Council's Vision for a Cosmic Shift
Florida Eyes Stellar Future: Bold Bid to Bring NASA HQ to Sunshine State
Last updated:
The Florida Council of 100 has formally endorsed the relocation of NASA's headquarters from Washington D.C. to the Sunshine State. With its thriving aerospace ecosystem, lower operational costs, and an AAA credit rating, Florida presents an enticing option as NASA considers its move. Advocates, including Governor Ron DeSantis and Space Florida CEO Rob Long, emphasize the economic and strategic advantages of this move, while critics worry about the potential loss of political influence in D.C. Dive into the debate over what could be a game-changing decision for the future of space exploration.
Introduction
The Florida Council of 100, a key advisory group in the state, has made a bold proposal to relocate NASA’s headquarters from Washington, D.C. to Florida. This recommendation is built upon Florida's thriving aerospace sector, which is supported by over 700 companies employing a skilled workforce. The state's lower operational costs and prestigious AAA credit rating further solidify its position as an ideal location for NASA's headquarters. This move has received strong support from Governor Ron DeSantis and Space Florida CEO Rob Long, who believe that the infrastructure and resources available in Florida will contribute positively to NASA's ambitious agendas of lunar and Mars explorations. Furthermore, the expiration of NASA's current headquarters' lease in 2028 presents a timely opportunity to consider relocation options that might enhance NASA's operational efficiencies and outreach capabilities.
Reasons for Relocating NASA Headquarters to Florida
The push to relocate NASA's headquarters to Florida is gathering momentum, backed by arguments that the state provides an ideal environment for space exploration and research. Endorsed by the Florida Council of 100, the move is advocated for its potential to harness the state's rich aerospace ecosystem, which is home to over 700 companies. This well-established industry ensures that NASA would benefit from a skilled workforce and resources tailored to aerospace needs. Lower operational costs including reduced utility and construction expenses are also cited as significant advantages .
Learn to use AI like a Pro
Get the latest AI workflows to boost your productivity and business performance, delivered weekly by expert consultants. Enjoy step-by-step guides, weekly Q&A sessions, and full access to our AI workflow archive.














Governor Ron DeSantis along with Space Florida CEO Rob Long support this move, emphasizing Florida's strategic position within the aerospace landscape. They argue that NASA's relocation aligns with local interests and state-sponsored initiatives aimed at boosting high-tech industries. The enthusiasm for this shift is not just about economic gain; Florida offers excellent educational institutions that contribute to a vibrant innovation culture . Insightful planning and the state's commitment to investing in space technology make it a compelling choice for NASA's next headquarters.
Supporters of the Relocation
Supporters of relocating NASA's headquarters to Florida argue that the move would be strategically beneficial for several reasons. The Florida Council of 100, a prominent advocacy group, has been vocal in its support, emphasizing the state's robust aerospace ecosystem, which is home to over 700 aerospace companies. This well-established industry infrastructure is seen as a major advantage in facilitating NASA's operations and collaborations. The lower operating costs in Florida, including reduced construction and utility expenses, are also highlighted as a means to allocate more resources to NASA's core missions. Read more.
Governor Ron DeSantis and Space Florida CEO Rob Long have joined the call for NASA's potential relocation, aligning themselves with broader state efforts to become a leading force in space exploration and technology. Their support underscores the commitment at both the state and organizational level to make Florida an inviting new home for NASA. The aspiration to bolster the state's economy while reinforcing its standing in the aerospace sector is a key motivator behind their advocacy. Learn more.
The strategic advantages cited by supporters also include Florida's AAA credit rating and strong educational framework, factors that contribute to a favorable environment for scientific research and development. This financial stability is perceived as a safeguard that could ensure NASA's long-term operational success. Moreover, the state's educational institutions are closely linked with the aerospace sector, offering a skilled workforce that could seamlessly integrate with NASA's needs. Proponents see this potential relocation as not just beneficial for NASA but for Florida's scientific communities as well. See details.
Learn to use AI like a Pro
Get the latest AI workflows to boost your productivity and business performance, delivered weekly by expert consultants. Enjoy step-by-step guides, weekly Q&A sessions, and full access to our AI workflow archive.














