NASA Seeks Next-Gen Communication: Goodbye TDRS, Hello Commercial Satellites!

NASA has embarked on an ambitious initiative to replace its aging Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system, which forms the backbone of the agency's communication network in space. Faced with the need to ensure continued, robust communication capabilities for future missions, NASA is actively seeking commercial solutions through a Request for Information (RFI). The main goal of this transition is to enhance space communication and navigation, ensuring that the increasing demands of modern space exploration are met efficiently. This move signifies NASA's strategic shift towards engaging private partners, leveraging industry innovations to support its vast array of scientific and exploratory missions. Learn more about NASA's RFI and its objectives.

This strategic transition is not just about replacing old technology; it's about reimagining how NASA manages its space communications infrastructure in the future. The move towards a commercial space communication system promises numerous benefits, such as enhanced data transmission capabilities, more flexible communication operations, and potentially significant cost reductions over time. By inviting private companies to provide these services, NASA hopes to tap into the latest advancements and efficiencies that the competitive private sector can offer, addressing both current communication challenges and future mission needs. The completion of the current TDRS system's lifecycle by the mid-2030s provides a pivotal opportunity to modernize NASA's communication strategy Read more about the timeline and expectations.

The implications of this initiative extend well beyond NASA's internal operations. The commercial space communications market stands to gain significantly, driven by NASA's need for scalable and flexible services. This decision aligns with NASA's broader Communications Services Project, which aims for more efficient and effective communication networks that are not solely government-operated. By positioning itself as one of many customers in the space communication market, NASA's approach could stimulate growth and innovation across the industry, opening doors for new partnerships and technological breakthroughs. Furthermore, it encourages international collaboration, as both U.S. and global companies are invited to contribute their expertise and capabilities Discover more about the industry response to NASA's call.

NASA's decision to replace the aging Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system is driven by several critical factors. Firstly, the TDRS system, while historically pivotal, is reaching the end of its lifecycle, necessitating a modern replacement to support the increasing demands of future space exploration . NASA aims to leverage cutting-edge technology to improve space communication and navigation, ensuring high-level performance for forthcoming missions.

Transitioning to commercial space communication systems presents numerous benefits. Such systems can vastly improve spacecraft command capabilities and in-flight issue resolutions, as well as significantly increase data transmission rates. Moreover, the collaboration with commercial entities is expected to yield cost savings, allowing NASA to allocate resources more efficiently and potentially expand its mission roster .

NASA has set an ambitious timeline for the replacement of the TDRS system, maintaining support for existing missions with the current setup until the mid-2030s. After the RFI deadline on July 11, 2025, NASA plans to evaluate the proposals submitted by commercial parties, which could lead to the inception of new relay technologies and systems that better align with modern space strategies .

The existing TDRS system, comprising seven geosynchronous satellites, has facilitated vital communications for high-profile missions such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station. However, to keep pace with technological advancements and to mitigate risks associated with aging infrastructure, NASA is compelled to explore contemporary alternatives .

The move towards commercial solutions is part of a broad initiative under NASA’s Communications Services Project (CSP), which seeks to replace government-owned models with private sector partnerships. This shift not only fosters innovation and competition within the space industry but also aligns with a global trend of privatizing space operations, allowing NASA to become a client among many rather than the sole operator .

Commercial space communication systems herald a new era of efficiency and innovation for space agencies like NASA. By shifting from government-operated systems such as the aging Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) to commercially sourced solutions, NASA anticipates an array of benefits including enhanced spacecraft command capabilities, real-time issue resolution, and a significant increase in data transmission capacities. Not only does this transition promise superior performance, but it also opens the door to cost reductions, potentially allowing NASA to allocate resources more efficiently across various missions and scientific endeavors.

The move towards commercial space communications aligns with NASA's broader vision of leveraging private sector innovations to foster competition and drive down costs. As the current TDRS network is set to support missions only until the mid-2030s, NASA's proactive steps to seek commercial partners through a Request for Information (RFI) reflect its commitment to integrating cutting-edge technologies into its operations. By becoming one of many customers to commercial satellite services, rather than owning and operating these systems, NASA can focus more on its exploratory and research missions, leaving system management to specialized providers. This strategic pivot represents a significant shift in how space communication infrastructure is approached, favoring a model that promises both scalability and flexibility.

