 - 37:00 [Music] before eventually expanding into a network of ocean-facing metropolises ultimately advances in rigging and ship building technology were the secret innovations that spawned this expansion however in recent years it's increasingly thought that these new types of ships allowing
• 37:00 - 37:30 for easier and longer journeys actually developed earlier towards the end of the bronze age allowing for cheaper and easier vessels to be built no longer did ships have to cling to seashores there's no denying the phoenician expansion was unprecedented however given this earlier innovation in
• 37:30 - 38:00 shipbuilding technology surely they weren't the first seafarers to make the journey across the open sea [Music] earlier peoples doing the same thing but on a more localized less organized level the mediterranean is a relatively stable sea not beset by as many storms as an open ocean like the atlantic
• 38:00 - 38:30 in fact sea travel is thought to have first begun during the stone age [Music] thousands of years before the phoenicians we know from archaeology that wide-reaching trade took place for millennia with ships mostly hugging coastlines but every now and again longer journeys must have taken place we have evidence of this beginning in
• 38:30 - 39:00 the chalcolithic era with upwardly mobile coppersmiths of the beaker people ranging far and wide across the continent to ireland britain and scandinavia spreading the art and magic of metallurgy wherever they went in spain we have a massive chalcolithic settlement populated by many thousands of people at the time this was a world not far
• 39:00 - 39:30 behind parts of the eastern mediterranean and in this ancient age particularly in the second millennium bc knowledge was power traders with access to the outside world could easily become chieftains and kings able to reward loyal followers with exotic goods from far away those who held river routes and coastlines could exact tributes and thus the wealth
• 39:30 - 40:00 and luxury of the east slowly filtered in to the west bringing it too into the interconnected system that had evolved over thousands of years faced with the luxuries coming in from the east the outside world naturally wanted in but what happens if the trade stops the wanderers who previously came to
• 40:00 - 40:30 your river no longer come such as may have happened in the 12th century bc surely some would go looking for the source the prosperity of the city builders ultimately contributing to their demise we know from archaeology that it wasn't just the east that enjoyed the advances in shipping technology as early as the 14th century bc the ord
• 40:30 - 41:00 galley a long narrow light craft specifically designed for speed was introduced all along the seashores and islands running towards the straits of gibraltar the majority of depictions however occur in the 12th century bc a little like a long ship these vessels depicted with animal heads at medinet habu were
• 41:00 - 41:30 powered by ores as well as sail allowing massive maneuverability an advantage to these so-called barbarians of the outer world coming from far outside the palatial systems of the east but on an individual level still possessing similar technology and a particularly martial culture maybe it was these people from the west
• 41:30 - 42:00 perhaps refugees from the far side of the mediterranean who moved in to invade neighbouring islands combining with pre-existing disasters to create a domino effect to bring the bronze age to an end usually disunited anarchic with a nearly non-existent command structure leaders from the west could usually command little more than a few hundred or at best thousand men
• 42:00 - 42:30 but if something could unite them into a coalition it would be devastating the bronze age world was completely unsuited to defend against seaborne attack this was a world of ordered battles led by individual kings on chariots meeting at pre-appointed locations not raiders appearing from nowhere to pillage and steel
• 42:30 - 43:00 so whether the collapse began in the palatial empires or out at the very edge of their system of trade we can't be sure but in order to find out more we now must look at the first mentioned of the sea peoples appearing in egyptian sources from the 15th century bc the sherdon of the sea
• 43:00 - 43:30 [Music] in 1274 bc an epic battle was waged out on the plains of what is now syria four massive contingents of chariots each kitted out with a driver and a bow-wielding warrior raced north from egypt to meet the army of the hittite king
• 43:30 - 44:00 also riding swift chariots to war [Music] the first battle in history to have recorded battle tactics the ensuing engagement fort and kadesh is the very embodiment of the late bronze age a campaign fought by thousands of elite career soldiers equipped with expensive weapons and armor of bronze unstoppable
• 44:00 - 44:30 at the time two imperial powers at the very height of their strength squabbling over the disputed land at their borders however what often isn't realised is the massive contribution of mercenaries at kadesh for both ramses ii and his rival muatari utilized not only the forces of
• 44:30 - 45:00 client kings but swords for hire too much like the roman empire recruited from war-like areas on the peripheries of the city building world and perhaps most interesting of all on both sides are mentioned some of the same names as medinet habu the sea peoples fighting for the imperial powers
• 45:00 - 45:30 one of these groups the sherdon of the sea fighting alongside libyan and nubian tribes likewise settled in egypt to defend the empire or even said to have masterminded ramses's ultimately unsuccessful battle plan clearly respected and elite troops sherdon even served as the pharaoh's personal bodyguard a little like the first roman emperor
• 45:30 - 46:00 augustus having a german bodyguard and a few hundred years later germans being the downfall of the empire and kadesh isn't alone many of these sherdon northerners as they are called in the egyptian sources well known for their piracy and their prowess in war can be seen in records long before the attacks of the 12th century bc
• 46:00 - 46:30 in the amana lettuce 200 years before sherdon of the sea are specifically mentioned as swords for hire working on behalf of a client king rib had as part of an egyptian garrison at biblos [Music] they appear again during the second year of ramses the second's reign launching an unsuccessful attack on the
• 46:30 - 47:00 nile that he recorded for posterity at tanis stelle too a number of these pirates were captured perhaps forced into service in the egyptian army and no doubt other attacks were launched too the situation can easily be interpreted as one of bold attacks from the sea
• 47:00 - 47:30 on a wider scale than ever seen before like vikings during the early middle ages small bands at first of just a handful of ships eventually spiraling into much more their prey the lucrative economic system of the city builders on a good year when the great powers were strong attacks could easily be repulsed during darker times not so much
• 47:30 - 48:00 of course the military prowess of the newcomers was quickly recognized and when offered access to the riches of the east no doubt many flocked to sign up in service to egypt to ramses ii and his successors notably whilst some sherdon fought in the coalition against egypt during the reign of
• 48:00 - 48:30 moneptar others remained loyal fighting fiercely for the king there is even ample evidence of sherdon being settled in egypt with land and goods specifically allocated to them like germanic soldiers in rome they often had elite status in egyptian society and within the army
• 48:30 - 49:00 according to the papyrus amion they were even allocated land directly adjacent to the temple at karnak an especially important place [Music] and later still during the 20th dynasty under ramses the eleventh long after the collapse sherdon mercenaries were still being utilized in egyptian armies spoken of in administrative documents
• 49:00 - 49:30 a relationship that had lasted more than 300 years [Music] but who were the sherdon like all of the sea peoples there is much speculation not much fact and today we have at least four main hypotheses western anatolia the semitic east the ionian coast and the western mediterranean
• 49:30 - 50:00 [Music] one of these however favored by scholars such as giovanni ugass does have some archaeology to go on [Music] sardinia picturesque jewel in the center of the mediterranean just off the coast of western italy
