Apple vs. Elon Musk: A Satellite Showdown Above and Beyond

In recent years, Apple has been quietly venturing into the realm of satellite communications, eyeing a future where iPhones and possibly other devices could connect directly to satellites for various services. This ambition, however, is not without its hurdles, as chronicled in a detailed article by The Information. The piece,,¹ outlines the numerous challenges that Apple has faced on this journey, particularly involving some of the tech giant's most fierce competition and internal disagreements.

Apple's satellite endeavors aim to eventually offer users features such as emergency messaging services and potentially broadband internet, as noted by The Information's article. By embedding satellite capabilities in their products, Apple hopes to reduce their dependency on traditional telecommunications companies and expand their service reach globally, even in the most remote areas. However, realizing these grand plans has not been straightforward, with significant resistance from within Apple regarding the project's cost and strategic direction.

The article also emphasizes how complicating Apple's path are potential and existing rivalries and collaborations with major industry players like Elon Musk's SpaceX. As detailed, Musk's Starlink, which already has a significant foothold in satellite internet, could become both a strategic partner and a formidable competitor. This dual role has led to strained negotiations and even public spats between the entities. Furthermore, internal tensions within Apple itself over the feasibility and tactical approach to these satellite projects have added layers of complexity to their ambitions.

Elon Musk's involvement in Apple's satellite initiatives has introduced significant challenges, potentially reshaping both technological strategies and competitive dynamics. Musk, known for his ventures like SpaceX and Starlink, proposed an exclusive partnership with Apple to integrate Starlink's satellite connectivity into iPhones. This move was aimed at providing a robust satellite communication service across Apple's ecosystem. However, Apple declined this offer, opting instead to collaborate with Globalstar for its Emergency SOS feature. This decision has led to ongoing tension between the tech giants, as SpaceX subsequently challenged Globalstar's spectrum rights, complicating Apple's satellite service plans and slowing its progress [The Information](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/apples‑satellite‑ambitions‑threatened‑elon‑musk‑internal‑resistance).

Internally, Apple's leadership faces resistance concerning its satellite ventures, driven by alternate views on costs, strategic direction, and technical feasibility. Significant voices within the company express concerns about the viability of long‑term investments in satellite technology. These debates have influenced Apple's cautious approach, contrasting its innovative stance in other tech areas. Executives wary of Elon Musk's unpredictable business strategies and the potential impact on Apple's strategic goals contribute to a complex internal landscape [The Information](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/apples‑satellite‑ambitions‑threatened‑elon‑musk‑internal‑resistance).

Externally, the implications of Musk's involvement ripple across the broader satellite communication industry. SpaceX's established footprint with Starlink offers extensive satellite internet service, posing a formidable competition to Apple's emerging efforts. While Apple's alliance with Globalstar focuses on emergency communications, it falls short of the comprehensive internet service provided by Starlink. This disparity underscores a missed opportunity for Apple, which could have leveraged an early identification with satellite internet services through a partnership with SpaceX [MacRumors](https://www.macrumors.com/2023/11/03/apple‑satellite‑communication‑feature‑details/).

This situation highlights broader concerns over market dynamics and corporate relationships. The competitive friction between SpaceX and Apple reflects a larger narrative of high‑stakes rivalry in satellite technology, where spectrum rights and regulatory approvals significantly impact corporate strategies. As the contest for dominance unfolds, it becomes evident that these tech titans are not just competing over technology but are also navigating complex regulatory landscapes and public perceptions [AppleInsider](https://appleinsider.com/articles/25/05/27/starlink‑wars‑elon‑musk‑still‑battling‑apple‑over‑iphone‑satellite‑connectivity).

Overall, Musk's engagement with Apple's projects reveals both the potential for innovation in satellite communications and the considerable challenges of establishing new market standards amidst competitive pressures and operational uncertainties. As both firms continue to evolve their strategies, how they address these tensions will significantly influence the future of tech‑driven connectivity [The Verge](https://www.theverge.com/news/674739/elon‑musk‑reportedly‑approached‑apple‑years‑ago‑about‑an‑iphone‑spacex‑satellite‑deal).