Engaging with commercial entities not only enhances the technical capabilities of space communication systems but also promotes economic growth within the burgeoning space industry. As private companies develop and operate new satellite communication networks, the collaboration fosters innovation and potentially accelerates the pace of technological advancement across sectors. Furthermore, the reliance on commercial satellites supports the creation of a more robust space economy, as companies can offer their services to a wider range of clients, thereby increasing opportunities for international partnerships and collaborative projects. This evolution not only positions NASA at the forefront of space exploration but also stimulates a competitive market that could drive down operational costs and increase service quality.

The potential benefits of commercializing space communication systems extend beyond financial and operational advantages; they also present strategic opportunities for national security and international collaboration. By integrating commercial systems, NASA can ensure a diversified and resilient communication network that is less vulnerable to disruptions. Moreover, this approach can lead to a more rapid response to technological updates and innovations, as commercial providers often have the flexibility to implement changes more swiftly than government-run operations. As satellite communication becomes increasingly vital for various global initiatives, including weather forecasting and disaster management, the transition to commercial systems underscores the pivotal role such infrastructure plays in shaping future socio-economic landscapes.

NASA has charted a clear timeline for the replacement of its Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system, a pivotal element in ensuring seamless communication with a variety of space missions. The aging TDRS fleet, with its seven operational geosynchronous satellites, is anticipated to support NASA's missions until the mid-2030s. Post this period, instead of launching new government-owned satellites, NASA plans to transition to commercial space communication solutions, aiming to capitalize on advancements in technology and potential cost efficiencies .

The transition process began with NASA issuing a Request for Information (RFI) on May 30, 2025, seeking insights from both U.S. and international companies on existing and promising space-relay capabilities. The deadline for this RFI was July 11, 2025, after which NASA will commence the evaluation phase. This phase is crucial as it involves a thorough assessment of the proposals to identify suitable candidates that can meet NASA's rigorous communication and data relay requirements. The ultimate aim is to integrate commercial solutions that not only replace but enhance the current capabilities of the TDRS system .

Once the proposals are evaluated, NASA will potentially enter into partnerships with selected commercial entities. This marks a significant shift from the traditional model of owning and operating government-specific satellites to becoming a service client within a competitive market. By doing so, NASA hopes to leverage the innovation and cost advantages that commercial entities can provide, while ensuring the continuity and improvement of critical communication services for missions like those involving the International Space Station and the Hubble Space Telescope .

The timeline for the complete transition will likely extend well into the next decade, overlapping with the operational life of the existing TDRS system. This overlap ensures no disruption in communication services during the transition period. By acting as one of many customers in the commercial satellite market, NASA is setting a precedent for collaboration between government and private space sectors, potentially influencing future government contracts and the broader economic landscape of space exploration .

The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system serves as a vital backbone for NASA's communication and data relay operations, primarily supporting the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station. As of 2023, the TDRS is composed of seven geosynchronous satellites, ensuring a continuous link between low Earth orbiting satellites and ground stations. Despite their critical role, these satellites are part of an aging infrastructure, and NASA has recognized the need for a modern replacement to keep pace with the growing demands of space communication [\0\](https://executivegov.com/2025/06/nasa-rfi-commercial-space-communications-satellite-system-tdrs/).

To address these challenges, NASA has issued a Request for Information (RFI) to explore commercial alternatives that could eventually replace the TDRS system [\0\](https://executivegov.com/2025/06/nasa-rfi-commercial-space-communications-satellite-system-tdrs/). The transition to a commercial space communication system is not just about replacing old hardware; it's about enhancing capabilities, reducing costs, and fostering innovation through private sector engagement. With the current TDRS system expected to support missions until the mid-2030s, NASA is keen on evaluating the proposals from industry stakeholders after the RFI deadline [\0\](https://executivegov.com/2025/06/nasa-rfi-commercial-space-communications-satellite-system-tdrs/).

