NASA Unveils Game-Changing Software Catalog for 2025-2026

NASA's 2025‑2026 Software Catalog is a groundbreaking initiative designed to foster technological innovation and cross‑industry collaboration. Featuring over 1,200 software tools, the catalog aims to grant industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy access to cutting‑edge technologies. The release represents NASA's commitment to technology transfer, providing free access to these tools to accelerate industrial and research advancements. Details about these efforts can be found in a recent.¹ Through this initiative, NASA continues to push the boundaries of innovation and support economic growth within the United States and beyond.

The Software Catalog encompasses a broad array of technical categories, reflecting NASA's diverse research and development efforts. From satellite design to project cost estimation tools, the catalog's offerings are poised to enhance project efficiencies and cost savings across various sectors. Recognizing the value of accessibility, NASA has organized a four‑part webinar series commencing on July 22, 2025, to showcase the applications of these tools, paired with live Q&A sessions featuring NASA developers. Information regarding these webinars is accessible through the official announcement.¹

While the catalog is predominantly open to the public, NASA has placed restrictions on certain software for non‑U.S. citizens and government‑specific use cases, aligning with national security protocols. Nonetheless, experts view this move as a major step towards democratizing space‑related technology, paving the way for discoveries and advancements across multiple disciplines. By promoting open access, albeit with some limitations, NASA is actively promoting American ingenuity and enhancing the country's global competitive edge. The full scope and implications of this accessibility are critically discussed in various news outlets, including.¹

NASA's release of the 2025‑2026 Software Catalog offers a comprehensive preview into the future of innovation, boasting over 1,200 meticulously curated tools that span 15 technical categories. This powerful resource is engineered to catalyze advancement across various sectors including aerospace, automotive, and energy. The catalog grants free access to these tools, thus encouraging industry pioneers and researchers to integrate advanced solutions into their work, fostering a vibrant landscape for technological development. By providing software that supports tasks such as satellite design, aircraft modeling, and project cost estimation, NASA plays a pivotal role in reducing barriers to innovation, allowing industries to pursue ambitious projects with greater efficiency and precision.

Central to NASA's mission of promoting scientific advancement is the concept of technology transfer, and this catalog is a cornerstone of that effort. Managed by the Space Technology Mission Directorate, the catalog is a testament to NASA's commitment to making high‑caliber technologies accessible for wide‑ranging applications. It serves as a testament to NASA's role not only in space exploration but also as a facilitator of technological breakthroughs that transcend industry boundaries. More details on this initiative can be found.¹

In addition to freely offering software, NASA's initiative includes a four‑part webinar series commencing July 22, aiming to showcase these tools' capabilities. This series is designed for industry professionals and researchers to interact directly with NASA developers, gaining insights that could propel their projects to new heights. Although most of the software is accessible worldwide, certain restrictions may apply, this being particularly relevant for non‑U.S. residents. For those looking to leverage cutting‑edge tools that enhance productivity and innovation, this webinar provides a golden opportunity to delve deeper into NASA's technological offerings.

While the catalog primarily aims to enhance commercial innovation, its broader societal impact is undeniable. By democratizing access to technology, NASA is empowering smaller enterprises and individual innovators to compete with larger entities. This inclusivity not only stimulates economic growth but also encourages diversity within the technological landscape, enabling tailored solutions for community‑specific challenges. The accessibility of these tools fosters educational opportunities, preparing the next generation of scientists and engineers to tackle complex issues with unprecedented resources at their disposal.

Accessing and utilizing the NASA 2025‑2026 Software Catalog is a straightforward yet incredibly beneficial process, especially for those in industries like aerospace, automotive, and energy. To take advantage of the comprehensive range of over 1,200 software tools made available by NASA, users simply need to search "NASA Software Catalog" on their preferred search engine to locate the official download page. There, you will find user‑friendly interfaces guiding you through the process of selecting and downloading the software most relevant to your specific field or research needs. The catalog is divided into 15 technical categories, encompassing a range of applications from satellite design to project cost estimation, each aimed at promoting innovation across various sectors. For further insights into the available tools, NASA has arranged a four‑part webinar series starting on July 22, 2025. This series will not only showcase popular software applications but also provide opportunities for live Q&A sessions with NASA developers, thus ensuring that users can grasp the full potential of these tools [¹].