Apple is known for its groundbreaking technologies and innovative ideas, but their foray into satellite communications, aiming for services like emergency messaging and perhaps even broader internet access, hasn't been without its internal hurdles. The ambitions, while substantial, have faced significant pushback from within, given the technical and financial challenges that the project entails. A recurring concern voiced by Apple executives is the potential financial burden and the ability to maintain a competitive edge in a market dominated by established entities like SpaceX. There is also a palpable tension around the strategic direction of these endeavors, notably in how they diverge from Apple's traditional focuses [¹].

Elon Musk's involvement adds another layer of complexity to Apple's satellite ambitions, primarily because of the competitive overlap and potential conflicts of interest between Apple's projects and SpaceX's Starlink. This competition signifies deeper strategic decisions within Apple, where executives have been weighing the risks of engaging in a market already heavily influenced by Musk's SpaceX. Concerns extend to the feasibility of technical implementations, costs, and whether Apple's investment would yield competitive advantages or merely a late entry into a crowded field [¹].

Internally, resistance hasn't only been about technical or financial feasibility; it's also deeply tied to the strategic direction and philosophical ethos of Apple as a company. There's a prevailing apprehension over the sustainability of launching into satellite connectivity, especially considering the setbacks of past projects like "Project Eagle." This ambitious plan, once in partnership with Boeing, aimed to provide satellite internet but collapsed under its weight of cost concerns and strategic misalignments [²]. This historical context adds layers of caution and skepticism towards new satellite endeavors, given resource allocation and potential market saturation risks.

Furthermore, the internal debates are not solely about the technological or economic aspects but also concern regulatory and geopolitical challenges. Executives are wary about the looming specter of regulatory scrutiny, not just in the U.S. but globally. The partnership with Globalstar, while strategic, raised questions about the long‑term viability and whether it could withstand competitive pressures not just from SpaceX but other emerging satellite technology companies. This alliance also opens Apple up to a barrage of challenges regarding spectrum rights battles that could inhibit its service expansion [³].

Another internal concern stems from the potential for Apple's satellite endeavors to disrupt their relationships within the traditional telecom sector. As Apple shifts towards digital communication methods independent of existing telecom infrastructure, this strategic pivot prompts a reevaluation of existing partnerships and market dynamics. The potential fallout includes strained alliances with telecom companies, which traditionally have been key collaborators in Apple's ecosystem. Moreover, Apple's strategic direction under scrutiny suggests a delicate balancing act between innovation and the maintenance of core business alliances [⁴].

In 2022, a potentially groundbreaking deal was on the table between two titans of industry: SpaceX and Apple. Elon Musk, the CEO of SpaceX, proposed an exclusive agreement to integrate Starlink's satellite connectivity with Apple’s iPhone, a vision that could have redefined satellite communication. The offer was indeed enticing—a hefty $5 billion contract granting Apple 18 months of exclusivity. However, against expectations, Apple chose a different path, declining Musk’s offer and opting instead to align with Globalstar for its Emergency SOS feature instead. Interestingly, this decision wasn’t merely about technology; it was driven by Apple's apprehension about Elon Musk's business methods and potential conflicts. Apple’s move highlights how corporate strategy sometimes prioritizes operational stability and control over immediate technological gains [0](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/apples‑satellite‑ambitions‑threatened‑elon‑musk‑internal‑resistance).

This rejection of SpaceX's Starlink deal by Apple does not merely represent a single business decision; it encapsulates a broader strategic stance against a potential market dependency on SpaceX's growing network. With Starlink rapidly expanding its high‑speed internet service globally, the partnership could have propelled Apple into a prominent position within the satellite internet market. However, Apple's choice to collaborate with Globalstar signifies a commitment to maintaining independence and forging a distinct path in the satellite communication sector [8](https://www.theverge.com/news/674739/elon‑musk‑reportedly‑approached‑apple‑years‑ago‑about‑an‑iphone‑spacex‑satellite‑deal). By leveraging Globalstar’s infrastructure, Apple aims to enhance its Emergency SOS features, even while facing challenges from bandwidth limitations and spectrum rights contested by SpaceX. The decision reflects a calculated risk, betting on a nimble adaptation of existing technologies rather than an integration with Starlink, which may afford them greater flexibility in the long run [6](https://www.macrumors.com/2025/05/27/elon‑musk‑battled‑apple‑over‑satellite‑features/).