While the TDRS system has reliably served its purpose over the decades, its impending obsolescence presents both challenges and opportunities for NASA. By shifting towards procuring communication services from the commercial sector rather than owning the infrastructure, NASA could benefit from improved data transmission rates and potentially lower operational costs. This transition aligns with the broader trends of leveraging commercial capabilities to enhance government operations in space exploration [\0\](https://executivegov.com/2025/06/nasa-rfi-commercial-space-communications-satellite-system-tdrs/).

Despite the enthusiasm for new commercial solutions, the transition away from the TDRS system also brings concerns regarding the reliability and security of commercial satellites. Ensuring consistent data relay capabilities is crucial for NASA's ongoing and future missions, including those operated by the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station. Therefore, any replacement system must meet rigorous standards for data throughput, latency, and cybersecurity to be considered viable [\0\](https://executivegov.com/2025/06/nasa-rfi-commercial-space-communications-satellite-system-tdrs/).

The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system has long been a backbone for NASA's critical missions. Key projects such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (ISS) rely heavily on TDRS for seamless communication and data relay. This legacy satellite system enables scientists and researchers at ground control to maintain continuous contact with these pivotal assets, ensuring real-time data transmission and operational integrity. As NASA moves forward with plans to replace the aging TDRS system, the importance of a reliable communication network for these missions cannot be overstated .

NASA's proposed shift to commercial space communication services highlights the potential to both enhance and diversify the support for missions that currently depend on TDRS. By leveraging commercial capabilities, potential improvements include increased data transmission rates and the resolution of in-flight issues more efficiently. This transition aligns with NASA's broader goals to foster innovation and reduce costs while maintaining the essential communication frameworks required for missions such as those undertaken by the ISS and the Hubble Space Telescope .

However, shifting reliance from a government-operated system like TDRS to commercial entities involves overcoming challenges, including ensuring the reliability and security of data vital to missions like the ISS. The TDRS system, with its seven geosynchronous satellites, has provided steadfast support, and any interruption in communication due to transition anomalies could significantly impact mission outcomes . Nonetheless, the move to commercial solutions is poised to accommodate advancements in space relay capabilities vital for the ongoing success of such critical missions.

NASA has progressively sought to amplify its collaboration with commercial partners to modernize its communication infrastructures, particularly focusing on replacing the outdated Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system. This move is part of a broader strategy to leverage the innovative capabilities of the private sector while transitioning from the traditional government-owned, contractor-operated models. The agency's request for information (RFI) from industry partners underscores this intent, aiming to tap into the latest technological advancements in satellite communications. By integrating commercial solutions, NASA hopes to enhance the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reliability of its communication systems, which are crucial for future space exploration initiatives. More details about this transition can be found in NASA's recent announcement [here](https://executivegov.com/2025/06/nasa-rfi-commercial-space-communications-satellite-system-tdrs/).

The pursuit of commercial collaboration is not merely a reaction to outdated technology; it represents a deliberate shift towards fostering a competitive and innovative market environment in space communications. By inviting multiple U.S. and international companies to contribute solutions, NASA is not only addressing current technological needs but also setting the stage for broader economic benefits. These include enhancing private sector growth, fostering competition, and potentially generating significant cost savings that can be reinvested into new scientific and exploratory missions. The [official RFI document](https://executivegov.com/2025/06/nasa-rfi-commercial-space-communications-satellite-system-tdrs/) provides a comprehensive outline of NASA's requirements and expectations, guiding prospective partners in crafting their proposals.

The strategic collaboration with commercial entities marks a new era for NASA's space communications strategy, emphasizing scalability and flexibility. This evolution aligns with the agency's Communications Services Project (CSP), which promotes the transition to a more adaptable infrastructure landscape. By reducing dependence on a singular, heavily government-centric system, NASA seeks to ensure that its communication capabilities can meet the diverse demands of modern space missions without compromising on performance or security. Interested parties can access further details on NASA's collaboration goals [here](https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/nasa-seeks-commercial-feedback-on-space-communication-solutions/).