• 50:00 - 50:30 home to one of the most mysterious little understood cultures of the ancient world for this is the land of the nuragi builders colossal towers and sprawling complexes that still dominate the landscape today the largest of these structures to survive to the present incorporated five massive central towers [Music]
• 50:30 - 51:00 reaching heights of 30 meters completed by multiple outer walls and dozens of additional towers early greek geographers were so perplexed by these structures that they speculated links to the ancient labyrinth builders of crete later archaeologists too suspected origins in greece today
• 51:00 - 51:30 we know that this was a tradition native to the island their construction beginning in the second millennium bc shortly after the arrival of the beaker folk on the island and they continued in use possibly as late as the first few centuries a.d [Music] often located on the summits of hills
• 51:30 - 52:00 their purpose has long been debated by scholars be they religious centers meeting places or grain silos today a general consensus is that these were defensible home sites built for protection as much as to stamp a mark of ownership on the landscape much like the brocs of iron age scotland
• 52:00 - 52:30 in the second half of the second millennium bc however these structures began to grow larger much larger with additional towers walls and structures added as well as the settlements around them growing significantly this was a time of change of expansion and probably as other archaeological
• 52:30 - 53:00 evidence suggests increased militarism upon the neighbouring island of corsica statued menieres depict toray builders near identical with the naragi builders of neighbouring sardinia suggesting at least a cultural expansion if not demographic a somewhat similar culture existing in iberia too and sardinia
• 53:00 - 53:30 was a land rich in metal of copper and lead seeing the mass construction of furnaces to produce and ship alloys all across the mediterranean placed roughly in the middle of the sea with access to east and west sardinia though mostly missing from the written record must have been an important and rich
• 53:30 - 54:00 land archaeology tells us that these bronze age sardinians became especially skilled metal workers producing a wide variety of bronze objects such as swords daggers axes pins rings and bracelets most fascinating of all however are
• 54:00 - 54:30 these unique bronze statuettes depicting warriors and boats suggesting a close relationship with the sea perhaps representing a native warrior aristocracy these statuettes with horned helmets and round studded shields
• 54:30 - 55:00 bear more than a striking resemblance to those depicted in the egyptian sources and then we have the archaeology from lands far away [Music] tin one of the main ingredients for making bronze is an especially scarce resource as we have seen only occurring in significant amounts in
• 55:00 - 55:30 southern britain iberia and far off afghanistan however there is some evidence to suggest that it was mined in sardinia too in at least one site as well as copper and lead [Music] this might explain the significant archaeological links found in recent years with the mycenean world a rich land poor in metal
• 55:30 - 56:00 so then there was a link with greece after all so-called gateway communities having been located on cyprus crete and in greece all containing items originating in sardinia and vice versa
• 56:00 - 56:30 neuralgic ceramics dating to the 13th century bc have been found at tirin's commandos kokino kremos in sicily at lipari and in the aggrento area all the way along the sea route linking western to eastern mediterranean and other cultural links to bronze age greece are found too with the adoration of bulls and the shape
• 56:30 - 57:00 of common thalos tombs [Music] cyprus type copper ingots have been found in sardinia too as well as neuragic ceramics in the aegean cyprus in significant amounts in spain and at sites on the italian mainland [Music] and it wasn't just the mediterranean that sardinia's links extended to
• 57:00 - 57:30 we already know that the amber found in such famous pharaohs as tutankhamun's tomb had its origins in the far northern baltic sea and in 2013 a study of 71 swedish items from the nordic bronze age revealed that the vast majority of the copper utilized came from sardinia and the iberian peninsula
• 57:30 - 58:00 and tellingly this so-called golden age of neuralgic civilization didn't end in the 12th century bc extending for hundreds of years afterwards perhaps coinciding with the apex of mining on the island and finally evidence of iron working has been found in the 13th century bc
• 58:00 - 58:30 some of the earliest in the mediterranean interestingly sardinian culture would change significantly during this time with the construction of nuragi's halting for a time many being abandoned entirely or at least partially dismantled individual tombs replaced the collective burials of old
• 58:30 - 59:00 and unlike in the eastern mediterranean where there is evidence of a decrease in population there is evidence here of growth and a continuation of this culture for many hundreds of years to come [Music] before conquest by a new incoming people
• 59:00 - 59:30 from the levant the phoenicians [Music] in 1974 archaeologists stumbled upon a number of broken pieces of stone littering an ancient hilltop painstakingly pieced back together these two and a half meters tall statued menheirs looking very similar to the bronze statuettes possibly representing ancient sardinia's
• 59:30 - 60:00 warrior aristocracy are known today as the giants of monty prama a total of 44 are thought to have once existed though only a handful have been successfully put back together [Music] including statues of nuragi's castles of the day
• 60:00 - 60:30 discovered on the sea-facing sinister peninsula on the west of the island where we know from pottery that mycenean greeks and possibly philistines had already long established a presence by the 12th century bc it's at least possible that the power of these individuals came from their links across the sea
• 60:30 - 61:00 so then it's not too much of a stretch to imagine an upwardly mobile warrior aristocracy ruling here dispatching raids to egypt another hypothesis is that sea peoples actually migrated here around the 13th or 12th centuries after their failed invasion of egypt [Music]
• 61:00 - 61:30 though not conclusive the evidence is striking these bronze statuettes on sardinia dating from around the 12th century bc onwards look very similar to depictions of sea peoples in egyptian art there is even an early iron age phoenician inscription from the city of nora bearing the word cerdan
• 61:30 - 62:00 very similar statues with horned helmets appear on cyprus too place named as the starting point for the great mustering against egypt in the 12th century bc and then there are the shreds of written evidence unfortunately all coming from a much later age though much closer to the bronze age than our time
• 62:00 - 62:30 both simonides of chios and plutarch speak of raids by sardinians against the island of crete in the same era as the invasions of the sea peoples [Music] though the evidence is far from conclusive the site of el awat in israel has even been suggested as an attempt at a naragi building by sardinians
• 62:30 - 63:00 settled in canaan as pharonic mercenaries finally and maybe one of the most important pieces of evidence of all is the role of anchors found along the sardinian shore the only remains left of ancient sea vessels for historian pierre luigi montalbano these neuralgic anchors suggest the existence of highly efficient ships reaching
• 63:00 - 63:30 lengths of up to 15 meters thus explaining the widespread links of sardinia with the outer world so then sardinia may well have been the homeland of the sherdon but of the western seaways surely it wasn't only sardinia that spawned sea people
• 63:30 - 64:00 thirty years before the fateful battle on the nile ramses iii's father sat on the imperial throne he'd just waged a lengthy civil war to claim it founding a new dynasty and proclaiming himself as the pharaoh moneptar gone were the glory days of kadesh however
• 64:00 - 64:30 as rot very much seeped in to the societies of the bronze age powers and in around 1207 bc enemy ships came bearing down on the egyptian coast accompanied by a much more numerous horde of libyans following the hidden oases from the western desert originating in the neighbouring region