While the majority of the software tools included in the NASA 2025‑2026 Software Catalog are freely accessible, there are notable restrictions on certain applications. Primarily, these restrictions are in place for software intended for non‑U.S. citizens or certain government uses. This measure, while necessary for national security and intellectual property reasons, could limit some international users. It is advisable for users to review the specific terms and conditions associated with each software tool to understand any limitations on usage rights. Despite these restrictions, the catalog represents a significant step in NASA's commitment to making its research and technologies more broadly accessible through its Technology Transfer program, which seeks to bridge the gap between government‑developed technology and its practical implementation in the private sector [¹].

NASA's upcoming webinar series promises to be an invaluable resource for both seasoned professionals and budding developers looking to explore the exciting possibilities offered by the 2025‑2026 Software Catalog. Kicking off on July 22nd, this series will not only reveal the rich array of software available to enhance innovation across various industries but also provide rare opportunities to engage directly with NASA's developers. These Q&A sessions can offer insights into the application of specific tools and address unique challenges in fields ranging from aerospace to automotive technologies. This initiative underscores NASA's dedication to fostering a collaborative atmosphere in technological development, as detailed in the announcement of their extensive software catalog found [here](https://www.militaryaerospace.com/home/article/55303961/nasa‑releases‑2025‑2026‑software‑catalog‑with‑over‑1200‑tools‑for‑industry‑and‑research).

Participants in the webinar series will gain a comprehensive understanding of how to leverage NASA's diverse suite of tools that cover 15 key technical areas either for advancing research or optimizing commercial operations. By facilitating real‑time interaction with the engineers behind these technologies, NASA not only aims to ensure that users can fully exploit the potential of these tools but also foster a sense of community among users. Attendees can look forward to tailored advice that addresses specific queries, thus translating NASA's technological advancements into real‑world solutions. This proactive strategy is part of NASA's broader mission to push the boundaries of technological accessibility and industry engagement, showcased by the newly released software catalog detailed [here](https://www.militaryaerospace.com/home/article/55303961/nasa‑releases‑2025‑2026‑software‑catalog‑with‑over‑1200‑tools‑for‑industry‑and‑research).

The series is expected to catalyze significant engagement with the NASA software ecosystem, encouraging more widespread use and supporting further innovation in industries globally. By allowing developers to delve into specific software applications through engaging presentations and active discussions, NASA is enhancing the role of software in satiating the ever‑increasing demand for technological infrastructure and efficiency. The impact of this series is anticipated to reach beyond just immediate users to influence global best practices in technology use and applications. The strategic release of NASA’s software catalog, complete with these interactive webinars, is set to demystify complex software solutions and progressively integrate them into various sectors, with more details available [here](https://www.militaryaerospace.com/home/article/55303961/nasa‑releases‑2025‑2026‑software‑catalog‑with‑over‑1200‑tools‑for‑industry‑and‑research).

NASA's 2025‑2026 Software Catalog is a treasure trove of over 1,200 tools aimed at fostering innovation across various industries. Despite its vast array of offerings, the catalog imposes certain access restrictions that are crucial to understand. Notably, while the majority of this software is publicly accessible, a selection of these tools is subject to stringent restrictions, particularly for non‑U.S. citizens or for governmental use. Such measures are likely in place to comply with national security concerns and export regulations, ensuring that sensitive technologies do not fall into the wrong hands. For those seeking unfettered access, it's recommended to review the specific software entry within the catalog to understand any potential limitations that might apply.¹

Moreover, NASA's strategy in imposing these access limitations might also reflect a broader commitment to safeguarding technological advancements from being leveraged detrimentally in international conflicts or competitive market scenarios. The intent is to preserve U.S. technological leadership while still promoting global innovation. This delicate balance often requires collaboration with other governmental bodies to continuously assess and refine access policies as geopolitical landscapes shift. For researchers and companies interested in leveraging this software, understanding the legal and regulatory frameworks is essential to ensure compliance and maximize the potential benefits.¹

This selective accessibility highlights the interplay between innovation and regulation, where the potential for technological advancement is carefully weighed against national security priorities. It underscores the responsibility that comes with such groundbreaking resources and the necessity for responsible stewardship by those who access them. By doing so, NASA not only aims to drive technological progress but also to instill a culture of security and ethical usage in technology transfer, creating a more robust and prepared global tech ecosystem.¹