NASA's Current Situation and Considerations
NASA is at a pivotal moment as it considers the future location of its headquarters. Much of the current discourse is centered around the potential relocation from Washington D.C. to Florida. This consideration is propelled by a formal endorsement from the Florida Council of 100, who argue that Florida's thriving aerospace sector, favorable economic conditions, and robust educational infrastructure make it an ideal location. Their perspective is supported by significant figures such as Governor Ron DeSantis and CEO of Space Florida, Rob Long. The expiration of NASA's headquarters lease in Washington D.C. by 2028 further compels the organization to evaluate its options and potential benefits of settling in the Sunshine State. More details on these considerations can be found here.
Relocating NASA headquarters to Florida is intertwined with broader strategic decisions impacting both the agency and the regions involved. Proponents within Florida emphasize the state's AAA credit rating and its established network of over 700 aerospace companies as key advantages. They argue that moving to Florida would provide NASA with significant operational efficiencies and cost savings, potentially freeing up financial resources for other essential projects. However, this potential move also raises concerns about the agency's political influence, as critics fear that being away from the Capitol may diminish NASA's lobbying power and engagement with Congress.
As NASA explores its options, the agency must weigh the possible economic benefits of Florida's lower costs against the strategic value of maintaining proximity to key policymakers in Washington, D.C. The debate extends beyond just logistics and economics, involving a multitude of social and political factors. Some argue for a phased approach to relocation, or even a shared headquarters with cities like Austin or Houston, to maintain a balance between administrative efficacy and political leverage. These discussions highlight the complexities of modern institutional governance and the dynamic interplay between technology advancement and political strategy.
Florida's Aerospace Industry and Its Advantages
Florida's aerospace industry stands as a centerpiece of the state's economic and technological landscape, offering unparalleled advantages for agencies like NASA. The state's extensive network of over 700 aerospace companies provides a robust support system, ensuring seamless collaboration and innovation. Furthermore, Florida boasts a skilled workforce, with professionals trained through a strong educational system tightly integrated with the space industry. This ensures a readily available pool of talent to meet NASA's demands .
Financially, Florida presents a lucrative proposition with lower operational costs compared to other states, particularly Washington D.C., where NASA's current headquarters is located. The state's AAA credit rating and fiscally friendly environment enhance its attractiveness for both governmental and private aerospace activities. These financial efficiencies could liberate significant funds for NASA’s scientific and exploratory initiatives .
Moreover, ongoing initiatives such as the proposed Space Commerce District near Kennedy Space Center exemplify Florida's commitment to expanding its aerospace infrastructure. This district is expected to create approximately 800 jobs, reinforcing the state’s position as a global hub for space commerce. Such projects align with efforts from organizations like Space Florida, which actively promote international collaboration and innovation within the sector .
Learn to use AI like a Pro
Get the latest AI workflows to boost your productivity and business performance, delivered weekly by expert consultants. Enjoy step-by-step guides, weekly Q&A sessions, and full access to our AI workflow archive.














Florida's geographic location also provides strategic advantages for aerospace activities. The proximity to reliable launch sites and favorable weather conditions contribute to the successful scheduling and execution of space launches. Furthermore, events and missions operated out of facilities like the Kennedy Space Center emphasize Florida's vital role in national and international space exploration .
Concerns and Opposition to the Relocation
While the proposed relocation of NASA's headquarters to Florida promises significant economic benefits, it is also met with substantial concerns and opposition. Critics emphasize the potential weakening of NASA's political influence if the headquarters moves away from Washington, D.C. Washington's proximity to Congress and federal agencies is crucial for NASA's ability to secure funding and advance policy priorities effectively. This geographic separation could lead to reduced political engagement, making it more challenging for NASA to advocate for its needs directly to lawmakers [4](https://opentools.ai/news/nasa-headquarters-on-the-move-the-potential-shift-from-dc-to-space-hub-states) [5](https://opentools.ai/news/nasa-headquarters-on-the-move-the-potential-shift-from-dc-to-space-hub-states).
Furthermore, there's apprehension about the potential impact on NASA's workforce. Relocation could lead to significant staff turnover and the loss of expertise, as not all employees might be willing or able to move to Florida. Such a transition may disrupt not only the personal lives of employees but also the continuity of projects and institutional knowledge within the organization. The potential loss of seasoned professionals continues to be a major point of contention in discussions surrounding the move [4](https://opentools.ai/news/nasa-headquarters-on-the-move-the-potential-shift-from-dc-to-space-hub-states).