While Apple’s rebuff to Elon Musk’s ambitious Starlink proposal underscores the intense competition and strategic maneuvering within the satellite technology realm, it also sets a precedent for how tech giants navigate emerging communication frontiers. The decision to bypass Starlink has sparked significant public discourse, where Apple's strategy was questioned amid perceived drawbacks of Globalstar's network compared to Starlink’s comprehensive coverage. Additionally, the move reflects Apple's sensitivity to regulatory landscapes and its focus on gradual innovation over adopting potentially volatile technologies [3](https://twit.tv/posts/tech/apples‑ai‑crisis). By carving out a distinct satellite strategy, Apple is aiming for a sustainable growth trajectory, carefully negotiating the regulatory and operational tensions that an intertwining with SpaceX might entail. This saga adds to the captivating narrative of Apple’s continual quest for expanding its technological horizons while safeguarding its corporate ethos [10](https://appleinsider.com/articles/25/05/27/how‑apples‑years‑old‑satellite‑plan‑crashed‑before‑starlink‑launched).

Apple's strategic alliance with Globalstar has positioned the tech giant at a pivotal junction in its quest for satellite communication integration. This partnership underscores Apple's commitment to broadening its ecosystem beyond traditional hardware, venturing into satellite‑enabled features like the Emergency SOS. By linking with Globalstar, known for its reliable satellite communications, Apple has equipped its iPhone models with capabilities that extend communication beyond the reach of terrestrial networks, fostering a sense of security and reliability for users in remote areas [3](https://spacenews.com/apple‑to‑be‑largest‑user‑of‑globalstars‑satellite‑network‑for‑iphone‑messaging/).

The backdrop of Apple's collaboration with Globalstar is layered with strategic decisions, particularly the choice to sidestep SpaceX's Starlink in favor of a more tailored approach. Apple's decision reflects a focus on niche satellite services, such as emergency messaging, rather than embarking on vast satellite internet ventures, thus avoiding direct competition with SpaceX's more expansive ambitions [1](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/apples‑satellite‑ambitions‑threatened‑elon‑musk‑internal‑resistance). This decision mitigates potential regulatory and logistical challenges that could arise from larger‑scale implementations, allowing Apple to maintain a clear strategic direction without diverging into entirely new market territories [3](https://twit.tv/posts/tech/apples‑ai‑crisis).

The partnership with Globalstar, while beneficial in deploying emergency satellite communication, does come with its set of challenges. As highlighted in the ongoing technical hurdles, including bandwidth limitations [3](https://spacenews.com/apple‑to‑be‑largest‑user‑of‑globalstars‑satellite‑network‑for‑iphone‑messaging/), Apple must continue to innovate to enhance user experience. The firm has had to tackle the inherent difficulties in developing a satellite communication system that seamlessly integrates with existing Apple hardware, all while ensuring user‑friendliness remains intact.

This collaboration has also been marked by external competitive pressures, particularly from Elon Musk's enterprises, which have sought influence over satellite communication strategies and spectrum allocations. The rivalry extends beyond business tactics, potentially impacting regulatory developments due to SpaceX's lobbying efforts aimed at reclaiming spectrum rights [5](https://appleinsider.com/articles/25/03/31/apples‑satellite‑plans‑could‑be‑stalled‑by‑elon‑musks‑starlink). This dynamic has necessitated a robust strategic approach from Apple, harnessing its creative and financial resources to sustain its satellite ambitions amidst these pressures.

Moreover, Apple's engagement with Globalstar reflects broader strategic priorities, including supply chain agility and alignment with global production shifts, such as moving iPhone manufacturing to India [3](https://twit.tv/posts/tech/apples‑ai‑crisis). These changes potentially impact the logistical aspects of deploying satellite technologies, demanding an integrated global strategy to ensure the effective rollout of these advanced communication solutions.

The satellite communication industry is experiencing transformative changes driven by major players like Apple and SpaceX, with significant implications for the sector's future trajectory. Apple's entry into the satellite communication arena, as part of its broader technological ambitions, is met with substantial challenges from external competitors and internal resistance. Their decision to bypass an exclusive deal with SpaceX's Starlink in favor of partnering with Globalstar signifies a cautious but strategic move aimed at carving a niche in emergency communication services. However, this choice has led to intense competition and legal challenges over spectrum rights with SpaceX, revealing the industry's complex regulatory landscape (¹).