NASA's release of the 2025‑2026 Software Catalog represents a noteworthy initiative in the field of technology transfer, aiming to catalyze economic growth by providing free access to over 1,200 software tools. These tools, available across fifteen technical categories, are designed to foster innovation, particularly in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy. By making these resources publicly accessible, NASA is not only promoting technological advancement but is also encouraging businesses to develop new products and solutions that can stimulate economic growth. The strategic release of such a comprehensive catalog highlights NASA's commitment to leveraging its technological resources for broader societal benefit.¹

Moreover, the software catalog is part of NASA's larger Technology Transfer program, managed by the Space Technology Mission Directorate. This program seeks to commercialize NASA's technologies, thus enabling a wider application across various industries. The tools included in the catalog, such as those for satellite design and cost estimation, can significantly lower development costs and incubation times for startups and established businesses alike. This democratization of technology has the potential to create new markets and economic opportunities, thus driving innovation in the United States.²

The implications of this initiative extend beyond just economic benefits. Socially, the catalog can enhance educational opportunities by providing students and educators access to cutting‑edge software needed for developing critical STEM skills. Additionally, the tools can assist small businesses and innovators in competing with larger players, thus fostering a more inclusive innovation ecosystem. While the catalog is primarily accessible to U.S. citizens, highlighting NASA's commitment to national economic competitiveness, the broader societal benefits align with global innovation goals .

Politically, by making its innovative tools publicly available, NASA is not only bolstering the U.S.'s position in the global technology arena but also encouraging international collaboration and partnerships. However, access restrictions for non‑U.S. citizens might present challenges, potentially leading to geopolitical tensions. It's crucial that while NASA seeks to maintain national security interests, efforts are also directed towards fostering international goodwill and collaboration.³

The release of NASA's 2025‑2026 Software Catalog marks a transformative moment for engineering and industry, providing a wealth of tools that can fuel innovation and efficiency across diverse fields. With over 1,200 free software titles, this catalog extends its benefits beyond traditional aerospace sectors, offering resources that can be leveraged in areas like automotive, energy, and beyond. These tools facilitate better satellite design, enhance aircraft modeling techniques, and offer sophisticated project cost estimation capabilities, proving instrumental for engineers in industry sectors seeking cutting‑edge solutions to complex problems. By democratizing access to these advanced technologies, NASA is helping to break down barriers to innovation, enabling a broader range of businesses and academic institutions to access world‑class software previously limited to specific sectors.

NASA’s strategic initiative of releasing its comprehensive software catalog does more than just share tools—it sets new standards for collaborative innovation and industry advancement. The catalog, part of NASA's Technology Transfer program, highlights the agency’s commitment to widen technology dissemination, offering developers, engineers, and researchers critical tools that can be used to tackle some of today’s most sought‑after engineering challenges. According to [recent reports](https://www.militaryaerospace.com/home/article/55303961/nasa‑releases‑2025‑2026‑software‑catalog‑with‑over‑1200‑tools‑for‑industry‑and‑research), the catalog covers essential areas such as vehicle management, propulsion systems, and GPS precision tracking among others. This wide spectrum of applications not only accelerates technological adoption but also underscores NASA's role in fostering a more inclusive technological ecosystem that spans beyond national boundaries, albeit with some noted access restrictions.

Equipping industries with NASA’s software arsenal is akin to providing them with a competitive edge in the rapidly evolving global market. As highlighted in [various releases](https://www.militaryaerospace.com/home/article/55303961/nasa‑releases‑2025‑2026‑software‑catalog‑with‑over‑1200‑tools‑for‑industry‑and‑research), industries that integrate these tools into their operations stand to benefit significantly from reduced development costs and improved operational efficiency. The applications of NASA's tools vary widely, benefiting sectors from urban planning to healthcare, illustrating the catalog’s potential to stimulate cross‑industry innovations. By enabling projects to be executed with greater precision and at lower risk, industries are likely to see an acceleration in delivery times, product quality, and a notable increase in market competitiveness.