Public reactions to the relocation are divided. Many Florida residents and local leaders champion the potential economic growth, as the influx of NASA employees and associated industries could invigorate the local economy. However, others are concerned about the move's broader implications, particularly regarding Florida's infrastructure preparedness. Questions about whether local services, housing, and schools can accommodate a sudden population increase add a layer of skepticism to the optimism, revealing a need for comprehensive planning to mitigate these potential challenges [5](https://opentools.ai/news/floridas-bold-bid-moving-nasa-hq-to-kennedy-space-center).
The debate around NASA's potential relocation also highlights broader trends in federal agency decentralization. While supporters argue that leveraging regional strengths could enhance agency efficacy and access to skilled workforces, detractors worry about the strategic disadvantages of distancing from political hubs. Balancing operational efficiency with political influence represents a critical tension in this debate, one that will require careful consideration of both immediate and long-term outcomes [12](https://opentools.ai/news/floridas-bold-bid-moving-nasa-hq-to-kennedy-space-center).
Economic Implications of Relocating NASA Headquarters
The proposal to relocate NASA's headquarters from Washington, D.C., to Florida presents both substantial opportunities and potential challenges in the economic realm. Proponents argue that the move could represent a significant economic boon for Florida, capitalizing on the state's already robust aerospace industry. Florida's environment, with over 700 aerospace and aviation companies, offers a fertile ground for NASA to expand its reach and capabilities. The presence of approximately 2,500 NASA employees would stimulate local businesses, catalyze growth in the housing market, and invigorate the service sector. According to the Florida Council of 100, such a move would not only reinforce Florida's position as a key player in global space exploration but also generate further investment from private companies eager to collaborate in what is becoming a burgeoning aerospace hub [1](https://mynews13.com/fl/orlando/space/2025/04/15/florida-council-of-100-urges-leaders-to-have-nasa-hq-to-relocate-to-sunshine-state).
Learn to use AI like a Pro
Get the latest AI workflows to boost your productivity and business performance, delivered weekly by expert consultants. Enjoy step-by-step guides, weekly Q&A sessions, and full access to our AI workflow archive.














However, it's not just about the inflow of skilled labor. The economic implications include cost considerations that could affect NASA's budgeting priorities. Relocating to Florida could ostensibly reduce operational costs, given the lower costs of living and business operations compared to Washington, D.C. This could potentially free up resources for NASA to allocate elsewhere, such as into research and development or new missions. Yet, concerns about potential cost overruns exist, primarily due to non-transferrable fixed costs like infrastructure upgrades required, such as in wastewater treatment facilities, which could offset initial savings [2](https://opentools.ai/news/florida-aims-to-be-nasas-new-home-base-a-bold-move-to-space-coast).
The broader question involves the potential economic ripple effects. The establishment of a dedicated Space Commerce District near Kennedy Space Center is a testament to Florida's ambitions to cement its status as the epicenter of the global space industry. This initiative promises to create approximately 800 new jobs, reflecting a broader strategy to entice international collaborations and high-tech industries to the state [5](https://opentools.ai/news/floridas-bold-bid-moving-nasa-hq-to-kennedy-space-center). Additionally, recent announcements of new aerospace facilities opening in the state, forecasted to add hundreds more jobs, underscore this growth trajectory [10](https://opentools.ai/news/floridas-bold-bid-moving-nasa-hq-to-kennedy-space-center)[11](https://opentools.ai/news/floridas-bold-bid-moving-nasa-hq-to-kennedy-space-center).
Yet, economic prosperity does not come without its challenges. The potential relocation could lead to increased operational difficulties, particularly if the transition results in significant turnover among NASA's existing workforce. Concerns regarding the continuity of operations and retention of institutional knowledge are critical, as the agency must maintain its competitive edge in an era of rapid technological advances. Additionally, while long-term savings are a possibility, the immediate investments required for relocation—such as technological infrastructure, facility renovations, and logistical expenditures—could weigh heavily on NASA's interim financial health [2](https://opentools.ai/news/florida-aims-to-be-nasas-new-home-base-a-bold-move-to-space-coast).