• 64:30 - 65:00 of cyrenica a relatively fertile land the war-like meshwash engaged themselves in a near perpetual state of battle with egypt during the 19th and 20th dynasties generation after generation their warriors would head east to try their luck no doubt enjoying some success though left unrecorded by egypt
• 65:00 - 65:30 eventually by the 10th century the meshwash would succeed in their conquest putting one of their own asakon the elder on the pharonic throne in 1207 bc however the ruler who waged war was mario the despicable and this time he came with allies an invasion force numbering tens of
• 65:30 - 66:00 thousands come to topple the new egyptian government according to moneptar's own inscriptions these were the people of the island of coss the luca sherdon tercenoy ekwesh and shekalesh in the ensuing bloodbath moneptar claims to have killed some nine thousand of the invaders
• 66:00 - 66:30 including more than six thousand libyans the majority of the force the pharaoh also claims to have killed 222 shekalesh warriors wanderers from the great green sea capturing others and hacking off their hands and we have images of these shekalesh standing out alongside the teresh as wearing cloth head dresses medallions on their
• 66:30 - 67:00 chests carrying spears with round shields perhaps they are these figures with horned helmets too wearing aegean style kilts with pointed beards one of the more widely noted of the sea peoples the shekalesh appear elsewhere too they'd raided egypt back in 1220 bc and would do so again later in 1186
• 67:00 - 67:30 and 1184 and it may well be that it was them who were responsible for the destruction of ugarit according to a hittite letter to the city such was their ease at sea that they lived on ships [Music] today the shekalesh remain one of the most mysterious of the sea peoples
• 67:30 - 68:00 with very little concrete known about them but who were they and where did they come from in 1984 just off the coast of western anatolia one of the most significant bronze age finds ever made was discovered excavated between 1984 and 1994 this is the ulla baron
• 68:00 - 68:30 shipwreck a 50-foot trading vessel carrying a vast amount of exotic trade goods on board cargo from almost every nation in the bronze age world and many from further afield aside elephant tusk and hippopotamus ivory enough bronze ingots were found here to
• 68:30 - 69:00 fully equip and arm an entire army of 300 men armor and all or thousands of swords copper was found from cyprus and tin from northeastern afghanistan a fortune alongside a wealth of other items from canaan mycenae cyprus egypt nubia the baltic the northern balkans
• 69:00 - 69:30 babylonia assyria and possibly the island of sicily as well as evidence for a multinational crew of course diversity and thus the ability to converse in many tongues would have increased the crew's chances at survival and success [Music] in truth we simply don't know whether this was an independent trading vessel
• 69:30 - 70:00 though it seems likely that due to the extreme wealth on board that this was a royally sanctioned mission though where they originated and where they were going is anyone's guess it's probable that such a loss of wealth significantly impacted the economy of whoever lost it
• 70:00 - 70:30 given the personal items found it's been surmised that as many as four cypriots or canaanites may have been on board perhaps middlemen working on behalf of whoever the vessel belonged to alongside two fully kitted out mycenean warriors bodyguards perhaps hired to protect the cargo
• 70:30 - 71:00 some of the most interesting finds on board however are an italian style sword and mace perhaps evidence of at least one armed individual from outside the eastern mediterranean [Music] serving on board a trading vessel just maybe from the island of sicily for decades scholars such as nk sanders
• 71:00 - 71:30 have favored a sicilian or at least south east italian origins for the shekalesh at the time of the late bronze age like sardinia a flourishing archaeological culture [Music] we know that in mainland italy this was a time of great upheaval and population displacement
• 71:30 - 72:00 as the highly martial central european culture known as the urn field moved ever southwards down the peninsula leaving rich archaeological finds in their wake predecessors to the etruscans celts and romans this was population movement or at least cultural expansion which surely had a knock-on effect on the earlier cultures of the peninsula
• 72:00 - 72:30 in truth there is very little evidence to go on although in mythology there are many half-remembered mentions of movement from around this time and if sardinians were involved in the late bronze age collapse then why not sicilians
• 72:30 - 73:00 another maritime land with far-reaching ties to the outer world [Music] during the 12th and 13th centuries bc sicily was far from a cut-off place the ula baroon shipwreck may well have been a state-sponsored ship but it does shed light on the larger network of sailors plying the seas for themselves [Music]
• 73:00 - 73:30 rather than on behalf of overlords and just maybe a shekel merchant with origins in sicily found himself in service on an eastern trading vessel surely others too run their own ships so then we have to ask the question what would people having such knowledge of
• 73:30 - 74:00 the sea do in hard times as trade from the east dried up and warlike people increasingly encroached on their land surely some at least would continue to ply the sea roads they always had but now taking by force what they had previously bartered for but it isn't just to the west that we must look
• 74:00 - 74:30 for much closer to egypt similarly warlike people existed too in the centuries leading up to the bronze age collapse there is significant written evidence of seaborne threats to shipping in both egyptian and hittite records talk of coastal raids the need to
• 74:30 - 75:00 fortify river mouths and the interception of ships at sea are common in other words piracy [Music] it's mentioned all the time in the works of homer too recalling a culture of seaborne raiding during this same era [Music]
• 75:00 - 75:30 but by around 1180 bc the situation had changed when just seven ships arrived from the sea to raid the lands of ugarit once possessing a mighty navy its king amarappi could do little but hastily scrawl a letter to his ally the king of cyprus [Music] my father now the ships of the enemy
• 75:30 - 76:00 have been coming they have been setting fire to my cities and have done harm to the land doesn't my father know that all of my infantry and charity is stationed in hattie and that all my ships are stationed in the land of looker now the seven ships of the enemy which have been coming have done harm to us now if other ships of the enemy turn up send me a report somehow so that i will know
• 76:00 - 76:30 so the navy and army of ugarit were both away fighting on foreign soil but why and who are the luca of course the luca are another of the sea peoples mentioned in the egyptian sources and this shred of evidence from ugarit
• 76:30 - 77:00 could be construed as an attempt to defend the passage from the aegean to anatolia's southern coast and the levant beyond [Music] a last stand against the sea peoples no depictions exist of the luca but they show up in the written record in abundance in 1274 bc they were at kadesh
• 77:00 - 77:30 fighting not alongside the sheridan and egypt but in the armies of the hittite king alongside 18 other vassal states in 1210 bc they raided egypt and in 1207 took part in the massive invasion during moneptar's reign who claimed to have killed 200 of them
• 77:30 - 78:00 most interesting of all however is that we know almost certainly where luca was [Music] today it's called lysa an enigmatic land of dry hilltops and ancient tombs hewn into cliff faces [Music] in the far west of modern day turkey
• 78:00 - 78:30 ruined cities and monoliths here litter the dusty ground but for the most part these were built long after the collapse remnants of a later classical world [Music] for the ancient bronze age lysans ancestors of those later city builders in truth we know very little
• 78:30 - 79:00 there are no named luca kings in hittite records which do name many rulers of neighbouring lands suggesting luca to be a realm of petty chieftains for the most part lacking political authority the lyceans left no written records of themselves at all from this period
• 79:00 - 79:30 suggesting that they were probably illiterate much like most of the greek world [Music] only court scribes having the ability to write this was very much on the fringe of the civilized world after the collapse of the hittite empire lycia emerged as a so-called neo-hittite kingdom