Moreover, the catalog’s impact extends into enhancing educational tools and methodologies, fostering a more dynamic and interactive learning environment. Educational institutions can now integrate real‑world software applications into their curriculum, thereby narrowing the gap between academic learning and practical application. This initiative not only prepares students to meet industry demands but also stimulates curiosity and drive for future innovations. The ongoing [webinar series](https://www.militaryaerospace.com/home/article/55303961/nasa‑releases‑2025‑2026‑software‑catalog‑with‑over‑1200‑tools‑for‑industry‑and‑research), showcasing these tools and offering opportunities for direct interaction with NASA developers, further bolsters this impact, as it equips educators and industry professionals alike with the knowledge and skills to maximize the utility of the catalog's offerings.

In summary, NASA's adept move to provide open access to such a comprehensive suite of tools is a definitive action aimed at revolutionizing the application of technology in various industrial domains. While most of these resources are freely accessible, the full extent of their impact may be tempered by geopolitical factors and access limitations imposed on non‑U.S. entities. Nonetheless, the initiative remains a seminal blueprint for how scientific resources can be leveraged to engender substantial advancements in engineering practice, technology innovation, and economic growth. This collaborative outlook invites stakeholders from various sectors to generate solutions that meet both present and future needs, shaping industries and contributing to a sustainable technological future.

Government initiatives have been crucial in propelling NASA's advancements, particularly in the realm of software technology. With the recent release of NASA's 2025‑2026 Software Catalog, the government has underscored its commitment to fostering innovation across various sectors. This catalog, featuring over 1,200 powerful software tools, is designed to stimulate not only the aerospace industry but also automotive, energy, and more. By offering these resources, the government aims to bridge the technology gap, allowing businesses and researchers to leverage cutting‑edge innovations for a competitive edge [¹].

In tandem with the software catalog, NASA has also announced significant updates to its core Flight System (cFS), a pivotal component in the agency's technological arsenal. The update is expected to enhance the core functionalities required for spacecraft operations, reflecting NASA's proactive approach to maintaining its leadership in space technology. This upgrade not only supports existing space missions but also paves the way for future explorations and international collaborations. Such initiatives are part of NASA's broader strategy to remain at the forefront of space technology and innovation [⁴].

The synergistic approach of releasing the software catalog alongside updating the core Flight System exemplifies how government initiatives are being harnessed to drive forward technological progress. Through these efforts, NASA is setting a precedent for other government bodies by demonstrating how public resources can be effectively used to promote technology transfer and enhance industry capabilities. By making these advanced tools accessible, NASA not only supports the industry's immediate needs but also contributes to long‑term strategic goals of technological supremacy and international competitiveness [²].

International collaboration and partnerships are key components in advancing technological and scientific frontiers. NASA's release of the 2025‑2026 Software Catalog exemplifies the potential for global collaboration, as it offers over 1,200 software tools that are expected to drive innovation across various industries, including aerospace, automotive, and energy sectors [0](https://www.militaryaerospace.com/home/article/55303961/nasa‑releases‑2025‑2026‑software‑catalog‑with‑over‑1200‑tools‑for‑industry‑and‑research). This initiative opens new avenues for international partners to engage with cutting‑edge American technology, fostering a collaborative environment that benefits all parties involved.

Moreover, the availability of these tools supports not only domestic innovation but also strengthens partnerships with international stakeholders. The catalog's diverse applications in areas such as satellite design, aircraft modeling, and project management highlight NASA's commitment to facilitating technology transfer on a global scale [0](https://www.militaryaerospace.com/home/article/55303961/nasa‑releases‑2025‑2026‑software‑catalog‑with‑over‑1200‑tools‑for‑industry‑and‑research). By making these resources broadly accessible, NASA not only supports the growth of industries worldwide but also reinforces international goodwill and cooperative scientific exploration.

However, collaboration is not without challenges, particularly concerning access restrictions that may apply to non‑U.S. citizens or certain government entities [0](https://www.militaryaerospace.com/home/article/55303961/nasa‑releases‑2025‑2026‑software‑catalog‑with‑over‑1200‑tools‑for‑industry‑and‑research). While these measures are often necessary to protect sensitive technologies, they can also limit the full potential of international partnerships. Balancing open collaboration with these security concerns remains a critical aspect of fostering effective international relations.

