NASA Scrambles as Asteroid 2024 YR4 Potentially Heads for Earth!

Introduction to Asteroid 2024 YR4

Asteroid 2024 YR4 has emerged as a subject of great interest and concern for scientists and the general public, owing to its potential impact on Earth. Discovered in recent years, this asteroid is comparable in size to the Statue of Liberty, measuring approximately 305 feet or 93 meters in diameter. Current estimations suggest a 2.3% chance of a collision with Earth by the year 2032, a probability that has prompted extensive research and monitoring efforts by organizations such as NASA and international space agencies.

Scientists are leveraging advanced technology, including the James Webb Space Telescope, to gather more precise data about the asteroid's trajectory and characteristics. The potential consequences of an impact are severe, with city-destroying capabilities that necessitate urgent and strategic planning. The upcoming flyby in 2028 represents a critical window for possible deflection attempts using techniques that range from kinetic impactors, similar to those employed in NASA's DART mission, to more extreme measures like nuclear interventions. These strategies are meticulously evaluated to minimize the risk of fragmenting the asteroid further, which could complicate defense efforts.

Given the significant stakes involved, collaborations among global space organizations are vital. The exchange of information and resources has been prioritized to bolster planetary defense mechanisms, ensuring that every possible avenue for a safe resolution is explored. As history has shown in previous asteroid threats, early detections, continuous monitoring, and international partnerships can dramatically mitigate the risks posed by such celestial bodies. The case of asteroid 2024 YR4 highlights the importance of technological advancement and international cooperation in the realm of space safety and planetary defense.

NASA's Emergency Plan and International Collaboration

NASA's emergency strategy to mitigate the threat posed by asteroid 2024 YR4 underscores the value of international collaboration in planetary defense initiatives. This asteroid, with a city-destroying potential if it impacts Earth, has spurred the agency to consider several deflection strategies. Among these tactics, NASA is evaluating the feasibility of executing DART-style kinetic impacts or, if necessary, resorting to nuclear options. Such decisions are informed by extensive analyses facilitated by the James Webb Space Telescope, providing precise data that feeds into trajectory and impact assessments. In this context, global cooperation has become pivotal, with astronomers worldwide pooling resources to develop cohesive and effective response plans. The comprehensive approach aims to tackle not only the technical challenges of asteroid deflection but also the coordination of evacuation strategies for potential impact zones if current methods are insufficient ().

The prospect of a 2028 flyby offers a critical window for deflecting asteroid 2024 YR4, driving the need for synchronized international efforts in monitoring and action planning. The use of advanced technology, exemplified by the James Webb Space Telescope, illustrates the innovation at play to refine our understanding and response capabilities. NASA, alongside international partners such as the European Space Agency, leverages existing programs and develops new ones, all aimed at significantly reducing impact risk. This collaboration extends beyond the scientific community, requiring diplomatic engagements to ensure the smooth execution of potential defensive measures. With nations contributing diverse expertise and resources, the endeavor to safeguard Earth from this celestial threat typifies how planetary defense can unify efforts across borders.

As part of NASA's emergency plan, developing a profound understanding of the risks posed by near-Earth objects goes hand-in-hand with proactive international dialogue. Events such as the UN Space Safety Summit illustrate the global recognition of these threats, fostering a platform for sharing information and coordinating defense strategies. ESA's accelerated development of its Near-Earth Object Survey Telescope further solidifies this cooperative framework, enhancing early detection and response capabilities. These collective efforts enhance the probability not only of diverting asteroid 2024 YR4 but also of building a resilient global infrastructure capable of responding to future threats. By fostering shared knowledge and resources, NASA and its counterparts aim to minimize the impact probability further, transforming potential calamity into opportunities for technological and collaborative advancements ().

Deflection Opportunities and Strategies

In an era where space objects pose an increasing threat to Earth, the story of asteroid 2024 YR4 reveals both the opportunities and challenges inherent in planetary defense strategies. With the looming possibility of a significant impact event, agencies like NASA are leveraging advanced technologies such as the James Webb Space Telescope to scrutinize the asteroid’s trajectory, assessing risks and potential outcomes. The urgent identification of this asteroid underscores the necessity for proactive measures and highlights the critical role of international cooperation in averting potential disasters [source].