The response to NASA's Request for Information (RFI) from industry leaders is set to be a pivotal moment in the evolution of space communications. Companies are now meticulously preparing proposals that demonstrate their capabilities to replace NASA's longstanding Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system. With the RFI focusing on enhancing communication and navigation for space missions, industry leaders see this as a unique opportunity to contribute to cutting-edge technological developments. Many are poised to provide innovative solutions that promise not only to meet but exceed NASA's current data throughput and latency needs. Their proposals aim to showcase advanced capabilities that could reshape the future of how space missions are supported, both in terms of efficiency and cost-effectiveness [0](https://executivegov.com/2025/06/nasa-rfi-commercial-space-communications-satellite-system-tdrs/).

One significant aspect of the industry's response involves a keen interest in collaboration, especially among international partners who view NASA's initiative as a chance to enter and possibly make a mark on the U.S. space communications market. By opening the RFI to U.S. and international companies, NASA encourages broader participation, potentially leading to more diverse and innovative solutions. This approach is seen by many in the industry as a promising way to leverage global expertise and foster international cooperation in space exploration initiatives [4](https://executivegov.com/2025/06/nasa-rfi-commercial-space-communications-satellite-system-tdrs/).

The strategic pivot to involve commercial services rather than maintaining an exclusively government-operated system signals an era of significant transformation for NASA. Industry stakeholders are encouraged by NASA's move towards sourcing commercial solutions, as it aligns with broader industry trends of technology democratization and cross-sector collaboration. The resulting partnerships may drive significant advancements not only in relay and communication capabilities but also in cost management and resource allocation, ultimately benefiting stakeholders across the entire space exploration community [9](https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/NASA_seeks_industry_input_to_expand_space_relay_and_navigation_services_999.html).

NASA's Broader Communications Services Project marks a pivotal shift in how the agency approaches space communications, transitioning from a government-owned system to leveraging commercial relay services. This move is part of NASA's broader strategy to replace its aging Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system with modern, scalable solutions from private industry. By issuing a Request for Information (RFI), NASA is actively seeking commercial partners interested in developing next-generation communication and navigation capabilities essential for future missions. As NASA moves towards a model where it purchases services as a commercial customer, it aims to foster innovation and more efficient use of resources by leveraging the technical expertise and competitive drive of private enterprises. The pursuit of commercial solutions promises not only potential cost savings but also opportunities for technological advancements.

The Broader Communications Services Project aligns with NASA's overarching goals to enhance space mission efficiency and effectiveness. By engaging with commercial partners, NASA is not only seeking to replace its current capabilities but also to expand and improve upon them, ensuring that communication needs for missions ranging from Low Earth Orbit to deep space are met with state-of-the-art technology. This initiative reflects a significant policy shift, where NASA supports a competitive commercial space market, thereby catalyzing the development of advanced technologies that benefit not just space exploration, but other sectors as well, such as remote sensing and global communications. This shift towards commercial providers is expected to drive innovation by allowing companies to tailor their offerings to meet NASA's stringent space communication requirements, potentially leading to breakthroughs in how we communicate across vast interstellar distances.

The transition from NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system to commercial space communication solutions presents a host of challenges and considerations. One of the primary challenges lies in ensuring that the reliability and robustness of satellite communications are not compromised. The TDRS system, with its seven geosynchronous satellites, has been a cornerstone in relaying information for crucial missions such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station [0](https://executivegov.com/2025/06/nasa-rfi-commercial-space-communications-satellite-system-tdrs/). Shifting to commercial solutions necessitates thorough vetting to match or exceed these capabilities. The challenge is further complicated by the need to integrate new technologies without disrupting ongoing missions.

Security considerations are paramount when transitioning to commercial satellite communications. There are concerns regarding the cybersecurity risks associated with outsourcing these communications to private entities. Ensuring that commercial providers adhere to stringent security protocols is essential to protect sensitive mission data. This transition asks NASA to balance innovation with the critical need for secure and reliable communication lines, all the while remaining vigilant against emerging cyber threats in space communications [7](https://www.militaryaerospace.com/commercial-aerospace/article/55293768/nasa-seeks-commercial-relay-and-navigation-solutions-for-future-earth-orbit-missions).