Furthermore, the catalog is a testament to the United States' role as a leader in technological innovation and its willingness to share these advancements with the world. This aligns with broader governmental initiatives to disseminate cutting‑edge technologies to stimulate economic growth and enhance competitiveness across borders [1](https://www.nasa.gov/news‑release/nasa‑software‑catalog‑puts‑agency‑solutions‑at‑innovators‑fingertips/). As countries navigate the complexities of globalization, such efforts exemplify how technological collaboration can transcend geographical and political barriers, ultimately contributing to a more interconnected world.

The release of NASA's 2025‑2026 Software Catalog has been met with enthusiasm from both experts and the general public. Industry veterans have applauded the comprehensive nature of the catalog, highlighting its potential to significantly reduce costs and increase efficiency across multiple sectors. Dan Lockney notes that the catalog's extensive range of applications, such as project management and GPS tracking, underscores its relevance beyond the aerospace industry. The free accessibility of such sophisticated tools is seen as a public boon, offering businesses a remarkable opportunity to save resources while enhancing their operational capabilities. Nevertheless, experts do caution that while the catalog democratizes technology, the access restrictions for certain programs, particularly for non‑U.S. citizens, could pose potential barriers. Such limitations may create geopolitical tensions, but the overall sentiment remains positive, with professionals eager to harness these tools for broader societal benefits.

Public reactions have mirrored the experts' positive outlook on NASA's initiative, celebrating the agency's commitment to fostering innovation. The catalog's vast array of over 1,200 software tools has been perceived as a monumental step in nurturing economic growth and technological advancement. The free access to these state‑of‑the‑art tools across various technical categories, supplemented by an informative webinar series starting July 22, 2025, is recognized as an invaluable resource for researchers and businesses alike. However, the enthusiasm is somewhat tempered by the acknowledgment of access restrictions that apply to certain software, limiting non‑U.S. citizens' and governmental use. Despite these constraints, there is a general consensus that the catalog provides an unparalleled opportunity for innovation and growth, thereby strengthening public support for NASA's ongoing technological initiatives. ¹

The release of NASA's 2025‑2026 Software Catalog, featuring over 1,200 advanced tools, has significant economic implications. By providing free access to these sophisticated tools, NASA is catalyzing innovation and industry growth across various sectors, including aerospace, automotive, and energy. This democratization of technology fosters a conducive environment for startups and smaller businesses to compete with well‑established industry players. The free access to these tools promises considerable reductions in research and development costs, thus accelerating the pace of technological advancement [¹] [³].

On a social level, NASA's catalog is set to influence diverse fields such as education and community development. The freely accessible tools can enrich STEM education, allowing students and educators worldwide to engage with cutting‑edge technologies. This could lead to enhanced educational outcomes and foster a more technologically literate society. Additionally, the catalog may create opportunities for local innovations that address specific community challenges, promoting social inclusivity and diversity within the tech industry [Open Tools] [³]. However, access restrictions might pose barriers, particularly in underrepresented regions, limiting the global reach and impact of this initiative.

Politically, NASA's initiative exemplifies a significant shift toward open technological collaboration and innovation. By distributing these state‑of‑the‑art tools, NASA is potentially setting a global example for technology sharing and fostering an environment of international cooperation in technological developments. Nevertheless, there might be repercussions concerning geopolitical dynamics, especially if access restrictions are perceived as discriminatory [Open Tools]. Nonetheless, for U.S. companies, these tools can consolidate their technological edge, potentially enhancing national competitiveness on the global stage [³].

The strategic release of this catalog represents more than mere dissemination of tools; it signifies a profound impact on technology transfer and workforce development. By providing open access to NASA's technological capabilities, the initiative supports an accelerated knowledge and technology transfer between the public and private sectors. This not only fuels industry innovation but also nurtures a skilled and diverse workforce, addressing critical demands in STEM fields. The initiative reinforces NASA's role in bolstering U.S. economic and technological leadership globally [⁵].

In conclusion, the economic, social, and political implications of NASA's 2025‑2026 Software Catalog are expansive and potentially transformative. While the initiative promotes accessibility and innovation, the realization of its full scope hinges on effectively managing access restrictions to balance open technology sharing with security protocols. Ultimately, this strategic endeavor is poised to redefine industry standards and catalyze significant advancements across multiple domains, potentially having a lasting impact on global economic and technological landscapes.