The rivalry between Apple and SpaceX exemplifies the competitive dynamics shaping the satellite communication field and reflects broader trends of increasing privatization and commercialization of space technology. With Apple's projects facing setbacks due to internal disagreements and competition from well‑established companies like SpaceX, the industry may see a shift in focus towards specialized, high‑value services such as emergency messaging, which Apple has successfully utilized through its Globalstar partnership (³). Despite these specialized applications, the broader challenge remains in offering affordable, widespread connectivity solutions in rural and underserved regions, which could potentially redefine market priorities and investments.

Technical, economic, and regulatory hurdles are pivotal in dictating the pace at which new satellite communication capabilities are deployed. For companies like Apple, internal challenges, such as high operational costs and evolving technical demands, require strategic adjustments. This need for adaptation is further underscored by external pressures, such as competition with SpaceX, which poses its own challenges in the form of legal and regulatory battles, potentially delaying the development of Apple's communication initiatives (¹).

As the global landscape of satellite communications continues to shift, the potential for innovative collaborations and technological breakthroughs could fundamentally alter the industry's trajectory. While Apple and SpaceX navigate their competitive tensions, there remains significant potential for disruptive innovations that could democratize access to high‑speed internet and emergency services globally. This environment of competition, coupled with policy changes, is driving technological advancements and creating new opportunities for investment and growth within the satellite communication industry.

Apple's satellite strategy, primarily centered around its Emergency SOS feature, holds substantial economic ramifications. The decision to decline a partnership with SpaceX for a broader satellite internet service has limited Apple's potential revenue streams and positioning in the market. Partnering with SpaceX could have offered Apple a first‑mover advantage in satellite internet, a sector with enormous growth prospects [source required]. Instead, partnering with Globalstar has provided a narrower focus, primarily limiting their satellite capability to emergency messaging rather than full‑scale internet services. This choice may curtail potential revenue and growth opportunities when compared to SpaceX's expansive Starlink network, which already serves millions globally [source required]. Ongoing legal challenges regarding spectrum rights between SpaceX and Globalstar further complicate Apple's economic landscape, with outcomes that could potentially disrupt Apple's satellite services and reputation [source required]. Moreover, the ongoing tariff conflicts, such as those initiated during the Trump administration that increased iPhone prices, further strain Apple’s profit margins [source required]. Additionally, maintaining and upgrading satellite technology will require significant resource investment, posing a financial risk if widespread adoption does not materialize [source required].

The economic implications of Apple's satellite strategy extend beyond direct financial metrics to influence their market positioning and strategic direction. By not securing a deal with SpaceX, Apple may have foregone a lucrative opportunity to penetrate a burgeoning market dominated by Starlink, potentially capturing consumers seeking comprehensive satellite internet services [source required]. The decision to favor Globalstar — a partner with a more limited network — over SpaceX translates into a strategic gamble that may affect Apple's competitive edge. Given the legal battles over spectrum rights, this poses risks to Apple's market aspirations and could potentially lead to limitations in service offerings if Globalstar's position is weakened [source required]. Moreover, any disruption in Apple's satellite service could potentially tarnish its brand reputation, especially if it affects core functions advertised to consumers [source required]. Additionally, the financial commitment to sustain these initiatives is heavy, requiring Apple to balance investments between satellite service improvements and other innovative pursuits [source required]. This financial delicacy underscores the broader economic consequences of satellite strategies in a competitive tech landscape, emphasizing the critical need for Apple to navigate complex legal, market, and technological terrains carefully [source required].

The social impacts of satellite services are deeply intertwined with their accessibility and integration into everyday life. Apple's involvement in satellite technology, including features like Emergency SOS via Satellite, highlights the potential for such technology to save lives in critical situations. This function has already demonstrated its value by assisting individuals who find themselves outside the reach of traditional communication networks. Satellite services like these can significantly transform emergency response strategies by providing reliable communication even in the most remote locations. The capability to send distress signals in emergencies not only enhances safety but also empowers users with a sense of security, knowing that help is accessible, albeit through advanced technology [source](https://www.forbes.com/sites/timbajarin/2024/10/08/apples‑satellite‑messaging‑a‑lifeline‑in‑emergencies/).