• 79:30 - 80:00 though indo-european in origin like the hittites their culture was far from hittite and they are thought to have spoken a form of luion the same language spoken by a variety of hittite vassals in anatolia frequently mentioned by homer as an ally of troy another probable hittite vassal often
• 80:00 - 80:30 argued to have spoken louien their contingent to the trojan war being led by the warriors sarpadan and glaucus a son of zeus and a son of hippecullus respectively lycans also appear elsewhere in greek myth such as in the story of bellerophon who eventually succeeded to the throne of the lysan king
• 80:30 - 81:00 long considered pirates by the great powers of the time fleets of luca often launched seabourn raids on the mycenaean world as well as their own hittite overlords sporadically forced into vassalage by the waxing and waning power of the hittite king we know that in the late 15th century
• 81:00 - 81:30 the luca formed part of an anti-hittite coalition alongside 22 other nations known as the league of asua [Music] ultimately crushed by the hittite king tudalia the first we know the luca were a feared people there is a hittite prayer which talks of the luca attacking hittite lance along with other peoples as well as denouncing
• 81:30 - 82:00 the hittite sun goddess arena perhaps most notable of their victims however was alecia the island of cyprus where they made near-yearly attacks towards the end of the bronze age just maybe drawing the navy of ugarit away to their doom
• 82:00 - 82:30 earlier too their piratical raids were feared the amana letters included a plea from the king of alicia against the luca to which the pharaoh akhenaten assures alicia that he is not siding with the luca a 14th century hittite text talks of a petty king in western anatolia named maduata ruling over an unknown nation
• 82:30 - 83:00 [Music] who attempted to expand his domains in anatolia to rule over the sea in alicia much to the anger of his hittite overlord this would suggest that madawata had ships at his disposal it's possible these in part or in whole included luca either hailing from or at least staging their parental raids from lycia
• 83:00 - 83:30 for the most part the egyptian records described the luca as allies of the hittites however as we've seen this was far from always being the case probably only happening when hattie was strong when hattie was weak its western anatolian vassals forced into submission only by martial prowess
• 83:30 - 84:00 ran wild [Music] in archaeology depictions of hedgehogged helmed warriors also depicted in egyptian sources found around this region are the earliest examples of such a type of outfit [Music] seen 25 years earlier than their appearance in egypt [Music] so there's a good argument that in the
• 84:00 - 84:30 12th century bc spurred on either by catastrophe simple opportunity or a combination of both these warriors spread out from southwestern anatolia and the dodecanese westward to the aegean and then finally south and eastward to cyprus and the levant though it's unclear whether these were luca outside people from the aegean coming into the area before moving on
• 84:30 - 85:00 or a combination of both political events at the time definitely made the situation viable for pirates now we must take a closer look at the collapse of the hittites the empire that defeated ramses at kadesh when a superpower dies it rarely goes down quietly
• 85:00 - 85:30 after his victory at kadesh hatusa lee's son tudalia iv was the last strong hittite king it wasn't just the west and the south that he had to contend with but the east too for there to the north of babylon existed one of the most powerful kingdoms in the world assyria
• 85:30 - 86:00 of late on the war path though still a world power and able to keep the assyrians out of his heartlands over the course of the 13th century tudalia lost many border regions notably being heavily defeated at the battle of nerea by the assyrian king to culti ninerta
• 86:00 - 86:30 tudalia conquered cyprus briefly before it fell under a syrian control during the time of his successor sapilla liuma ii however everything began to unravel though he reclaimed cyprus in a naval battle against alicia the assyrians under ashur reshishi annexed much hittite territory in asia minor and syria
• 86:30 - 87:00 driving out and defeating the babylonian king in the process who also had eyes on hittite lands the picture we get is a confused one of war after war and increasingly societal breakdown famine disaster a situation ripe for outside invasion as we have already seen the highland
• 87:00 - 87:30 hittite empire was particularly susceptible to drought surrounded on all sides by enemies its location was great in good times terrible in bad ones now vulnerable to attack from all directions faced by a combined onslaught of new invaders from the north traditionally named as the caskets phrygians and burgess around 1180 bc
• 87:30 - 88:00 the capital city of hatusha was burned to the ground every other city in the empire would soon follow the kingdom vanishing from the historical record now we turn to the most elusive of all sea peoples the karkeisha all we have is a name a name mentioned as attacking egypt in
• 88:00 - 88:30 1207 bc but also as a hittite vassal at kadesh fighting alongside 18 other loyal nations one other shred of information from the hittite archives talks of karkesha specifically with king muatali sending aid to this land which spiraled temporarily into a small rebellion before they were brought back in line
• 88:30 - 89:00 the image we get like the luca is one of a client state loyal only when it suited them to be most often carquisha is equated with karya a neighbouring land to luca on the southwestern tip of anatolia however there is another argument too that at least some of the sea peoples could well have been hittites themselves remnants
• 89:00 - 89:30 of a destroyed world kingdomless desperate in search of a new home [Music] further west still beyond the hittite vassals of anatolia lay the outermost of the great powers of
• 89:30 - 90:00 the late bronze age [Music] this is mycenaean greece home to a palatial culture of chariot riding warrior lords served by literate scribes and loyal retainers [Music] hilltop citadels overlooking a mass of peasantry in the plains below this was a rich world of colossal masonry
• 90:00 - 90:30 hard-fought battles and sea spanning commerce gradually revealed over the last 200 years through archaeology and literary analysis of the epic poetry written about it in future generations for the late bronze age is the era of the trojan war long suspected to be a half-remembered recollection of real events
• 90:30 - 91:00 the city of troy perhaps being recorded in the diplomatic archive of the hittites as wellusa a sometimes rebellious vassal in western anatolia with a history of animosity with the greeks [Music] and just maybe linked to the invasions of the sea peoples too after all homer constantly refers to the
• 91:00 - 91:30 greeks as suckers of cities in the 13th century bc we can even see hints of individuals we know from homer in the contemporary written record during this age a war-like louisiana leader named pia maradu whose career spanned some 35 years launched attacks all over western anatolia including willusa
• 91:30 - 92:00 and he is sometimes associated with king priam of troy [Music] similarly a certain prince of wilusa named alexander is also found in hittite sources just maybe contributing to the story of paris of troy called alexander in the greek sources so if troy was a vassal of the hittites
• 92:00 - 92:30 it could explain the vast coalition raised by king priam in the iliad drawing from lands all over the hittite empire and similarly the need for all the various greek powers to combine their forces together [Music] just maybe then the trojan war could in fact be a memory of a conflict between mycenaean greece
• 92:30 - 93:00 and the hittite empire occurring sometime in the century just before the bronze age collapse and there are many other hints of conflict too between the 16th and 13th centuries bc perhaps the reality behind the trojan war interestingly despite their relatively close proximity to each other hittite and mycenaean trade goods rarely
• 93:00 - 93:30 show up at each other's sites whereas hundreds of goods from nearly every other people in the region do this has led some scholars to suggest that there may have been a cold war of sorts between the powers a trade embargo even [Music] we know of a treaty between the king of amaroo and king tadalia which put a stop to