In this evolving narrative, the potential relocation of NASA’s headquarters highlights a strategic realignment that combines Florida's geographical advantages with its government's proactive economic planning. As Florida continues to beckon with its promise of cost efficiencies and innovative collaborations, the economic implications of relocating such a significant federal entity cannot be overstated. Ultimately, the economic success of this move will hinge on careful strategic planning and execution, ensuring that NASA's operational efficacy meets the aspirational goals set by Florida's civic and corporate leadership.
Social Implications of the Move
The social implications of moving NASA's headquarters to Florida are profound, touching on multiple facets of community life and regional development. Florida's Space Coast region, known for its aerospace industry, could experience a demographic shift as professionals affiliated with NASA relocate, bringing with them families and necessitating expanded support services such as housing, education, and healthcare. This influx would likely contribute to the economic diversification and strengthening of community resources, which could be fortified further by Florida's strategic educational initiatives aimed at enhancing STEM learning, a priority highlighted in the relocation proposition [1](https://mynews13.com/fl/orlando/space/2025/04/15/florida-council-of-100-urges-leaders-to-have-nasa-hq-to-relocate-to-sunshine-state).
However, such growth is not without challenges. Housing markets may encounter pressures, leading to inflation, where existing residents might feel the pinch of rising property prices and rents. The necessity to upgrade infrastructure, including transportation and public utilities, will become apparent as the population density increases. Proactive planning and investment will be crucial to ensure these changes support sustainable community development without alienating current residents or overstretching local services. The Florida Council of 100 has already emphasized the importance of collaborative planning between public officials and private sectors to manage these dynamics effectively [1](https://mynews13.com/fl/orlando/space/2025/04/15/florida-council-of-100-urges-leaders-to-have-nasa-hq-to-relocate-to-sunshine-state).
Learn to use AI like a Pro
Get the latest AI workflows to boost your productivity and business performance, delivered weekly by expert consultants. Enjoy step-by-step guides, weekly Q&A sessions, and full access to our AI workflow archive.














Engaging local communities and ensuring inclusive growth is essential. The benefits of NASA's relocation should be equitably distributed across the demographic spectrum to foster a sense of shared progress and opportunity. This might include strategic partnerships with local educational institutions to create scholarship opportunities or programs designed to upskill residents for new jobs within the aerospace industry. Such efforts could support a robust local workforce prepared to assume roles in this expanding sector, enhancing Florida's reputation as a hub for scientific and exploration excellence.
Moreover, Florida's cultural and social landscape stands to benefit from the diversity and high level of education among incoming NASA employees and their families. These individuals often bring global perspectives and innovative ideas, contributing significantly not only to local industries but also to cultural and social exchanges. This cultural enrichment can enhance local arts, sciences, and community initiatives, making the Space Coast a vibrant place to live and work. These interactions would further underscore Florida’s strategic advantage as a state that is not just economically capable but socially dynamic and inclusive.
Political Implications of the Relocation
Relocating NASA's headquarters to Florida is not just a question of logistics or economics; it has profound political implications that extend well beyond the aerospace community. By moving away from Washington, D.C., NASA risks losing immediate access to some of the most influential corridors of power in the United States. Historically, proximity to Congress has afforded NASA vital opportunities for advocacy and policy advancement. The ability to engage directly and immediately with lawmakers and federal agencies in Washington is seen as essential for securing the funding and support necessary for NASA's ambitious projects, including future missions to Mars and beyond. Critics argue that relocating to Florida could dilute this influence, as the agency would no longer have a daily presence in the nation’s political heart.
Conversely, proponents of the move suggest that decentralizing NASA's headquarters could reflect a broader trend in federal agency operations, emphasizing efficiency and regional specialization. Florida's well-established aerospace and defense ecosystem presents a compelling case for the relocation. With robust support from local leaders, including Governor Ron DeSantis, the argument pivots around leveraging local industry advantages to foster innovation and operational efficiencies. Organizations like the Florida Council of 100, a nonpartisan body comprising influential business leaders, endorse this view. Their involvement underscores a strategic effort to capitalize on regional strengths, potentially setting a precedent for how government agencies can operate more effectively outside of traditional power centers like Washington, D.C.
One significant political risk of the relocation involves potential disruptions to NASA's established relationships with congressional stakeholders. Being physically removed from the capital could pose challenges in terms of maintaining relationships and influence within the federal government. Regular engagement with Congress is crucial, not only for securing budgets but also for influencing policy directions that impact the agency's future. Moreover, the relocation could become a point of political contention in Washington, with some lawmakers potentially viewing the move as a reduction in the capital's prestige and influence. This aspect could lead to pushback from those invested in keeping major federal institutions anchored within the political epicenter of the United States.