Despite these benefits, the accessibility of satellite services remains a pressing issue. Currently, innovations like Apple's satellite communication are primarily tailored to emergency situations, limiting their potential impact on bridging the digital divide in underserved communities. A more comprehensive satellite service could provide essential internet access to remote areas, fostering greater connectivity and equality. However, challenges such as high costs, dependency on specific service providers, and technical limitations have slowed the expansion of these technologies. For instance, Apple's reliance on Globalstar for its satellite service illustrates the complexities of delivering broader connectivity solutions that are both cost‑effective and operationally feasible [source](https://9to5mac.com/2025/05/27/apple‑rejected‑elon‑musks‑satellite‑offer‑now‑its‑plans‑are‑in‑jeopardy‑report/).

Moreover, while the technical marvel of satellite networks is undeniable, their integration into society raises concerns about data privacy and potential governmental overreach. As satellite communication becomes more widespread, the delicate balance between ensuring public safety and safeguarding personal privacy becomes even more crucial. The fear of surveillance and data misuse might deter some from embracing these technologies fully. Additionally, any significant dependency on satellite‑based communication could expose populations to vulnerabilities, such as disruptions from space weather events or infrastructure failure. Therefore, transparency and stringent data protection measures are essential to garner public trust and promote the ethical use of satellite services [source](https://appleinsider.com/articles/25/05/27/starlink‑wars‑elon‑musk‑still‑battling‑apple‑over‑iphone‑satellite‑connectivity).

With advancements in satellite technology, companies like Apple have an opportunity to reshape the landscape of accessibility. However, they also face a responsibility to address the moral and ethical implications of their innovations. As the world becomes increasingly digitized, the role of satellite communication in providing robust and secure access to information cannot be overstated. Advocates for technology inclusion emphasize the importance of equitable access, ensuring that satellite services do not become a privilege reserved only for those who can afford them, but rather, a ubiquitous utility that offers broad social benefits for all citizens. This vision underscores the necessity of collaborative efforts and investments in sustainable technologies that prioritize universal access while addressing both technological and ethical challenges [source](https://space4peace.org/space‑rivalry‑apple‑musks‑spacex‑clash‑over‑satellite‑connectivity).

Apple's satellite ambitions face a complex web of political and regulatory challenges, pivotal to its strategic plans. One major obstacle stems from its rivalry with SpaceX, owned by Elon Musk, which has led to disputes over spectrum rights with Globalstar, currently Apple's chosen satellite provider for services like Emergency SOS [2](https://appleinsider.com/articles/25/05/27/starlink‑wars‑elon‑musk‑still‑battling‑apple‑over‑iphone‑satellite‑connectivity). These spectrum battles highlight the critical regulatory hurdles in securing the necessary bandwidth for satellite communication, a process heavily influenced by government policies and international agreements [5](https://space4peace.org/space‑rivalry‑apple‑musks‑spacex‑clash‑over‑satellite‑connectivity/).

Further complicating the political field, Apple's cautious stance in fully integrating its satellite technology reflects significant concerns about its relationships within the telecom industry. Telecom companies, heavily invested in their infrastructure, might see Apple's shift as a threat, potentially leading to lobbying against Apple's satellite expansions [9](https://9to5mac.com/2025/05/27/apple‑rejected‑elon‑musks‑satellite‑offer‑now‑its‑plans‑are‑in‑jeopardy‑report/). Moreover, the influence of powerful figures like Musk, with his own substantial government connections, adds another layer of political complexity that Apple must carefully navigate to advance its satellite initiatives [7](https://www.macrumors.com/2025/05/27/elon‑musk‑battled‑apple‑over‑satellite‑features/).

Globally, regulatory environments vary significantly, impacting Apple's satellite strategy and necessitating careful diplomacy and compliance. As more nations get involved in shaping the rules for satellite communications, companies must adapt to differing legal landscapes and ensure their technologies meet international standards. The potential for diplomatic clashes over space debris protocols and satellite deployment guidelines only add to these challenges [5](https://space4peace.org/space‑rivalry‑apple‑musks‑spacex‑clash‑over‑satellite‑connectivity/).