Economically, the transition could redefine the commercial space sector by creating opportunities for new players and potentially stimulating competition. However, it also poses the risk of monopolies forming if a few companies dominate the market. Ensuring fair competition and preventing monopolistic practices will be a crucial consideration, as well as ensuring that cost savings do not come at the expense of service quality [5](https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/NASA_seeks_industry_input_to_expand_space_relay_and_navigation_services_999.html).

Technical requirements present another set of challenges. The new systems must meet NASA's high standards for data throughput, latency, and global coverage. The feasibility of integrating commercial solutions with existing technologies to maintain continuity across missions is yet another hurdle [4](https://www.militaryaerospace.com/commercial-aerospace/article/55293768/nasa-seeks-commercial-relay-and-navigation-solutions-for-future-earth-orbit-missions). The ability of these solutions to provide consistent coverage for low Earth orbit (LEO) missions, while ensuring backward compatibility with existing infrastructure, is critical.

Public perception plays a significant role in the transition. Many in the space community welcome the shift towards commercial partnerships, seeing it as a pathway to foster innovation and reduce costs. However, there are valid concerns over the reliability and security of such a transition compared to a government-operated system. As NASA embarks on this new chapter, they face the challenge of aligning public trust with organizational goals [7](https://opentools.ai/news/nasa-seeks-new-horizons-in-satellite-communication-embraces-commercial-minds).

NASA's announcement to replace its aging Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system with commercial solutions has generated a spectrum of reactions from the public. Proponents of the private space industry view this shift as a significant step towards enhancing efficiency and stimulating innovation in space exploration. The move is seen as aligning with wider trends in the industry, where leveraging private sector capabilities can lead to greater cost savings and foster groundbreaking technological advancements. Many tech enthusiasts are particularly excited about the prospect of developing more advanced communication and navigation technologies that can enhance future missions and scientific endeavors.

Despite the optimism, the plan has also sparked concern, particularly regarding the reliability and security of commercial satellite communications. Critics worry about the shift in control from a government-operated system to commercial entities, which could pose risks to national security, especially if sensitive mission data is involved. These apprehensions underscore the importance of maintaining stringent cybersecurity measures and possibly retaining some government oversight to ensure data integrity and mission reliability. Additionally, there is unease about potential job losses in the government sector, as the transition might lead to a reduction in roles traditionally fulfilled by government-employed personnel in space communications.

Another segment of the public adopts a neutral stance, with many individuals showing limited awareness of the change. A "wait-and-see" attitude prevails, as people prefer to reserve judgment until after the transition is fully assessed based on its outcomes. This cautious approach reflects a broader public sentiment that prioritizes proven results over speculative benefits. The general awareness and perception of this transition may well depend on effective communication strategies from NASA and how the narrative is shaped in public discourse, which emphasizes its long-term benefits for space communication enhancement.

NASA's initiative to transition from the traditional Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system to a more commercial-based satellite communication framework is not just a technological upgrade, but also a significant shift with profound economic and policy implications. This move is expected to revolutionize the way space communication systems operate, fostering innovation and potentially reducing operational costs significantly. By shifting from a government-operated system to one that leverages private industry capabilities, NASA aims to become more adaptable, using advances in commercial technology to facilitate better communication and navigation in space. For details on NASA's plans, you can visit ExecutiveGov.

Economically, this transition could signal a new era of growth for the commercial space sector. By opening doors to commercial entities, NASA is not only aiming for cost-effectiveness but also encouraging competition that can lead to innovative solutions in space communications. The pivot to commercial solutions is part of NASA's broader strategy within its Communications Services Project (CSP). This strategic shift is designed to capitalize on private sector efficiencies and technological advancements while allowing NASA to focus its resources more efficiently. More information on this can be found here.

From a policy perspective, the transition raises questions about regulatory frameworks necessary to ensure fair competition and prevent monopolies within the commercial space industry. There are concerns that without adequate regulation, a few companies might dominate the market, which could undermine competition and innovation. Moreover, policymakers face the challenge of balancing commercial growth with national security concerns, as space communications often involve sensitive data that demand secure and reliable handling. The discussion around these policy implications is critical as NASA collaborates with industry partners to ensure that the new commercial systems meet both technical and regulatory standards.