Strategically, the relocation might also be seen as aligning with long-term trends in federal policy that emphasize the diversification of locations for federal agencies. Such moves have the potential to decentralize resources and bring economic development to new areas. From a political perspective, this could be framed as aligning with current themes of decentralization and regional empowerment, potentially appealing to certain political constituencies. Indeed, Florida, with its exemplary aerospace infrastructure, stands as a vibrant testament to how regional hubs can drive industry growth and attract talent, offering a strong argument for the relocation despite potential political risks. However, it remains critical for NASA to weigh the benefits of relocation against the need to maintain strong federal connections that ensure sustained operational and financial support.
Learn to use AI like a Pro
Get the latest AI workflows to boost your productivity and business performance, delivered weekly by expert consultants. Enjoy step-by-step guides, weekly Q&A sessions, and full access to our AI workflow archive.














Public and Expert Opinions
The debate over NASA's potential relocation to Florida has sparked a range of public and expert opinions, highlighting both enthusiasm for economic growth and concerns over political implications. Florida residents and officials, including Gov. Ron DeSantis, are largely supportive, citing the state's thriving aerospace industry and the job opportunities a relocation would bring to the Space Coast. The Florida Council of 100, known for advising state officials, strongly backs the move, emphasizing Florida's lower operational costs and robust education system, which could support NASA's mission ([source](https://mynews13.com/fl/orlando/space/2025/04/15/florida-council-of-100-urges-leaders-to-have-nasa-hq-to-relocate-to-sunshine-state)).
The expert community is divided, with proponents like Space Florida CEO Rob Long pointing to the potential for greater operational efficiencies and cost savings in Florida. They argue that the state's existing aerospace sector and workforce would ensure a seamless transition for NASA headquarters ([source](https://opentools.ai/news/floridas-bold-bid-moving-nasa-hq-to-kennedy-space-center)). However, critics, including respected space researchers, caution that moving the headquarters away from Washington, D.C. could diminish NASA's influence in securing Congressional funding, which is vital for future projects and maintaining policy priorities ([source](https://opentools.ai/news/floridas-bold-bid-moving-nasa-hq-to-kennedy-space-center)).
Public sentiment reflects these tensions. Many are excited by the prospect of further boosting Florida's status as a leader in aerospace, while others worry about the political costs of relocating outside the nation's capital. Concerns about the loss of political influence are compounded by the potential for staff turnover and the logistical challenges associated with the move ([source](https://opentools.ai/news/floridas-bold-bid-moving-nasa-hq-to-kennedy-space-center)). Some experts propose a compromise, suggesting that NASA consider splitting its headquarters to balance its operational needs and political presence, potentially relocating to a new space-friendly region without completely abandoning its connection to D.C. ([source](https://opentools.ai/news/floridas-bold-bid-moving-nasa-hq-to-kennedy-space-center)).
Future Implications of the Potential Relocation
The possible relocation of NASA's headquarters from Washington, D.C., to Florida is a topic of heated debate and significant foresight. Economically, the move could be beneficial for Florida by attracting more aerospace firms and creating new jobs. With Florida already hosting over 700 aerospace companies, the state's economic landscape is primed for further growth. The potential infusion of approximately 2,500 NASA employees into the local economy could stimulate the housing market and related industries .
Socially, the relocation could lead to population growth, especially in the Space Coast area, which may strain existing infrastructure, including roads, schools, and housing. Nevertheless, this demographic expansion could bring about a more vibrant community filled with innovation and educational opportunities tied to the aerospace sector. Florida's strong educational system, known for its connection to the space economy, would likely play a crucial role in this transition .
Politically, moving NASA's headquarters holds significant implications. Critics argue that relocating away from Washington, D.C. could diminish NASA's political sway, especially when lobbying for funds and policy support is considered crucial. Being in close proximity to Congress has been beneficial for their operations, making the decision to move a delicate balance between operational efficiency and maintaining strong governmental ties .
Learn to use AI like a Pro
Get the latest AI workflows to boost your productivity and business performance, delivered weekly by expert consultants. Enjoy step-by-step guides, weekly Q&A sessions, and full access to our AI workflow archive.