• 93:30 - 94:00 mycenaean goods reaching assyria by sea [Music] historian trevor bryce suggests this might have actually been putting a stop to shiploads of rebooting mycenaean mercenaries trawling the mediterranean in search of either plunder or military service in the hire of a foreign king roles they'd fulfilled from the middle of the second millennium bc all the way up to the end of the bronze
• 94:00 - 94:30 age unfortunately mycenaean writing is few and far between usually amounting to little more than lists and figures mere scraps of information not stories and chronicles [Music] the hittites however have much more to say very much writing in the same style as the mesopotamian world
• 94:30 - 95:00 regaling the stories and deeds of its kings and most importantly for us those on its borders one of these states mentioned over and over again is that of ahiyawa a great power to their west often involved in skirmishes and wars we don't know for certain but it's likely that ahiyawa describes the achaeans of homer
• 95:00 - 95:30 in other words the mycenean world or at least one of their kingdoms by 1400 bc we have the first named ahiyawan warlord a king named artisawa ruling in the city of miletus in anatolia during an age when mycenaean power reached its very height having developed
• 95:30 - 96:00 very quickly only a century or two earlier and expanding to the east artisaur was probably a local ruler in western anatolia rather than a high king of all the greeks we know of him from a tablet called the indictment of madawada possibly a king of azawa a powerful louisiana realm sometimes vassal to the hittites
• 96:00 - 96:30 in the text madhuaada arrives at the court of the hittite king tudolada ii seeking refuge forced out of his lands by the expansionist artisaur driving a hundred war chariots before him artizawa again launches an attack on madawada along with other hittite vassals before the hittite king finally involves himself driving the ahiyawans back
• 96:30 - 97:00 finally artis hour launches an attack on cyprus with help from the luca a similar attack to the sea peoples some 200 years later accompanied this time by madawada interestingly we can also see evidence of this expansion in the archaeological record it was
• 97:00 - 97:30 around this time that the once mighty city of canosos on crete was put to the torch the formerly all-powerful minoan world incorporated finally into that of mainland greece [Music] it had probably always been the case that whilst some myceneans traded being called great kings and regarded as equals by the other powers others impossible to control went
• 97:30 - 98:00 raiding it's possible the hittite king could be at war with one archaean power and at peace with another just as the frescoes of the mycenean citadels suggest war was waged upon their neighbours much more than anyone else [Music] though lacking in any sort of literary flair we do have some written record of the
• 98:00 - 98:30 economic and military activities of the palatial elites mostly from the city of pylos where linear b tablets were found in the early 20th century the pylon rower tablets in particular make reference to crews of sailors being called up in service to their lord [Music] in myth we have story after story of
• 98:30 - 99:00 greeks raiding around the known world homer constantly calls his protagonists sackers of cities and in the odyssey he has odysseus regularly reminiscing about past glories for before the sons of archaeans set foot on the land of troy i had nine times lead warriors and swift ships against foreign folk and great
• 99:00 - 99:30 spoil had ever fallen into my hands of this i would choose what pleased my mind and much i afterwards obtained by lot in archaeology too we can clearly see the distances mycenaean warriors traversed depictions of them clearly visible in egypt for centuries prior to the collapse where they are thought to have served as mercenaries
• 99:30 - 100:00 they knew the place well now we reach speculation surely there should be mention of these travelers in the egyptian sources well if the achaeans are indeed the ahiyawans of the hittite records then why not the eques from the egyptian the name ekwesh is very similar to the indo-european word for horse the related latin word ecua is
• 100:00 - 100:30 pronounced the same in this period indo-europeans were starting to lose their exclusivity when it came to using horses but they still dominated the world's total number of horse users and the achaeans right up until the end heavily relied on chariots homer specifically mentions an achaean attack on the nile and menelaus of sparta speaks of the
• 100:30 - 101:00 same in book four of the odyssey when he recounts his own return home from the trojan war later greek myths even argued that helen had in fact spent the time of the trojan war not at troy but in egypt after the war the greeks going there to recover her however the situation is further complicated by existing textual evidence of the
• 101:00 - 101:30 mycenean world in the egyptian sources referred to not as eques but as the tanahu during the era of tutmosis iii who initiated diplomatic relations between the two powers in 1437 bc later in the 14th century a list of cities of the tanahu are mentioned on an inscription at the mortuary temple of ammon hotep iii their names given as mycenae napoleon
• 101:30 - 102:00 kythera messina and thebes but of course these weren't the only mycenean cities perhaps separate factions going by separate names then we have the bortus helmets and aegean style kilts armor often associated with both sea peoples
• 102:00 - 102:30 and mycenaean greece [Music] odysseus's own helmet had a long history attaining a great age before the hero laid hands on it and these boars tusk helmets are found all over the greek world looking very similar to some of the arms and armor of the sea people the most famous of these probably being the early example found
• 102:30 - 103:00 in the 15th century bc warrior burial at canosos they are also seen on a papyrus from amana with two figures in boar's tusk helmets running towards a fallen egyptian soldier this famous battle fresco from the palace of nestor at pilas a sculpted ivory head at mycenae and an aegean-style warrior on a bowl
• 103:00 - 103:30 from bogserkoy in the hittite empire from around 1400 bc finally a bronze scale of armor from the greek island of salamis has been found steamed with the royal cartouche of pharaoh ramesses ii perhaps belonging to an elite pharonic soldier returning home after a successful career
• 103:30 - 104:00 we simply don't know but then in 1207 bc alongside a massive meshwesh invasion force the eques were present too along with the luca the people they may have had a long association with was this the event remembered by odysseus and menelaus in homer's odyssey but what happened to make the situation so desperate
• 104:00 - 104:30 how had it come to this gambling everything on an attack on egypt [Music] by around 1300 bc the mysterious louisian kingdom of azawa again revolted against hittite rule whilst the ahiyawans are said to have claimed many islands expansion that does seem to be supported
• 104:30 - 105:00 by archaeology notably with mycenaean style pottery being found in abundance throughout the eastern mediterranean soon enough the hittite king refers to an unnamed ahiyawan ruler as his brother great king though this later seems to have been crossed out suggesting rising tensions [Music] by 12 30 bc signs can be seen
• 105:00 - 105:30 of growing unease within the mycenaean palaces wall extensions and additional buildings within citadels suggesting a response to outside threats and then all of a sudden everything came to an end both hittite and mycenaean cities wiped off the map yet surely all those people don't simply
• 105:30 - 106:00 disappear just before the hittite record goes blank there is a tiny hint of events in around 1200 bc with an ahiyawan presence in lucca being mentioned [Music] with only archaeological evidence to go by it remains unclear whether civil war or outside invasion sounded the final death knell of the
• 106:00 - 106:30 mycenean world with all the major sights of the mainland meeting their end around the same time yet mycenaeans lived all over the place and it's been argued that some of the old elites may have fled to the islands of the sea [Music] perhaps the cyclades mysterious home to the civilization that came before the greeks make us
