Cyberstorm 2025: Major Breaches Spotlight AI Security Threats

Introduction

In the constantly evolving world of cybersecurity, recent events between February 3rd and 9th, 2025, have highlighted a series of significant threats and breaches that have sparked global concern. Among the most alarming is the emergence of the WPU 2.0, a WordPress exploit script priced at $2,000, designed to target admin panels and bypass even robust firewall protections. This tool democratizes access to sophisticated hacking capabilities, putting powerful cyberattack tools within reach of less skilled actors. With this script actively being sold and utilized, the WordPress community has been fervently discussing mitigation techniques on platforms like security forums and social media [source].

Another point of major concern is the reported leak of 20 million OpenAI user credentials, which has brought the issue of AI platform security to the forefront. Experts worry about the potential for these credentials to be utilized in highly advanced phishing scams and social engineering attacks, leveraging AI's capabilities maliciously [source]. With such sensitive information potentially in the hands of threat actors, OpenAI users have been advised to immediately change passwords, enable two-factor authentication, and monitor their accounts for any suspicious activities.

Meanwhile, in the United States, the market for stolen credit card data has been thriving, with 1,000 card numbers reportedly being sold for $7,000. Obtained through network sniffing, this data breach has prompted cardholders to call for stronger protective measures against fraud. Users are encouraged to only use HTTPS websites, avoid public WiFi networks for transactions, and enable real-time transaction alerts to safeguard against these threats [source].

In South America, Peru's largest pharmaceutical company, Inkafarma, has also fallen victim to a severe data breach. This incident exposed 3.9 million customer records, raising serious concerns among Peruvian citizens about data protection standards in the healthcare sector. Many are now urging for better security practices and more stringent confidentiality measures [source].

The threat landscape is further complicated by unauthorized VPN access being sold to the network of a U.S. oil and gas company for $500. This security lapse, potentially impacting up to 130 users and 150 machines, underscores the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to hostile cyber activities. The scenario poses significant risks of operational disruption, data theft, and even ransomware attacks, demanding immediate action and heightened security responses [source].

Overview of Cybersecurity Threats (February 3-9, 2025)

The week of February 3-9, 2025, brought to light a series of significant cybersecurity threats that underscore the persistent and evolving challenges faced by individuals and organizations worldwide. A major issue during this period was the discovery of a new, highly sophisticated WordPress exploit script, WPU 2.0, which was being sold on the dark web for $2,000. This script was designed to target WordPress admin panels, effectively bypassing even robust firewall protections. The availability of such tools poses a heightened risk as they enable even relatively inexperienced threat actors to launch devastating attacks, thereby broadening the scope and scale of potential cybersecurity threats .

Compounding these concerns, an alleged massive data breach exposed the personal credentials of 20 million OpenAI users. This breach exploited vulnerabilities related to bulk verification processes, highlighting not only the threat to individual user privacy but also the potential misuse of AI technologies in orchestrating complex phishing and social engineering attacks. Such incidents emphasize the urgent need for more resilient cybersecurity measures and protocols to protect sensitive information on AI platforms .

The same week also witnessed the illicit sale of 1,000 U.S. credit card details for $7,000, acquired through advanced network sniffing techniques. This event illustrates the ongoing threat posed by cybercriminals targeting financial information, which can have severe repercussions for affected individuals and financial institutions. Vigilance in using secured websites and avoiding public WiFi for transactions are just some of the measures consumers are urged to adopt to safeguard their financial data .

In Peru, Inkafarma faced a significant security breach that compromised the data of 3.9 million customers. Such breaches not only threaten individual privacy but also instigate public outcry and mistrust among consumers, urging companies to strengthen their data protection mechanisms. Meanwhile, a separate incident involving unauthorized VPN access to a U.S. oil and gas company poses a grave threat to national security by potentially allowing intruders access to critical infrastructure systems .

WPU 2.0 WordPress Exploit: A Growing Concern

The WPU 2.0 WordPress exploit is rapidly emerging as a formidable threat within the cybersecurity landscape, alarming website administrators and security professionals alike. Priced at $2,000, this exploit script targets WordPress admin panels, skillfully bypassing numerous firewall protections to gain unauthorized access. As outlined in the latest reports, this development not only reflects the evolving nature of cyber threats but also underscores the increasing democratization of hacking tools. Such scripts are now accessible to less skilled cyber actors, greatly magnifying potential risks (source).