The upcoming 2028 flyby of asteroid 2024 YR4 presents a narrow yet significant window for potential deflection efforts. Scientists are focusing on a range of strategies, with kinetic impactors like those used in NASA's recent DART mission being a primary option. These involve altering an asteroid's path through direct collision with a high-speed projectile. While effective, they are not without risk, such as the possibility of fragmenting the asteroid into smaller pieces, which could still pose hazards to Earth [source].

Considering the complexities of deflecting an object as massive as asteroid 2024 YR4, nuclear deflection remains a debated alternative. While less desirable due to the significant risks involved, including the potential to create multiple hazardous pieces, it remains a part of the toolbox for last-resort scenarios. These considerations further highlight the need for international dialogue and shared investments in technology to improve detection and deflection capabilities.

Amidst detailed preparations for a deflection mission, the role of contingency planning cannot be understated. Continuous monitoring via technologically sophisticated platforms, such as the James Webb Space Telescope, ensures that Earth-based responses can be appropriately scaled to match potential threat levels. Additionally, formulating comprehensive evacuation plans for potential impact zones remains a crucial part of readiness strategies, akin to the defensive maneuvers carried out by the International Space Station against space debris, underscoring the importance of such readiness measures [source].

Impact Probability and Scientific Analysis

The discovery of asteroid 2024 YR4 has sparked considerable discussion among scientists and the public alike, mainly due to its potential impact probability of 2.3%. This figure, while relatively low, translates into a 1 in 43 chance of the asteroid making contact with the Earth by 2032. In the realm of astronomy and planetary defense, such a probability is significant enough to warrant serious scientific scrutiny and the formulation of robust deflection strategies [1](https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/collision-alert-chilling-update-on-city-destroying-asteroid-sparks-nasas-emergency-plan/articleshow/118185852.cms).

The effectiveness of these strategies relies heavily on accurate scientific analyses performed through advanced telescopic technologies. NASA, along with other international agencies, is employing the James Webb Space Telescope to conduct highly detailed examinations of the asteroid's orbit and composition. These analyses are crucial for refining the impact probability estimates over time, allowing experts like David Rankin to anticipate potential decreases in this likelihood as further observations are gathered [8](https://opentools.ai/news/nasa-identifies-asteroid-2024-yr4-with-possible-earth-impact-in-2032). Such endeavors highlight the scientific community's unwavering commitment to reducing the uncertainty associated with near-Earth objects.

Historically, the approach towards understanding asteroid threats has evolved significantly, drawing lessons from both the successful Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission and the comparative analysis with other near-Earth objects like Apophis. This analytical approach underscores the critical role of continuous observation and computational modeling in assessing both the trajectory and potential impact points of asteroids. Dr. Richard Moissl from ESA's Planetary Defence Office is one of the leading figures spearheading these efforts, utilizing sophisticated models to predict risks and offer informed recommendations for planetary defense [2](https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/07/science/asteroid-2024-yr4-earth-risk/index.html).

Considering these scientific analyses, the prospect of deflecting an asteroid like 2024 YR4 hinges on the timely execution of identified strategies. The upcoming 2028 flyby is anticipated as a crucial window for potential intervention. Scientists are weighing different deflection methods, with kinetic impactors being the preferred option due to their proven efficacy as demonstrated in the DART mission. Meanwhile, nuclear options remain a contentious backup owing to the risk of fragmenting the asteroid into multiple hazardous pieces [13](https://www.scimag.news/news-en/109208/asteroid-alert-are-we-really-facing-armageddon-in-2032/).

Through this blend of probabilistic forecasting and strategic planning, scientific analysis continues to play a vital role in informing both public and policymaker actions. The ongoing efforts in refining impact probability assessments and developing defense mechanisms exemplify the proactive measures taken by the scientific community to safeguard the planet against potential extraterrestrial threats.

Continuous Observation and Monitoring Efforts

Continuous observation and monitoring efforts play a crucial role in planetary defense, particularly in the case of near-Earth objects like asteroid 2024 YR4. The combined efforts of NASA and international astronomers have placed a strong emphasis on utilizing state-of-the-art technology such as the James Webb Space Telescope for detailed and ongoing analysis. This approach ensures that any changes in the asteroid’s trajectory, speed, or other characteristics are meticulously tracked. This vigilant monitoring is critical, especially given the asteroid's substantial size, akin to the Statue of Liberty, and its potential catastrophic impact if it were to collide with Earth in 2032. The urgency and importance of these efforts are underscored in a report by Economic Times, highlighting a 2.3% chance of impact, which necessitates precise tracking and preparation.