• 106:30 - 107:00 of these strangely modern looking figures and later said to have been the very birthplace of zeus himself here these early greek lords may have fled to end their days [Music] their followers and their descendants who knows
• 107:00 - 107:30 whether it was the palatial elites going off on invasions or their subjects now free from overlordship to do as they wished it remains unclear maybe it was both [Music] the picture we get from archaeology is of massive fires huge quantities of arrowheads and destruction however in some places only the palace
• 107:30 - 108:00 structures were burned suggesting a popular uprising we can follow not only the swathe of violence from greece all the way across anatolia to cyprus into the levant and finally into egypt but mycenean-style pottery too on cyprus rhodes crete and finally the levant
• 108:00 - 108:30 evidence also exists of a re-fortification and construction boom on cyprus at ma paleocastro hala sultan teke nilanika and especially n comey there is an argument for these having been built by ousted mycenaeans forced onto the high seas by societal and political turmoil [Music] perhaps dethroned mycenaean greeks and
• 108:30 - 109:00 even hittites amongst their ranks victims of the bronze age collapse rather than instigators [Music] but of course their presence exacerbating it maybe some allied with the luca their neighbors on the anatolian coast like artezawa of ages gone by [Music] in mythology the cyclopean masonry at
• 109:00 - 109:30 tyrins was said to have been built by cyclopses from lycia who then accompanied protoss back to greece with an army of lysans to help claim a portion of his kingdom back [Music] just maybe a half-remembered tale of luca and ekwesh going back to greece after their raids elsewhere
• 109:30 - 110:00 of course when odysseus returns his land and wife have been claimed by many suitors often referred to as pirates maybe rather than wait and have their lands ravaged some mycenean warriors set out to claim new lands on their own
• 110:00 - 110:30 yet there is a problem with the theory egyptian sources clearly tell us that these warriors were circumcised they counted their dead by making piles of corpses this would have been unusual for greeks so we are left confused once more but it isn't just the eques with possible links to greece [Music]
• 110:30 - 111:00 in the late 19th century sun scorched desert around him pioneering egyptologist flinders petrie found the immaculately preserved mummy of a long deceased egyptian high functionary a court official of the pharaoh ramses iii [Music]
• 111:00 - 111:30 hieroglyphs confirmed the identity of this figure as an tertia a butler in the service of the dynasty clearly having fair hair it's been hypothesized that anne and tertia was not originally from egypt based on the name of the mummy it's further been speculated that he may have been teresh the last of the sea peoples
• 111:30 - 112:00 spoken of in 1207 bc just maybe one member of a nation on the move pulled into the vast displacements of the late bronze age collapse but if he was a teresh how did anne and tertia end up at ramesses court laid to rest in the decades after the
• 112:00 - 112:30 sea people's invasions with all the dignity of an elite member of egyptian society if his origins had been with that seabourn confederation what things that tereshi might have seen so many civilizations crumbled and left by the wayside only to end his days in egypt
• 112:30 - 113:00 focus of the last great gamble of the sea peoples succeeding where so many others had failed but who were the teresh reliefs in egypt depict them as bearded wearing pointed kilts strips of leather or linen to protect their chests and carrying either spears or scimitars
• 113:00 - 113:30 as to their origins there are many hypotheses anatolia is a popular choice with arguments ranging from the hittite empire to their louisiana neighbours in the west there is even an especially controversial inscription allegedly discovered by archaeologist james mellard in the 20th century also the discoverer of the neolithic city of
• 113:30 - 114:00 chateau huyuk unfortunately the inscription may well be a forgery though if real it provides an unprecedented window into the louisiana world purporting to describe a great raid through the hittite empire and on into egypt at around the time of the late bronze age collapse [Music]
• 114:00 - 114:30 another argument is for the troad region around troy the trojan name for themselves was tarusia and whether they'd been fighting the greeks on their own behalf or on behalf of the hittites in the aftermath of the destruction of their city either destroyed by greeks phrygians thracians or a combination of all they had to go somewhere [Music] finally an italian link has been argued
• 114:30 - 115:00 perhaps forebears of the etruscans ousted from mainland italy or even inhabitants of the tiranian sea between italy and sardinia a related people to the sherdon and shekhalesh perhaps there is a shred of evidence for this too in the form of an eighth century bc epic poem commonly attributed to homer which describes a band of tirscenian
• 115:00 - 115:30 pirates sailing well-decked ships to war [Music] though at present we can't know for sure where anne and tertia originated we know that thousands of outsiders were settled in egypt during this time with a coalition so elusive as the sea peoples where they ended up is often just as
• 115:30 - 116:00 interesting as where they came from to investigate this further we must move forward a few centuries in time to the territories once held by imperial egypt now held onto by a number of local powers some having inhabited the region for centuries millennia even others being new arrivals
• 116:00 - 116:30 [Music] in 1177 bc just as the late bronze age world collapsed yet more warriors came to egypt sailing their ored galleys down the myriad waterways of the nile 30 years had passed since the last recorded invasion
• 116:30 - 117:00 and 30 years is a long time entire generations having lived and died in the midst of societal turmoil the names of these newcomers were pelosette tajeka shekalesh danuna and washesh the first of these names arrives seemingly out of nowhere the pellet set in the medanet habu
• 117:00 - 117:30 reliefs some pelosets are depicted as fighting alongside sherdon with the egyptian army most however fight alongside the libyans against egypt anything else we know tantalizingly little yet the peller set remain probably the most well-known of all the sea peoples not necessarily for their appearance in the egyptian sources
• 117:30 - 118:00 showing up only in the reliefs of a single pharaoh and a handful of other sources but for their possible appearances in the holy bible ultimately no material has ever been excavated that can be definitively equated with the sea peoples for the most part we simply don't know where they ended up and we wouldn't know what to look for even if we did
• 118:00 - 118:30 the newcomers very possibly merging into whatever society they came into contact with the best case however and there is a lot of evidence must be for the peller set back in the early 19th century jean-francois champollion was the first scholar to equate the pelosette to a people we already
• 118:30 - 119:00 know well for there is a good argument that the pelosette are one and the same as the philistines long-time rivals and antagonists to the israelites of the old testament who inhabited the southern levant during biblical times aka the period immediately following the bronze age collapse
• 119:00 - 119:30 [Music] the old testament of the bible is filled with violence and war the philistines were no exception seeming more powerful than most a martial culture imposing itself on a fragmented landscape for the mighty warrior goliath of david and goliath fame was a philistine
• 119:30 - 120:00 over the last century extensive archaeology has been carried out at four of the five cities of the philistine pentapolis ashkelon ashdod tell mcnay and tel assafi all situated on the southern coastal plain of ancient canaan a land long held by imperial egypt
• 120:00 - 120:30 though not definitively linking the cities to the pelosette the general archaeological consensus is of an incoming culture arriving in the years after the bronze age collapse [Music] there are hints in the egyptian sources too in the papyrus harris ramesses iii claims to have settled vanquished peoples in strongholds
• 120:30 - 121:00 bound in his name suggesting groups of pelosette may have been settled on his orders in canaan lingering egyptian influence seen in the philistine pentapolis might suggest that they were technically vassals of egypt a buffer guarding the imperial frontier before finally going their own way as egyptian influence waned