The surge in the availability and use of scripts like WPU 2.0 indicates a new era of cyber threats wherein even amateur hackers can launch sophisticated attacks. This democratization has profound implications, particularly for small to medium-sized enterprises that may lack robust cybersecurity infrastructures. To safeguard against these vulnerabilities, experts recommend a multi-layered approach to security. This includes employing strong passwords, implementing two-factor authentication, regularly updating plugins and themes, and utilizing reputable Web Application Firewalls to detect and thwart potential breaches (source).

Given the scale of potential impact, the WPU 2.0 exploit has attracted significant attention from both practitioners and academic researchers focused on cyber defense strategies. Increasing awareness of such vulnerabilities emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring and frequent security assessments. As cybersecurity threats grow more complex, the role of proactive security measures and community collaboration becomes ever more crucial. Through coordinated efforts, the collective resilience of digital infrastructures against such exploits can be significantly enhanced, thereby safeguarding not only user data but also the integrity of critical online services (source).

OpenAI Credential Leak: Implications and User Guidance

The recent OpenAI credential leak highlights significant cybersecurity risks and the pressing need for effective user guidance. Unauthorized actors allegedly accessed and leaked the credentials of 20 million OpenAI users, exploiting vulnerabilities through bulk verification methods. This breach places sensitive user information at risk, potentially enabling malicious entities to launch sophisticated phishing attacks or unauthorized system access. Users must take immediate action to mitigate potential risks and safeguard their accounts. Such incidents underscore the broader cybersecurity challenges facing AI platforms, necessitating a reevaluation of data protection strategies across the industry [source].

For users impacted by the OpenAI credential leak, urgent steps must be taken to protect personal information and minimize the risk of unauthorized account access. Users are strongly advised to change their passwords immediately and opt for strong, unique credentials. Enabling two-factor authentication can provide an additional layer of security, making it harder for unauthorized parties to compromise accounts. In addition, users should remain vigilant and monitor their accounts for any suspicious activities or alerts that may indicate unauthorized access. Should any irregularities occur, contacting OpenAI support for guidance and possible remediation actions is essential [source].

The implications of this security breach go beyond immediate user security concerns, potentially affecting the reputation and trustworthiness of AI platforms. As cyber threats continue to evolve, AI companies must prioritize the development of enhanced security measures to safeguard user data. This includes implementing robust verification protocols, regularly updating security infrastructure, and educating users on best practices for maintaining account security. The ongoing threat landscape demands a proactive approach from both companies and users alike to prevent unauthorized access and mitigate potential damages [source].

The Sale of Stolen U.S. Credit Cards: Preventive Measures

The sale of stolen U.S. credit cards is a persistent challenge that calls for comprehensive preventive measures to mitigate potential risks associated with credit card fraud. Cybercriminals employ sophisticated techniques to capture and distribute credit card information, often causing significant financial losses for individuals and financial institutions. To combat this threat, it is imperative that both consumers and issuaries take proactive steps to safeguard credit card data. One effective strategy involves leveraging advanced security technologies that can detect and prevent unauthorized access to sensitive information at its earliest stage.

Among the various preventive measures, heightened consumer awareness plays a crucial role in curbing the sale and misuse of stolen credit cards. Individuals should be educated about secure online practices, such as using only HTTPS-secured websites for transactions and regularly monitoring their financial statements for any suspicious activity. They should also be encouraged to activate transaction notifications, providing real-time alerts of any unauthorized credit card use. Moreover, avoiding unsecured public WiFi networks for financial transactions can significantly reduce the risk of credit card data being intercepted by cybercriminals.

Visa and other financial institutions are implementing stringent safeguards to directly address the trading of stolen credit cards on the black market. These include deploying machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence to monitor transaction patterns and identify potential fraud in real time. By employing these technological advancements, financial institutions can swiftly respond to and rectify fraudulent activities, thereby protecting consumers from financial harm. Additionally, cross-border collaborations and information sharing between financial entities are indispensable in dismantling international credit card fraud networks.