The continuous monitoring strategies for asteroid 2024 YR4 are not just limited to identifying its course but also involve multi-faceted defense preparation. According to discussions with experts, including Dr. Richard Moissl from ESA's Planetary Defence Office, advanced modeling techniques are employed to ascertain various potential intervention strategies. These include deflection efforts like kinetic impactors, which were successfully demonstrated by NASA’s DART mission, and nuclear solutions as a last resort. David Rankin, the asteroid's discoverer, optimistically notes that as observation efforts progress, the current impact probability, which stands at 2.3%, may well decrease. This is due to the refinement of trajectory data and ongoing observations, as reported in a Space.com article. Continuous monitoring thus enables scientists not only to map out the threat but to actively reduce it by implementing timely defensive measures when necessary.

Public confidence in monitoring efforts and intervening strategies is bolstered by the successful past endeavors and transparent communication of risks and preparedness. The monitoring of asteroid 2024 YR4’s trajectory serves as a reassurance of the vigilant scrutiny being applied to potential space threats. Public discussions around this topic, notably in online forums, reflect a trust in NASA’s capabilities, fostered by the success of initiatives like the DART mission. Optimism is further fueled by the technological prowess of instruments like the James Webb Space Telescope, which is instrumental in observing the asteroid. This alignment of technology and expertise provides a significant buffer against the potential for disaster, as further analysis continues to refine the impact projections, as highlighted by various platforms such as Bimmerpost.

Continuous observation efforts also serve a vital educational and collaborative function. The ongoing gathering and sharing of data with international partners strengthen global preparedness for asteroid impact threats. This collaborative spirit is exemplified by the upcoming UN Space Safety Summit, which aims to address planetary defense strategies among nations, promoting a shared understanding and coordinated response to space threats. Efforts like these, reported by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, underline the importance of a global effort in defensive preparedness. Monitoring systems represent the first line of defense, creating a point of convergence for technological advancement and international cooperation, ensuring that humanity is equipped to handle such existential threats.

Timeline for Action and Key Deflection Windows

The discovery of asteroid 2024 YR4 has catalyzed a comprehensive action plan led by NASA, in collaboration with international astronomers, to avert a potential impact on Earth. Recognized as a city-destroying asteroid due to its substantial size, equivalent to the Statue of Liberty, the situation demands urgent and well-calculated deflection strategies. One of the primary technologies being employed for this endeavor is the James Webb Space Telescope, which provides detailed observational capabilities that are crucial in tracking the asteroid's trajectory and assessing the feasibility of proposed defense mechanisms.

The established timeline identifies critical phases from now until the asteroid's expected flyby in 2028, which has been pinpointed as the key deflection window. Leveraging this opportunity is paramount, considering the projected 2.3% impact probability by 2032. During this period, scientists plan to refine trajectory predictions with ongoing data collection, aiming to enhance deflection methodologies significantly. This strategic foresight builds on successful precedents such as the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART), which demonstrated the potential of kinetic impacts in efficiently altering asteroid paths (source).

Parallel to observational efforts, developing and validating multiple deflection scenarios remains a top priority. While kinetic impactors are at the forefront of possible interventions, nuclear options are contemplated as contingencies, albeit with a keen awareness of potential fragmentation risks. The lessons learned from past projects, such as the ESA's fast-tracked Near-Earth Object Survey Telescope Project, underscore the benefits of early and coordinated international investment in defense readiness (source). As the global community braces for potential threats, having a robust framework for response is not only prudent but necessary for planetary safety.

Public Reactions and Social Sentiments

The discovery of asteroid 2024 YR4 and its potential impact on Earth in the year 2032 has sparked a range of public reactions and social sentiments. On social media platforms and online forums, people's responses are diverse, spanning from skepticism to genuine concern. Some individuals outright reject the possibility of impact, dismissing it as overly hyped news, while others engage in more nuanced dialogues about the statistical probabilities involved. This discussion mirrors earlier public reactions to potential asteroid threats, showcasing a mix of humor and seriousness. For example, some users make light of the situation by referring to pop culture phenomena like the movie 'Don't Look Up' and whimsically suggesting the concept of 'asteroid insurance' [source].