• 121:00 - 121:30 by the 11th century finally becoming famous in the bible rising to dominate the local population of the region but where did they come from greece crete illyria and western anatolia have all been suggested there is even an argument that the
• 121:30 - 122:00 philistines originated in canaan however archaeological and written evidence seems to suggest this not to be the case a distinct people being clearly visible after the bronze age collapse with their origins elsewhere a mass migration perhaps or at least replacement of the elite
• 122:00 - 122:30 it's likely that they only arrived in egypt after decades of wandering maybe they were made up of several different groups the strongest evidence of all now astonishingly supported by genetics too suggests origins in greece [Music] though the archaeological evidence isn't quite as simple as that
• 122:30 - 123:00 pottery made in mainland greece was imported all over the mediterranean from the 14th century until the very end of the 13th [Music] and is found at 350 palaces all over the mediterranean this then promptly disappears to be replaced by an imitation style known as late helladic 3c which is the style used by the philistines this is
• 123:00 - 123:30 primarily why they have been associated with greece it could just be that their potters imitated the greeks of old however there is more evidence pelosette tajeker and danuna are all depicted as wearing armor very similar to mycenaean greece
• 123:30 - 124:00 [Music] this egyptian caricature doll originating on malta is thought to represent a philistine with a feather-topped helmet very similar to the pelle set
• 124:00 - 124:30 [Music] in terms of archaeology there are other hints of a link between philistines and pelleset this philistine looking headdress found on crete and these anthropomorphized philistine sarcophagi at times look as if they are adorned with feathered headdresses [Music]
• 124:30 - 125:00 in the philistine pentapolis changes in food wear including aegean style cooking jugs and the increased consumption of beef and pork foodstuffs not usually associated with the region but associated with greece and the aegean [Music] many biblical passages refer to the origins of the pelle set as being on the island of kafftor often equated with crete
• 125:00 - 125:30 indeed some may have originated in greece although really it may have been their ancestors who had done by this time having changed a significant amount the world had changed and almost every greek city was long dead by this time
• 125:30 - 126:00 it may even be that the range of objects associated with sea peoples aegean style drinking sets feathered and horned helmets bird head devices on ships all served as the foundation of a new collective identity going some way to explaining the mixed nature of sea peoples old identities going out of the window new charismatic leaders gaining power
• 126:00 - 126:30 amazingly there is an archaeological site where we can see hints of this new identity beginning to form this is the ancient city of n comey in north eastern cyprus once this place probably served as the capital of the cypriot kingdom of alicia but by around 1200 bc archaeology
• 126:30 - 127:00 suggests that after a sacking or at least some kind of destruction it was under the control of greeks or at least an incoming culture from the aegean perhaps most famous for this ivory board game displaying charioteers and a figure with a feathered headdress also found here during the 12th century
• 127:00 - 127:30 bc were several bronze horned figurines looking very similar to those found on sardinia given the close proximity to ugarit and hattie it seems possible that this place until its destruction by earthquake in around 1050 bc did serve as a staging post for seaborne attacks interestingly the bronze figurines found
• 127:30 - 128:00 on sardinia don't only have horned helmets this one has a feathered headdress just maybe an aegean warrior who ended his days in the west [Music] nevertheless the philistines had a golden age in the late 12th through the 11th century which would make sense if they had been conquerous living on
• 128:00 - 128:30 in figures such as goliath suggesting dominance over the surrounding people today the people of gaza may well be descended in part from these sea peoples unfortunately the peller set are the only of the sea peoples to be almost conclusively known from archaeology
• 128:30 - 129:00 [Music] many must have merged with the people they settled with but we do have some more evidence [Music] nonetheless in the early 11th century bc an egyptian nobleman found himself plying the seashores of the levantine coast
• 129:00 - 129:30 much had changed since the days when egyptian power here had been unquestioned when the cedar trees of canaan had been shipped south on mass as tribute and warriors flocked southwards to have the honor of serving in the armies of the great pharaohs of the new kingdom now in the twilight years of the imperial age he and his men had to barter with local
• 129:30 - 130:00 leaders for passage let alone tribute with no guarantee of success such is the account of when a moon a rare literary work during this dark age upon reaching the city of door in the land of canaan when a moon is forced to present the local king with a complaint after gold is stolen from his ships
• 130:00 - 130:30 interestingly for us door is specifically named as a town of the tajeka one of the names from medanet habu scraps of archaeology support this too cow bones philistine style bichrome pottery bone handles iron knives similar to philistine sites and a lion-headed cup being excavated here during the 1980s the evidence is far from conclusive the rest of the
• 130:30 - 131:00 fines at door being consistent with the rest of the region what it might suggest however is an elite takeover a small influx of tajeka replacing those who ruled here before but who were the tajeka well at medanet habu they're depicted as fighting with short swords long spears and round shields
• 131:00 - 131:30 armour reminiscent of mycenaean greece other scholars have even equated the tajeka with the troad of the trojan war [Music] it could even be that they were both arriving in canaan by way of cyprus where they met with other displaced peoples by this time generations having now lived and died
• 131:30 - 132:00 without ever knowing the authority of the palatial complexes and elites of the late bronze age world now having forged new identities in the fires of upheaval and cataclysm finally an egyptian document the onomasticon of amanope appears to confirm that the peller set sherdon and tajeka were still settled in philistia in around 1100 bc
• 132:00 - 132:30 [Music] as we have seen there is a great deal of evidence to link the sea peoples with the aegean and the greek world none more so however than the denuna considered one of the major groups to attack egypt in 1177 bc but also seen in hittite egyptian
• 132:30 - 133:00 and later classical sources in the works of homer all greeks are known as dhanoi or donaians they are mentioned over a hundred times along with achaeans and archives spoken of more than 500 and a hundred times respectively in other words it seems that all greeks were donaians but not all greeks were achaeans
• 133:00 - 133:30 they hailing from a specific area briefly mentioned as tanahu in the reigns of tutmosis iii and amman hotep iii the first definitive reference to danuna comes in the amana lettuce in relation to ammon hotep the fourth's vassal abi milku king of the phoenician city of tyre in the text the death of a king of
• 133:30 - 134:00 danuna is mentioned replaced by his brother and as a result the land is now at peace it's been proposed that while ekwesh may relate to akhayans and ahiyawans denyen and tanahu may relate to the classical greece da noi unfortunately we can't be sure and there are other theories too notably based on an eighth
• 134:00 - 134:30 century bc bilingual inscription which talks of a king of kara tepe an iron age kingdom in cilicia named as itawada boasting of expansion into the plain of adana to restore his people the danunites another argument is that their origins lay in the lands near ugarit possibly in cyprus serving as mercenaries in canaan
• 134:30 - 135:00 once defeated and captured like the tajeka sherdon and pelesette it's thought the denuna may have been settled along the coast of palestine to help guard egypt's way of the philistines between egypt and syria and there is some evidence for this too