Government collaborations with cybersecurity agencies and law enforcement are also fundamental in preventing the sale of stolen credit cards. Establishing dedicated task forces that focus on cybercrime can lead to significant breakthroughs, such as the arrest of key individuals involved in organized credit card fraud schemes. These initiatives not only dismantle criminal networks but also deter future incidents by showcasing the legal and punitive consequences of engaging in such illicit activities. Increasingly, international cooperation is being sought to combat the global nature of credit card fraud effectively.

To fortify these preventive measures, it is recommended that financial institutions continue to innovate in the realm of security and fraud prevention. Engaging in research and development to explore biometric authentication, the use of blockchain technologies, and end-to-end encryption can provide additional layers of security and help safeguard consumers' credit card information. As threats continue to evolve, so too must the defensive measures employed by institutions tasked with protecting sensitive financial data from cyber threats.

Inkafarma Breach: Consequences for Customers

The Inkafarma data breach has sent shockwaves throughout the pharmaceutical industry and beyond. With the exposure of 3.9 million customer records, the personal data of millions of customers has been compromised, raising significant concerns over identity theft and fraud. As reported, this breach was one of several major cybersecurity incidents to occur within a span of just one week [source]. The fact that such sensitive information was accessible highlights the ongoing vulnerabilities within company databases and the urgent need for enhanced security measures.

For Inkafarma customers, the breach has personal and immediate effects. The loss of sensitive information such as addresses, phone numbers, and potentially health-related data could lead to targeted phishing attacks and other scams. It's crucial for affected individuals to be vigilant, monitoring their financial accounts for any unusual activity and reporting suspicious attempts to Inkafarma or local authorities. Customers are advised to take advantage of credit monitoring services and remain informed about how their data is being protected moving forward [source].

The breach not only impacts customers directly but also poses a reputational risk to Inkafarma. The company's commitment to customer safety and data security will be closely scrutinized in the aftermath of this incident. This serves as a wake-up call for organizations handling sensitive data, underscoring the need for rigorous cybersecurity frameworks and the implementation of best practices to prevent similar breaches. Companies must reconsider their current security posture and address any potential vulnerabilities in their systems to restore customer trust [source].

Additionally, the breach at Inkafarma highlights a broader issue within the pharmaceutical industry: the need for stricter regulatory oversight and more robust data protection standards. As public concern grows, there is a parallel demand for government bodies to enforce existing regulations more stringently and introduce new legislation to safeguard consumer data in such a critical sector. By adopting a proactive stance on cybersecurity, not only can companies protect themselves and their clientele, but they can also contribute to stabilizing the sector at large against future threats [source].

Unauthorized VPN Access to U.S. Oil and Gas Companies

In the realm of cybersecurity, unauthorized VPN access to crucial industries, such as the U.S. oil and gas sector, presents a profound risk that can imperil both economic stability and national security. These breaches, often orchestrated by cybercriminals or potentially hostile nation-states, target vulnerabilities within a company's network infrastructure, allowing unauthorized individuals to infiltrate sensitive systems. Such unauthorized access can lead to operational disruptions, data theft, and even the manipulation of industrial control systems, which might trigger environmental hazards or outages. Alarmingly, these incidents are not isolated. They frequently coincide with other attacks, suggesting a coordinated approach to exploiting multiple vulnerabilities simultaneously, overwhelming companies' ability to respond effectively [4](https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/analysis/mass-cyber-attacks).

Reports indicate that the sale of unauthorized VPN access to U.S. oil and gas companies is alarmingly priced at as little as $500, potentially compromising up to 130 users and 150 machines. This bargain-basement pricing of such a critical exploit reflects a worrying trend in the democratization of cyber threats, where sophisticated attacks become accessible to less experienced cybercriminals. The implications of such access are vast, potentially allowing threat actors to navigate and infiltrate deeper layers of the corporate network, leading to data breaches, intellectual property theft, or even setting the stage for future, more insidious attacks like ransomware [1](https://socradar.io/openai-leak-wordpress-admin-exploit-inkafarma-breach).

Expert security researchers, like Kevin Beaumont, warn that unauthorized VPN access into critical infrastructures like oil and gas companies could indeed be a tactic employed by nation-states aiming to establish long-term persistence within these systems [3](https://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-threats/vpn-access-critical-infrastructure). Such sustained access might afford them opportunities to conduct espionage, disrupt operations at sensitive times, or leverage this foothold to escalate tensions internationally. The potential ramifications of such breaches cannot be overstated, as they not only threaten individual companies but also the broader energy framework that supports national economies.