Interestingly, the news has also sparked a wave of confidence among the public, primarily due to NASA's prior success with the DART mission that demonstrated effective asteroid deflection capabilities. There's a remarkable level of trust placed in the ongoing observation efforts involving the James Webb Space Telescope. This reassuring feeling is reflected in discussions where participants emphasize the extended timeline of the threat, being a full decade away from potential impact, which provides ample time for scientific advancements and strategic planning. The odds, calculated at a current 2.3% chance of impact, are seen by many as still largely favoring Earth's safety. Many believe continuous monitoring will further reduce uncertainty and chances of collision, reinforcing public confidence in the system's ability to mitigate risks [source].

Moreover, public dialogue surrounding asteroid 2024 YR4 strongly leans towards rational and measured responses rather than panic or hysteria. Many discussions online focus on the expertise available and the technological advancements at humanity’s disposal, exhibiting a trust in scientific solutions. The conversations often circle back to the relative rarity of such cosmic incidents and highlight humanity’s growing capability in space observation and intervention. Compared to past meteor threats that were shrouded in fear and lacked precision in handling, the current scenario reflects progress and an increased sense of preparedness, simultaneously prompting contemplative discussions on planetary defense strategies [source].

Finally, while skepticism prevails in some corners, the broader public sentiment resonates with optimism. The anticipation of reducing the chance of an asteroid impact through concerted international efforts and innovative technology is prevalent. Such optimism is eclipsed only by the potential discussions around deflection strategies that are likely to be had in the run-up to the 2028 flyby, the critical period identified for altering the asteroid’s trajectory if needed. The public's trust in the scientific community's ability to safeguard humanity against potential asteroid impacts appears resilient and deeply rooted, reflecting positive sentiment towards future readiness and meticulous preparation [source].

Economic Implications and Insurance Challenges

The economic implications of a potential asteroid impact, such as the one posed by 2024 YR4, are profound, affecting various sectors including insurance, aerospace, and emergency preparedness. Should such a city-destroying event materialize, the financial repercussions could be catastrophic, with the insurance industry facing unprecedented challenges. The predicted cost of damages could run into trillions [5](https://opentools.ai/news/nasa-confirms-asteroid-2024-yr4s-possible-2032-earth-impact-what-you-need-to-know). This scenario raises significant questions about insurability and liability, with potential repercussions eclipsing even the most severe natural disasters.

Furthermore, the anticipated impact date in 2032 has amplified discussions around the economic preparedness and risk management strategies required to mitigate fears and financial losses. The insurance sector may need to recalibrate its risk models, potentially introducing new coverage options or exclusions specifically tailored for asteroid impact scenarios. This shift could also stimulate advancements in underwriting technology and risk assessment techniques to account for cosmic threats.

In addition to the insurance industry, economic implications extend to the aerospace sector, which may experience increased investment as nations seek to bolster their planetary defense capabilities. Investments in technologies such as the James Webb Space Telescope for monitoring and the development of deflection strategies like the DART mission could present substantial economic opportunities [1](https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/collision-alert-chilling-update-on-city-destroying-asteroid-sparks-nasas-emergency-plan/articleshow/118185852.cms). These initiatives not only promise to enhance safety but also drive technological innovation, creating jobs and stimulating economic activity in the process.

The potential impact of asteroid 2024 YR4 also underscores the need for robust international cooperation. As nations evaluate possible defense measures, ranging from kinetic impactors to nuclear options, such collaborations may not only disseminate the financial burden but also harmonize global defense strategies. This could have a dual effect: increasing global security against cosmic threats and fostering a new era of international scientific collaboration [10](https://opentools.ai/news/nasa-confirms-asteroid-2024-yr4s-possible-2032-earth-impact-what-you-need-to-know). However, geopolitical tensions might arise concerning resource allocation for these large-scale projects, requiring diplomatic efforts and policy adjustments.