• 135:00 - 135:30 like the peloset in the holy bible one of the tribes of israel that of dan is said to have originated on the sea settling with their ships in between the cities of ekron and joppa perhaps afterwards being forced inland by the newly arrived
• 135:30 - 136:00 philistines before merging with the israelites over time the most notable israelites of the tribe of dan was samson the ruler who lost his power when he cut his hair just maybe had his origins in far off greece a testament to the interconnectedness of the late bronze age world in light of this we now must turn to the last
• 136:00 - 136:30 and arguably most enigmatic of all the sea peoples when the hittite capital of hatusha was wiped off the map in the 12th century bc little did its inhabitants know that at the dawn of modern historical scholarship in the 19th century
• 136:30 - 137:00 they would be forgotten [Music] writing just a few hundred years after the events homer too has no memory of the hittite empire what other kingdoms have been forgotten too their tales never to be retold this brings us to the last named of the sea peoples to attack
• 137:00 - 137:30 egypt in 1177 most mysterious of all with little more to go on than a name the weshesh while their origins remain unknown some have theorized roots in caria in anatolia while others see their end in canaan where they became the israelites tribe of asha unfortunately there is little concrete
• 137:30 - 138:00 to go on it seems likely that homer's troy of trojan warfam was in fact not a fully independent state but a subject kingdom to the hittite empire willusa even being mentioned in the diplomatic archive retrieved from hatusa [Music] like hattie troy was destroyed around the same time leading some scholars to suggest that
• 138:00 - 138:30 wolusa became weshesh finally writing many centuries later the roman writer virgil using sources we've lost today finishes homer's story adding on the tale of ernest legendary founder of rome four according to virgil rome was founded by exiled trojans forced onto the high seas to settle in
• 138:30 - 139:00 italy where they founded the italic race far-fetched this may seem but if sardinians sicilians and tyrannians showed up in the eastern mediterranean at this time it's not impossible to think of mainland italians involving themselves too which brings us to our very last theory perhaps the most fascinating of all
• 139:00 - 139:30 in recent years a number of scholars have argued for even more involvement from the western mediterranean it's nearly impossible to prove however it's just as difficult to disprove entirely for in the west events were playing out too events that remain almost entirely unrecorded
• 139:30 - 140:00 today by 1300 bc greece wasn't the only mainland european power that kitted out its warriors with body armor helmets shields and swords of bronze for mycenaean greece had many neighbours though aspects of their culture were borrowed from the eastern mediterranean much of it was native to their lands
• 140:00 - 140:30 for this was the beginnings of the urnfield culture ancestors of celts and romans who spread over much of the european mainland during the age of upheavals in the 13th and 12th centuries bc distinguished from the tumulus culture which preceded it by the custom of cremating the dead and placing their ashes in urns which were then buried in fields
• 140:30 - 141:00 numerous hoarded items of the urnfield culture and the existence of fortified hilltop settlements has often been taken as evidence for widespread warfare and upheaval during this time a much more disunited people than mycenaean greece earnfield communities lacked the palatial complexes of the east yet they had all the martial trimmings on the battlefield a force to be
• 141:00 - 141:30 reckoned with [Music] a bronze age battle found in germany's telensa valley has more bones in it than any other found during the bronze age middle east included a conflict involving thousands of combatants and lots of other evidence exists too of
• 141:30 - 142:00 wars and military expansion any written record or even oral traditions have been entirely lost today these bronze curaces were found at marmessa in france this is the franklin ben horde an astonishing collection of items [Music]
• 142:00 - 142:30 this collection of 300 bronze sickles coated in strange symbols may even be a form of proto-runic a primitive writing system if they were what they said is anyone's guess one of the more curious phenomena of bronze age europe however must be these ceremonial hats
• 142:30 - 143:00 several of which have been found at different locations dating from around 1200 bc made of thin sheets of elaborately decorated gold it's thought that these may have been worn as ceremonial items during rituals by king priests or oracles perhaps used as an early form of calendar [Music]
• 143:00 - 143:30 echoes of a similar pointed style of hat or helmet can even be seen in other areas of europe most notably in sardinia not far away [Music] earnfield settlements usually of small dimensions were generally built on hills and circumscribed with fortifications
• 143:30 - 144:00 their economy was mostly based on agricultural and pastoral activities metallurgy and trade no doubt some undertaken on a wide scale but how did the earnfield way of life become so successful part of the reason could be technology new sword technology now used for slashing
• 144:00 - 144:30 instead of just stabbing surpassing that of the preceding tumulus culture [Music] originating in northern italy from around 1200 bc the weapon quickly spread all across the bronze age world being found as far away as ugarit just before its end
• 144:30 - 145:00 historian robert drewes has further suggested that the new slashing naohu2 sword may have ushered in an entirely new type of warfare never before seen with mobile bands of sword-wielding infantry replacing chariots drew's even suggests the political instability wrought on centralized states in the decades leading up to 1200 bc may have been caused at least in part
• 145:00 - 145:30 by this new sword far from unified nations today the urnfield culture is further divided into a number of subgroups one of which the proto-villanovan emerged in italy in the first half of the 12th century bc lasting until the 10th century it may be that this was at least in part
• 145:30 - 146:00 a military invasion of italy [Applause] [Music] one which could have had knock-on effects far away [Music] [Applause] just maybe wide-ranging warriors of the earnfield culture on the search for plunder and glory could have continued on into the eastern mediterranean joining up with seabourn sherdon and shekhalesh to lands far away
• 146:00 - 146:30 [Music] and there may well have been pressing concerns which to a certain extent forced them to do so as we have already seen science tells us that this was an era of immense environmental turmoil
• 146:30 - 147:00 the earthquake storms of the east may not have affected western europe but crop failures certainly did just a slight change in the climate can have a massive effect on societies and pollen samples from northern syria tell us definitively that at the shift from the bronze age to the iron age the climate did change becoming drier and thus much more difficult to grow food for 300 years to come
• 147:00 - 147:30 [Music] what do marshall cultures do when they can't grow their own food they go looking for it elsewhere creating a domino effect across the world as far north as britain bronze age hill forts bear the marks of war around 1200 bc
• 147:30 - 148:00 could the knock-on effects of events here have continued all the way to the south and then onwards to the palatial systems of the east so far we simply can't say for certain but it's interesting to wonder nonetheless you've been watching history time i've been your host pete kelly don't forget to like and subscribe
• 148:00 - 148:30 share and let me know what you think in the comments if you're interested in natural history check out my latest channel the entire history of the earth with myself and david from voices of the past are telling the entire story of our planet from the very beginning also check out voices of the past for dramatic retellings of primary sources from history and my other history channel pete kelly where i visit historical sites and take a closer look at archaeology
• 148:30 - 149:00 thanks for watching there are many many more documentaries like this one on the way if you made it this far then why not leave a comment letting me know what you think thanks again and i'll see you on the next one [Music]
• 149:00 - 149:30 you