The impact of unauthorized VPN access extends beyond immediate financial and operational disruptions. The public, as well as energy sector professionals, have voiced serious concerns regarding these vulnerabilities [2](https://socradar.io/openai-leak-wordpress-admin-exploit-inkafarma-breach). There is an increasing call for more robust cybersecurity measures to safeguard vital infrastructures and prevent malicious actors from exploiting weaknesses. This heightened awareness and concern emphasize the need for ongoing vigilance, investment in cybersecurity infrastructure, and developing advanced protections to defend against emerging threats.

Related Events in the Cybersecurity Landscape

In the rapidly evolving cybersecurity landscape, a series of troubling incidents reported between February 3-9, 2025, underscored the escalating threats confronting digital infrastructures globally. One of the most alarming developments was the availability of a newly discovered $2,000 WordPress exploit script, WPU 2.0, designed to bypass traditional security mechanisms such as firewalls and target admin panels. This vulnerability represents a critical ease of access for cybercriminals, threatening not only websites but also the integrity of the data they protect. For detailed insights into these threats, readers can explore more [here](https://socradar.io/openai-leak-wordpress-admin-exploit-inkafarma-breach/).

Another significant incident involves the purported leak of 20 million OpenAI user credentials, capitalizing on bulk verification vulnerabilities. This breach highlights the risks and fears around the misuse of AI technologies, specifically in phishing and social engineering domains, due to exposed credentials. The implications of such a leak emphasize the need for enhanced security measures to safeguard AI platforms, and further information is available [here](https://socradar.io/openai-leak-wordpress-admin-exploit-inkafarma-breach/).

Concurrently, there was a breach involving Inkafarma, a major Peruvian pharmaceutical company, which reported 3.9 million customer records being compromised. This breach adds to the growing list of data security challenges faced by the healthcare sector, demanding immediate action to prevent further exposure of sensitive personal information. For ongoing updates on this situation, visit our detailed coverage [here](https://socradar.io/openai-leak-wordpress-admin-exploit-inkafarma-breach/).

In addition to these breaches, the sale of 1,000 U.S. credit cards, followed by unauthorized VPN access being marketed for $500 to a U.S. oil and gas company, signals a worrying trend of exploiting network vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure. Such incidents pose a severe threat to national security and operational stability. Experts warn about the potential long-term impacts, emphasizing the pressing need for reinforced cybersecurity strategies. Learn more [here](https://socradar.io/openai-leak-wordpress-admin-exploit-inkafarma-breach/).

These events, layered with other related cybersecurity incidents, such as a brute force attack campaign utilizing 2.8 million IP addresses, illustrate a comprehensive and coordinated effort by malicious entities to breach global digital defenses. The insights into these patterns reveal stressed defenses across different sectors, underscoring the need for robust response initiatives and international cooperative measures to combat cybercrime effectively. For further reading, click [here](https://socradar.io/openai-leak-wordpress-admin-exploit-inkafarma-breach/).

Expert Opinions on Recent Threats

In recent weeks, cybersecurity experts have raised alarms about the mounting threats that have emerged globally, underscoring a critical need for enhanced vigilance and multifaceted defense strategies. Security researcher Jake Moore from ESET has brought attention to the increasing accessibility of sophisticated hacking tools, such as the WordPress exploit script WPU 2.0. This tool, priced at a staggering $2,000, is marketed to less experienced threat actors, thereby democratizing the potential for widespread cyberattacks. Moore stresses that this trend poses a significant threat to digital infrastructure, as it levels the playing field for cybercriminals to launch effective attacks against vulnerable systems, particularly those lacking robust security frameworks. As organizations grapple with these challenges, implementing best practices like strong passwords, two-factor authentication, and regular security monitoring is paramount to safeguarding digital assets [source].

The alleged leak of 20 million OpenAI user credentials, as highlighted by Chris Vaughan, VP of Technical Account Management at Tanium, represents a precarious situation that goes beyond the immediate risk of account breaches. Vaughan elaborates that this incident could enable malicious actors to exploit AI capabilities for conducting advanced phishing campaigns and sophisticated social engineering attacks. The potential misuse of AI in crafting deceptive and convincing scams could result in significant damage to both individuals and organizations. This vulnerability highlights the urgent need for AI companies to strengthen their security practices and for users to be vigilant by changing passwords regularly and enabling security features like two-factor authentication [source].