Potential Humanitarian and Social Impact

The potential discovery of asteroid 2024 YR4 with its city-destroying capability if it were to collide with Earth highlights significant humanitarian and social implications. Should the asteroid impact Earth, it could cause vast destruction and loss of life, leading to potential mass displacement and humanitarian crises. Such an event would necessitate coordinated global responses to manage the aftermath, provide relief, and reconstruct affected areas. Humanitarian organizations would need to prepare for unprecedented challenges, ranging from immediate disaster relief to long-term recovery efforts, which could take a toll on already strained resources available for managing conventional natural disasters.

Socially, the announcement of a potential asteroid impact could have profound psychological effects on populations worldwide. While the probability of impact currently stands at 2.3% as highlighted by [1](https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/collision-alert-chilling-update-on-city-destroying-asteroid-sparks-nasas-emergency-plan/articleshow/118185852.cms), the uncertainty and fear associated with such a scenario could lead to increased anxiety and stress among communities. Public awareness campaigns and transparent communication would be essential to mitigate panic and provide reassurance, emphasizing ongoing efforts by NASA and other space agencies to monitor and potentially deflect the asteroid if necessary.

During the potential impact window, the social fabric could be tested as communities brace for the unknown. Misinformation could spread rapidly, fueled by social media and rumors, making it critical for authoritative bodies to maintain clear and consistent messaging. This event also poses the risk of geopolitical tensions as countries may prioritize their own defense strategies, potentially at the expense of global cooperation, which is vital for successful planetary defense strategies.

The potential threat of asteroid 2024 YR4 could act as a catalyst for change, driving investments in global space defense initiatives. It may accelerate technological advancements and foster international collaboration in developing effective strategies for early detection and impact mitigation. The event underscores the urgent need for a unified global approach to address threats from near-Earth objects, encouraging the pooling of resources for research and the development of advanced technologies to protect the planet.

Experts continue to stress the importance of preparation for potential impact scenarios, despite the relatively low probability of collision. The improved detection capabilities thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope and past successes like the DART mission provide a framework for potential interventions. As strategies evolve, the social and humanitarian communities must also adapt to the realities of living with the ongoing threats posed by near-Earth objects in a future where preparedness and resilience are paramount.

Global Political and Policy Changes

The global political and policy landscape is poised to undergo significant transformations as nations grapple with the looming threat of asteroid 2024 YR4. With a calculated 2.3% probability of impacting Earth in 2032, this potentially devastating event has catalyzed a heightened sense of urgency among international governments and scientific communities. The collaboration between global space agencies is indicative of a new era of shared responsibility toward planetary defense. Organizations are pooling resources and expertise to assess and mitigate potential impacts effectively, setting a precedent for future international cooperation in the face of existential threats.

This impending challenge has instigated a reevaluation of national policies concerning space exploration and defense strategies. As the deflection window approaches in 2028, the reliance on advanced tools like the James Webb Space Telescope to monitor the asteroid underscores the importance of investment in cutting-edge technologies. This increased focus on space defense could see substantial funding allocations and a restructuring of existing priorities to ensure readiness against such threats. The United Nations' upcoming Space Safety Summit in 2025 reflects the escalating need for a coordinated international effort on planetary defense, with discussions likely centered on innovative solutions like kinetic impactors and backup nuclear options.

The potential impact of asteroid 2024 YR4 also highlights the socio-economic ramifications that governments must address. An increase in aerospace and defense investments is anticipated, leading to economic shifts that could stimulate certain industries while imposing financial burdens on others, particularly the insurance sector. This economic dynamic may compel policymakers to balance economic growth with proactive measures designed to prevent or lessen the impact of astronomical events. Moreover, this scenario brings to the fore ethical and strategic discussions around nuclear usage in space—a discourse replete with both scientific and moral complexities.

Politically, addressing the asteroid threat may reinforce global unity or, conversely, expose fractures among nations competing for technological supremacy and resource allocation. However, the scenario provides an opportunity for countries to demonstrate leadership and solidarity in the face of a common danger. The situation may necessitate adjustments to existing global treaties and the establishment of new frameworks governing space exploration, disaster preparedness, and international resource-sharing. The evolution of global policies in light of such existential threats could ultimately shape the geopolitical landscape for decades to come.