NASA's 2025‑2026 Software Catalog is a monumental step in facilitating technology transfer, making the organization's innovative tools accessible to a broader audience. By providing open access to over 1,200 software tools, the catalog effectively breaks down barriers between governmental research advancements and industry application. This initiative not only promotes technological diffusion but also enhances the capability of industries to innovate by leveraging cutting‑edge NASA technologies in fields such as aerospace, automotive, and energy. ¹

By offering tools that span across 15 technical categories, NASA's catalog addresses specific needs in satellite design, aircraft modeling, and GPS tracking, among others. This breadth of application is poised to stimulate innovation within and beyond its traditional aerospace domain, supporting the adoption of sophisticated solutions in diverse sectors. The broader availability of such tools can fast‑track the development process in nascent industries, shortening the path from idea to market‑ready product. Consequently, the catalog plays a critical role in fostering an environment where innovation and technology transfer can thrive organically, enhancing the global competitive edge of businesses that leverage these resources. ¹

Moreover, the Software Catalog is part of NASA's broader Technology Transfer program which aims to maximize the impact of its technological innovations by making them available for commercial use. This strategy not only benefits industries directly engaged with space‑related disciplines but also has positive repercussions across fields such as project management and cost estimation. The interactive webinar series accompanying the catalog release further facilitates technology transfer by providing opportunities for stakeholders to interact with NASA developers, thereby enhancing understanding and application of these technologies. ¹

However, despite its potential to democratize technology access, certain restrictions within the catalog could affect its impact on global innovation. While most tools are freely available, restrictions apply to some software, potentially excluding non‑U.S. citizens and specific governmental uses. This limitation might slow down the flow of technology beyond U.S. borders, impacting global equity in technological advancement. ¹

Overall, NASA's 2025‑2026 Software Catalog presents a pivotal opportunity for technological advancement by fostering innovation, enhancing industry standards, and encouraging collaboration. It paves the way for future technological partnerships and showcases NASA's continued commitment to assisting the industrial sector in progressing both economically and technologically. ¹

The release of NASA's 2025‑2026 Software Catalog marks a pivotal moment in the democratization of technology, offering an unprecedented platform for innovation and industry transformation. With over 1,200 free‑to‑access tools, the catalog not only underscores NASA's commitment to fostering technological advancement but also provides a substantial resource for industries ranging from aerospace to energy. This comprehensive suite enables researchers and businesses to access cutting‑edge software that can propel their projects to new heights of efficiency and innovation. For more insight into this groundbreaking release, you can explore the.¹

Looking ahead, NASA's Software Catalog is poised to act as a catalyst for both economic and social growth. By making these tools publicly available, NASA is setting a benchmark for open innovation, encouraging both established enterprises and start‑ups to leverage these resources to cut development costs and accelerate project timelines. Importantly, this initiative is expected to stimulate economic activity, particularly within the U.S., by enhancing competitiveness and encouraging the creation of new markets. For those interested in the economic impacts and potential for technological integration, further details are available through.¹

Socially, the catalog's broader implications are equally significant. By offering open access to advanced technologies, NASA is fostering an inclusive innovation environment that empowers smaller businesses and entrepreneurs to compete on a level playing field. This empowerment can lead to inventive solutions tailored to community‑specific challenges, thereby enriching technological advancements with diverse perspectives. Educational institutions and students also stand to benefit greatly, accessing tools that can enhance learning and stimulate STEM interest. Despite these opportunities, the catalog does include some access restrictions, primarily affecting non‑U.S. citizens. To better understand these provisions and their implications, you may refer to the in‑depth analysis found.¹

Politically, NASA's move towards open software access underscores its strategic role in technology transfer and international collaboration. By sharing such a wealth of information, NASA not only enhances its stature as a leader in innovation but also sets a global standard for governmental transparency in technology sharing. However, it is crucial to reconcile these open‑access goals with national security considerations to mitigate any potential geopolitical tensions arising from restrictive access policies. The balance of these dynamics is further discussed in.¹

In conclusion, NASA's 2025‑2026 Software Catalog is more than just a repository of codes and applications; it is a testament to the transformative power of accessible technology in driving innovation and societal progress. While there are challenges to overcome, particularly in terms of access limitations, the overall potential for economic and social impact is vast. The success of this initiative will likely depend on how effectively these software tools can be integrated into global markets and technological infrastructures while maintaining the right balance between openness and security. Further reflections on this initiative can be found at.¹