Kevin Beaumont, an independent security researcher, warns about the broader implications of unauthorized VPN access incidents, especially those targeting critical infrastructure sectors like the oil and gas industry. These types of breaches are not just isolated security events; they could potentially serve as gateways for nation-state actors looking to establish prolonged access within sensitive environments. Beaumont emphasizes that the persistence of such vulnerabilities poses a national security risk, necessitating a comprehensive response that includes improved network defenses, regular inspections, and collaboration between private and governmental entities to mitigate potential threats [source].

Dr. Stephanie Helm, Director at MassCyberCenter, highlights an unsettling pattern observed in the aggregation of recent cyber threats. She suggests that the clustering of diverse incidents, such as data breaches, credential leaks, and infrastructure infiltrations, over a short period could indicate a coordinated effort by malicious entities to overwhelm security teams. This synchronized approach threatens to stretch resources thin, rendering standard defensive measures insufficient. Dr. Helm advocates for a paradigm shift towards adaptive security frameworks capable of quick pivoting and response to dynamic threat landscapes. This necessitates enhanced inter-agency cooperation, real-time threat intelligence sharing, and a focus on preemptive rather than reactive cyber strategies [source].

Public Reactions to the Cyber Incidents

The cybersecurity incidents that unfolded between February 3-9, 2025, have sparked widespread public reaction, both online and offline. Communities and experts alike expressed concern over the $2,000 WordPress exploit script, known as WPU 2.0, which targets admin panels, enabling hackers to bypass firewalls. This has led to heated discussions on forums and social media platforms, with website administrators urgently seeking strategies to safeguard their sites against such vulnerabilities. The mainstream WordPress community showed alarm, reflecting a profound distrust in their digital defense systems [source](https://socradar.io/openai-leak-wordpress-admin-exploit-inkafarma-breach/).

Meanwhile, the alleged leak of 20 million OpenAI user credentials has triggered vigorous debate around AI platform security and personal data protection. Many users vented their frustrations online over the potential risks of identity theft, stressing the imperative need for stronger data privacy measures. This event has raised significant public awareness about the security aspects of AI-driven platforms, prompting discussions on possible protective steps and expectations from service providers [source](https://socradar.io/openai-leak-wordpress-admin-exploit-inkafarma-breach/).

In another alarming event, social media channels buzzed with apprehension as news of the sale of 1,000 stolen U.S. credit cards came to light, showcasing the thin line between digital convenience and vulnerability. Credit cardholders, fraught with anxiety, called for more robust fraud prevention techniques to be implemented by financial institutions. The heightened public discourse underscores a growing demand for immediate improvements in cybersecurity frameworks to protect consumer interests [source](https://socradar.io/openai-leak-wordpress-admin-exploit-inkafarma-breach/).

The response was particularly fierce in Peru, where Inkafarma customers expressed their outrage and demanded better data protection standards following the breach that exposed 3.9 million customer records. This incident not only brought the issue of inadequate data security to the foreground within the pharmaceutical industry but also stirred concerns about consumer rights and corporate accountability. Public pressure is likely to drive local authorities and companies towards adopting more stringent data protection policies [source](https://socradar.io/openai-leak-wordpress-admin-exploit-inkafarma-breach/).

Moreover, the unauthorized VPN access being sold for just $500, posing risks to a U.S. oil and gas company, alarmed professionals in the energy sector. This news highlighted critical vulnerabilities in infrastructure security systems. Industry experts have voiced concerns regarding this susceptivity, emphasizing the need for comprehensive security measures to prevent potential operational disruptions and security threats to national assets. These collective responses illuminate a broader societal acknowledgment of and response to the persistent and evolving nature of cyber threats [source](https://socradar.io/openai-leak-wordpress-admin-exploit-inkafarma-breach/).

Future Implications of the Cybersecurity Breaches

The future implications of cybersecurity breaches, as highlighted by the incidents from February 3-9, 2025, suggest a complex web of challenges and opportunities. Economically, the repercussions could be severe; businesses may face increased costs due to rising cybersecurity insurance premiums and the need for advanced defense mechanisms. These financial strains are further compounded by potential disruptions to critical infrastructure, particularly within sectors like oil and gas, which could cascade into broader economic instability.