The implications of NASA's transition to commercial satellite services extend beyond just cost and policy. There is a significant opportunity for international collaboration, as shared expertise and resources can greatly enhance global space exploration capabilities. However, this also necessitates careful attention to international regulations, data sovereignty, and the intricacies of global partnerships. As NASA pioneers this transition, the outcome could serve as a model for other nations and international space agencies, setting new standards for cooperation and innovation in space communications.

Adopting commercial solutions for satellite communication systems can bring forth a multitude of security considerations. As NASA transitions from its traditional Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) network to leveraging commercial capabilities, ensuring cybersecurity becomes paramount. Although commercial systems can foster innovation and reduce costs, as discussed here, they may also attract new vulnerabilities. These include potential risks of cyber-attacks or data breaches, especially when dealing with sensitive and mission-critical data. It's essential that robust security measures are implemented, such as encrypted communication links and compliance with international cybersecurity standards.

Another significant security concern with commercial solutions is the reliance on private providers for critical mission operations, a point highlighted here. Although these providers might offer cutting-edge technology and operational flexibility, their systems must be thoroughly vetted to ensure they meet NASA's stringent security requirements. This includes rigorous testing against reliability and security benchmarks to mitigate potential national security threats. Continuously monitoring the security postures of these commercial entities and integrating government oversight could prove vital in maintaining mission integrity.

Moreover, transitioning to commercial satellite communications necessitates addressing the complexities of data sovereignty and regulatory compliance on an international scale, as discussed here. As data travels across various jurisdictions, ensuring that it adheres to differing legal and regulatory standards becomes a challenge. This might require comprehensive agreements between NASA and international commercial partners to align on security protocols and safeguard sensitive information against unauthorized access or export controls, thereby maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of space communication systems.

The transition to commercial satellite communication services marks a pivotal juncture for NASA and the broader space industry. Leveraging private sector capabilities can significantly increase the agility and scale of space missions, facilitating robust communication networks for both existing and future explorations. As NASA seeks to replace its aging Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system, it underscores a strategic shift to not only embrace technological advancements but also to encourage competitive innovation within the industry. With this move, NASA aims to become less reliant on maintaining its own infrastructure, which in turn can lead to better resource allocation for more exploratory and scientific missions [source].

Economically, the reliance on commercial solutions for space communications is poised to foster a vibrant commercial space sector. This can stimulate innovation as companies seek to meet NASA's rigorous demands for cutting-edge navigation and communication technologies. By transitioning to commercially provided services, NASA anticipates cost savings which could potentially be redirected toward enhancing mission capabilities. This economic shift could also create new jobs in the space tech industry, making the space sector a hub for tech-driven economic growth [source].

Politically, NASA's strategy raises important national security considerations, particularly concerning the handling and transmission of sensitive data by private companies. This transition necessitates stringent regulatory frameworks to safeguard against potential risks and ensure the security and reliability of space communications. Furthermore, as NASA collaborates with international partners, navigating issues related to data sovereignty and compliance with global regulations becomes essential. The success of this transition will depend heavily on establishing robust partnerships with commercial providers and international space agencies to mitigate potential risks associated with commercial satellite communications.

Socially, the implications of NASA's shift towards commercial satellite solutions extend beyond just space exploration. The enhancement of satellite communication capabilities can contribute to societal advancements such as improved weather forecasting, better disaster response strategies, and even the augmentation of global internet connectivity. These developments could play a crucial role in addressing global challenges through enhanced technological infrastructure, amplifying the significance of NASA’s transition in diverse fields. The public's reception of these advancements is likely to be mixed initially, but the tangible benefits in everyday technology and global communication systems can reshape perceptions positively over time.

In conclusion, NASA's move to leverage commercial satellite systems reflects a forward-thinking approach that aligns with modern technological trends and industry practices. It signifies an adaptive strategy aimed at optimizing resource utilization while maintaining leadership in space exploration. As the space industry grows increasingly commercialized, NASA's initiative will likely serve as a blueprint for other governmental and international space agencies looking to modernize and collaborate across sectors. This paradigm shift underscores the importance of continuous learning, adaptation, and partnership in driving the future of space exploration [source].