Internally, Apple faces hurdles with its executive team, some of whom express skepticism about the technical feasibility and financial viability of extending their satellite technologies [6](https://appleinsider.com/articles/25/05/27/starlink‑wars‑elon‑musk‑still‑battling‑apple‑over‑iphone‑satellite‑connectivity). This internal resistance not only affects decision‑making processes but also serves as a brake on aggressive expansions or collaborations with external partners like SpaceX [4](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/apples‑satellite‑ambitions‑threatened‑elon‑musk‑internal‑resistance).

The overarching political and regulatory environment presents both risks and opportunities. On one hand, successful navigation could position Apple at the forefront of satellite‑based communication, potentially reshaping the market [9](https://9to5mac.com/2025/05/27/apple‑rejected‑elon‑musks‑satellite‑offer‑now‑its‑plans‑are‑in‑jeopardy‑report/). On the other, missteps could result in costly delays, failed projects, or strained relationships with critical stakeholders, both domestic and international [5](https://space4peace.org/space‑rivalry‑apple‑musks‑spacex‑clash‑over‑satellite‑connectivity/). These considerations underscore the importance of strategic foresight in overcoming the political and regulatory hurdles that define Apple's satellite ambitions.

Apple's venture into the satellite communication sector carries significant future prospects and broader implications, both within the tech industry and society at large. As Apple aims to expand its offerings from Emergency SOS capabilities to potentially broader satellite internet services, several challenges could shape its trajectory. The refusal of Elon Musk's Starlink partnership suggests a strategic pivot that may define Apple's position in the satellite domain [4](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/apples‑satellite‑ambitions‑threatened‑elon‑musk‑internal‑resistance). This decision not only reflects Apple's commitment to retain autonomy over its technological ecosystem but also highlights the potential for innovative collaborations with alternative partners like Globalstar [3](https://spacenews.com/apple‑to‑be‑largest‑user‑of‑globalstars‑satellite‑network‑for‑iphone‑messaging/).

The ongoing competitive dynamics between Apple and SpaceX underline an exciting and transformative period for satellite technology. This rivalry is not just about market dominance but also involves future advancements in satellite capabilities that could redefine internet accessibility worldwide. New frontiers in connectivity may emerge as both companies strive to outmaneuver each other, potentially benefiting consumers through faster and more reliable internet services. However, these advancements come with substantial hurdles, including the technical complexities involved in deploying robust satellite networks and surmounting stringent regulatory standards [2](https://appleinsider.com/articles/25/05/27/starlink‑wars‑elon‑musk‑still‑battling‑apple‑over‑iphone‑satellite‑connectivity).

Apple's satellite ambitions also prompt broader societal and ethical questions. As companies like Apple and SpaceX push forward, issues of data privacy, regulatory interference, and the potential for increased surveillance loom large. Stakeholders must carefully navigate these waters, ensuring the balance between commercial progress and securing individual freedoms and privacy rights [5](https://space4peace.org/space‑rivalry‑apple‑musks‑spacex‑clash‑over‑satellite‑connectivity/). Meanwhile, the success of Apple's existing satellite services could inspire further development in emergency communication tools, which have already proven life‑saving in critical situations [10](https://appleinsider.com/articles/25/05/27/how‑apples‑years‑old‑satellite‑plan‑crashed‑before‑starlink‑launched).

Furthermore, as satellite deployments proliferate, environmental considerations become increasingly relevant. The potential for space debris and its environmental impact, along with the rise of light pollution from satellite constellations, necessitates thoughtful governance and international cooperation. Proper management of these factors is crucial to sustain the space environment for future generations, demanding innovative policies and international agreements [5](https://space4peace.org/space‑rivalry‑apple‑musks‑spacex‑clash‑over‑satellite‑connectivity/). Apple's involvement in the satellite industry could play a pivotal role in shaping dialogues around these critical issues and driving efforts toward more sustainable space exploration practices.

Ultimately, Apple's journey in satellite communication reflects broader technological shifts and societal changes. Its efforts to harness satellite technology, despite facing considerable competition from SpaceX, have the potential to democratize internet access and foster a more connected world. However, success will hinge on Apple's ability to leverage strategic partnerships, navigate complex regulatory frameworks, and address ethical concerns. This unfolding narrative not only mirrors current technological trends but also encapsulates the broader pursuit of connectivity in a rapidly evolving digital age [7](https://www.benton.org/headlines/apple‑and‑musk‑clash‑over‑satellite‑expansion‑plans).