Comparison to Previous Near-Earth Threats

The asteroid 2024 YR4's discovery brings to mind past near-Earth threats, such as the well-documented asteroid Apophis, which initially had a higher probability of impacting Earth but was later safely ruled out after extensive observations. Similar procedures are being adopted for 2024 YR4, which currently holds a 2.3% chance of impacting Earth in 2032. The ongoing trajectory analysis and prediction strategies highlight the enhanced capabilities gained since the era of Apophis, owing to advanced telescopes and sophisticated modeling techniques. These improvements are pivotal, considering the asteroid's size is comparable to that of the Statue of Liberty, underscoring its potential for causing significant damage [1](https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/collision-alert-chilling-update-on-city-destroying-asteroid-sparks-nasas-emergency-plan/articleshow/118185852.cms).

In assessing the risks posed by 2024 YR4, experts often draw parallels to other significant near-Earth objects tracked in recent history. The utilization of the James Webb Space Telescope for detailed analysis of 2024 YR4 echoes previous collaborative global efforts to enhance detection and monitoring, reminiscent of initiatives taken after the Chelyabinsk event, which surprised scientists and emphasized the need for comprehensive early-warning systems. Such systems minimize the chances of surprise impacts and provide timely opportunities for deflection efforts, crucial for potentially hazardous asteroids[1](https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/collision-alert-chilling-update-on-city-destroying-asteroid-sparks-nasas-emergency-plan/articleshow/118185852.cms).

Furthermore, the current international approach towards 2024 YR4 illustrates advancements in planetary defense since initial alarms regarding space threats. The planned deflection attempt during the 2028 flyby offers an action window based on previous successes like the DART mission, which demonstrated the effectiveness of kinetic impacts. This strategy, coupled with backup nuclear options, marks a sophisticated evolution from earlier rudimentary plans and responses to near-Earth objects, reflecting substantial progress in both technology and policy [1](https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/collision-alert-chilling-update-on-city-destroying-asteroid-sparks-nasas-emergency-plan/articleshow/118185852.cms).

Future of Planetary Defense and Space Monitoring

The future of planetary defense and space monitoring represents a critical frontier in safeguarding Earth from potential cosmic threats. The recent identification of asteroid 2024 YR4, with its substantial size and calculated impact probability of 2.3% in 2032, underscores the urgency of advancing our defensive capabilities. NASA, alongside international organizations, is employing the James Webb Space Telescope to scrutinize this hazardous object, aiming to refine its trajectory predictions and evaluate possible impacts using advanced modeling techniques (source).

Key to the defense against potential asteroid impacts are strategies like DART-style kinetic impacts, which have proven feasible and effective in previous missions. These strategies are favored over nuclear interventions, though the latter remain a viable last-resort option. The 2028 flyby of 2024 YR4 offers a critical opportunity for deflection, not only testing technology but also inducing vital international collaboration and strategic planning at a global scale. As scientific understanding and observation capabilities continue to evolve, these efforts reflect a broader commitment to planetary defense, drawing from enhanced detection technologies and shared international resources.

This proactive approach is not only about the immediate threat posed by YR4 but also reflects lessons learned from past events. The comparative analysis of past threats, such as the Apophis asteroid, demonstrates that initial high-impact probabilities often decrease with further study and improved observational technology. The collaborative capabilities developed in response to these cosmic challenges could significantly enhance global preparedness for future threats, underscoring the value of continuous innovation and shared expertise in space monitoring initiatives.

As confidence grows in deflection and monitoring strategies, public reactions remain measured. Despite the potential threat, there is widespread optimism due to past successful missions and the technological advances achieved. The public engagement strengthened by transparent communication from space agencies fosters trust and enhances the public's understanding of the risks and the preventive measures being pursued. These communications highlight an evolved narrative from reactive to preventative strategies, ensuring that societal readiness matches the advancing technological landscape in planetary defense.

Economically and politically, the recognition of such emergent tools and strategies sparks new opportunities and challenges. Increased investments in aerospace and defense industries become essential to addressing such threats, with a focus on innovative solutions and infrastructural readiness. Concurrently, political landscapes may shift towards enhanced international cooperation, emphasizing planetary defense priorities. Such collaborations and their ripple effects on resource allocations suggest a transformative phase in how humanity collectively approaches cosmic resilience and safety.