The Florida Council of 100's endorsement of the relocation highlights the strategic advantages of moving to a state rich in aerospace activity and resources. This support, coupled with advocacy from Governor Ron DeSantis and Space Florida CEO Rob Long, places significant pressure on decision-makers to consider Florida as a viable alternative to Washington, D.C., despite the critiques. The discussion reflects broader trends in decentralizing federal institutions and understanding regional benefits .
Related Events and Developments
The potential relocation of NASA's headquarters from Washington, D.C., to Florida is a subject of heated discussion and many related events have begun to shape public and expert opinions on this issue. One significant development is the endorsement by the Florida Council of 100, a powerful advisory organization that believes Florida's well-established aerospace industry makes it an ideal choice for NASA's new home. The Council points to the state's robust ecosystem, lower costs, and strategic credit rating as key advantages .
Further developments include Space Florida's agreement with Cross U to foster international aerospace collaboration. This initiative is seen as a strategic expansion to secure Florida's position as a hub in the aerospace sector, resonating with the vision that the Florida Council of 100 proposes. The memorandum of understanding highlights how important partnerships are for enhancing technology sharing and attracting global aerospace companies .
In tandem with these developments, Space Florida's proposal for a new Space Commerce District near the Kennedy Space Center embodies the state's ambition to foster commercial growth in the space industry. This initiative promises not only economic benefits but also seeks to create approximately 800 new jobs, thereby reinforcing the appeal of relocating NASA's headquarters to the state .
On another front, NASA's ongoing projects, such as the Artemis II mission, continue to demonstrate the agency's focus on space exploration. With advancements like the integration of the launch vehicle stage adapter onto the core stage, this mission underscores NASA's ambitions beyond low Earth orbit and supports public engagement and enthusiasm regarding its activities . This activity not only maintains interest in NASA's work but also demonstrates the critical investments in and strength of the aerospace sector, supporting arguments for a relocation to Florida.
Additionally, the construction of a new aerospace facility in Florida by a global aerospace company marks a significant boost for the state's economy, creating hundreds of jobs focused on innovative defense systems. This reinforces Florida's reputation as an emerging leader in the aerospace and defense sectors and adds another layer of rationale for considering it as a potential new location for NASA .
Learn to use AI like a Pro
Get the latest AI workflows to boost your productivity and business performance, delivered weekly by expert consultants. Enjoy step-by-step guides, weekly Q&A sessions, and full access to our AI workflow archive.














Conclusion
In conclusion, the debate over relocating NASA's headquarters from Washington D.C. to Florida encapsulates a myriad of economic, social, and political considerations. Proponents highlight Florida's advantages, such as lower operating costs, a robust aerospace industry, and supportive state leadership, spearheaded by figures like Governor Ron DeSantis and Space Florida CEO Rob Long. The state’s compelling case is further bolstered by initiatives like the Space Commerce District near the Kennedy Space Center, which align with the strategic goals of enhancing Florida's aerospace capabilities. The Florida Council of 100's endorsement reflects a strong, localized support that sees potential in positioning Florida as a global hub for space exploration.
However, the relocation plan is not without its critics. Concerns primarily stem from NASA potentially losing political influence by moving away from the power centers of Washington D.C. The tight-knit relationships within the capital, especially with Congress, are crucial for securing budget approvals and advancing NASA's long-term missions. Skeptics worry about possible disruptions to operations and the agency's ability to maintain its pivotal role in shaping U.S. space policy if they are distanced from key political and governmental stakeholders.
Public opinion remains divided. While Florida residents and officials largely support the move for its economic benefits, there’s caution amongst others who foresee challenges ahead. The move represents a significant shift not just geographically, but in operational culture and priorities. The debate highlights a broader trend of evaluating optimal locations for federal agencies as they aim to balance operational efficiency with strategic influence.
In essence, the potential relocation of NASA's headquarters to the Sunshine State signifies more than just a change of address; it represents a strategic pivot in how space exploration might align with regional strengths and opportunities. As NASA explores the future of its headquarters, the decision will likely weigh economic benefits heavily against strategic political costs. The outcome could set a precedent for similar relocations, impacting how federal entities evaluate potential moves in the light of regional industry strengths moving forward.