Social trust in digital platforms may be significantly eroded following these breaches. The exposure of OpenAI user credentials and sensitive customer records, like those from Inkafarma, underscores the vulnerability of personal data and the risk of identity theft. This erosion of trust may lead to a decrease in the adoption of online services and a new wave of skepticism towards innovative technologies, particularly AI.

Politically, the breaches are likely to spur legislative action. There's already increased clamor for more stringent cybersecurity laws and better regulatory frameworks. Heightened government oversight, especially in critical infrastructure sectors, could result in the development of new policies aimed at fortifying national security against such vulnerabilities. This is mirrored by a potential increase in international cyber tension, as nations better secure themselves against the specter of digital espionage and cyber warfare.

In the long-term, we may see accelerated advancements in cybersecurity technology, driven by AI and machine learning, as organizations strive to outpace increasingly sophisticated cyber threats. There's likely to be a push for stricter data privacy regulations, focusing on transparency and the protection of individual rights. As technology continues to evolve, the need for international cooperation in cybersecurity efforts will grow, highlighting a global need for unified strategies to prevent cybercrime.

Furthermore, past breaches often shape future industry practices, and it is foreseeable that there will be a greater emphasis on secure software development practices, increased investment in cybersecurity infrastructure, and a shift towards more transparent data handling policies. With the public becoming increasingly aware and demanding of higher standards, organizations may need to prioritize cybersecurity as a fundamental aspect of their value proposition.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the series of cybersecurity threats reported between February 3-9, 2025, highlights both vulnerabilities and opportunities for improvement in global cyber defense mechanisms. The proliferation of tools like the $2,000 WordPress exploit script, WPU 2.0, demonstrates a troubling trend where sophisticated attack methods become accessible to a broader range of threat actors, amplifying potential risks for businesses and individuals alike. Nonetheless, it underscores the critical need for robust cybersecurity measures, such as stringent password policies, updated plugins and themes, and reliable Web Application Firewalls to safeguard WordPress sites effectively. Implementing these strategies can significantly mitigate the risks posed by such vulnerabilities, thus protecting not only the websites but also the sensitive information contained within them .

Furthermore, the alleged leak of 20 million OpenAI user credentials serves as a stark reminder of the potential dangers associated with digital data management, especially in the burgeoning field of AI. As users grapple with the implications of such breaches, actions like changing passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, and maintaining vigilance over account activities become imperative. This incident not only emphasizes the importance of personal digital security but also raises broader questions about the integrity and security of AI-driven platforms. By addressing these vulnerabilities, companies can help regain user trust and secure their systems against future threats .

The breach at Inkafarma, affecting millions of customers, further illustrates the severe impact that data leaks can have on consumer confidence and organizational reputation. Companies must prioritize transparent communication and implement comprehensive security measures to restore trust and ensure customer safety. This breach underscores the importance of vigilance in monitoring accounts and highlights the need for proactive initiatives to combat potential phishing attempts and data misuse .

In light of the unauthorized VPN access incident involving a U.S. oil and gas company, it becomes increasingly urgent for organizations, especially those handling critical infrastructure, to reassess their security frameworks comprehensively. This incident raises serious concerns about national security, as these vulnerabilities could be exploited by malicious entities to initiate large-scale disruptions. Strengthening cyber defenses within such sectors is paramount to safeguard against unauthorized intrusions that could have far-reaching socio-economic and geopolitical repercussions. The collective response to these recent events also reflects a growing public consciousness regarding cybersecurity risks and the pressing demand for organizations to elevate their data protection standards .

Ultimately, as cybersecurity threats continue to evolve, so too must the strategies we employ to counter them. This includes not only enhanced protection measures and advancements in AI-driven security solutions but also a commitment to fostering international cooperation to effectively combat cybercrime. With ongoing developments in legal frameworks and increased investment in cybersecurity infrastructure, stakeholders across sectors must remain vigilant and adaptable. These efforts will not only protect existing systems but will also spearhead innovations in digital security practices, paving the way for a safer, resilient cyber ecosystem going forward .