NASA's RS-25 Engine Test Ignites New Era for Artemis Space Missions

Introduction to NASA's RS-25 Engine Test

On June 23, 2025, NASA successfully conducted a crucial test of the RS-25 engine at Stennis Space Center, marking a significant milestone in the preparation for the Artemis missions. The RS-25 engine, an integral component of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, was fired for almost 500 seconds, emulating the conditions of a real launch. During this test, it was pushed to an impressive 111% of its rated power output, demonstrating its capability beyond standard operational expectations. Such rigorous testing ensures that the engines can withstand the demanding environments of space travel, providing the thrust necessary to propel human exploration deeper into space .

The RS-25 engine, originally designed for the Space Shuttle program, has been significantly upgraded to meet the modern demands of space exploration. This engine will play a vital role in the upcoming Artemis missions, designed to return humans to the Moon and eventually pave the way for deeper space exploration, such as missions to Mars. The complete test firing, reaching above its nominal operational limits, is instrumental in validating the engine's reliability and performance under extreme conditions. The success of these tests sets the stage for the first crewed Artemis mission, Artemis II, planned for April 2026, followed by a lunar landing with Artemis III in 2027 .

The advancements incorporated into the RS-25 engines, including modern manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing, make them more efficient and cost-effective compared to their predecessors. These advancements not only enhance performance but also reduce production costs, which is essential for the sustainability of ongoing and future missions. By achieving a full-duration test with extended power, NASA has reinforced confidence in the engine's capabilities, solidifying it as a cornerstone of the Artemis program's success. Consequently, this solid foundation allows NASA to focus on the ambitious objectives of the Artemis missions, including establishing a sustainable human presence on the Moon and preparing for future Mars exploration .

Significance of the RS-25 Engine Test

The RS-25 engine test at NASA's Stennis Space Center marks a pivotal milestone for the Artemis missions. This test, which involved firing the engine for nearly 500 seconds, validated the engine's capability to operate at 111% of its rated power, simulating the rigorous conditions of a launch scenario. The significance of this test cannot be overstated, as it confirms the RS-25's readiness to power NASA's next-generation Space Launch System (SLS) rocket. The RS-25 engine, a cornerstone of the SLS, is tasked with providing the thrust necessary to propel the Orion spacecraft beyond Earth's orbit, facilitating manned missions to the Moon and, eventually, Mars. Ensuring the engine's performance and reliability under such extreme conditions is a key step toward achieving these ambitious space exploration goals. The recent test offers reassurance of the engine's robustness and its crucial role in supporting NASA's vision for deep space exploration.

Role of RS-25 Engines in the Space Launch System

The RS-25 engines play a crucial role in the Space Launch System (SLS), which serves as a primary vehicle for NASA's Artemis missions aimed at returning humans to the Moon and beyond. These engines are essential for providing the high thrust necessary to launch the Orion spacecraft beyond Earth's orbit. During a recent test at Stennis Space Center, the RS-25 engine demonstrated its reliability by firing successfully for almost 500 seconds, simulating the conditions of an actual launch. This successful test is pivotal in ensuring the engines can safely propel the spacecraft [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

For the SLS rocket, four RS-25 engines work in unison to produce an impressive 8.8 million pounds of thrust, allowing it to carry hefty payloads and achieve deep space travel objectives. These engines not only meet but exceed previous performance standards by operating at 111% thrust, thus providing an extra margin of safety during launches. Such capability is rooted in the engines' design, which has been enhanced from its predecessors used in the Space Shuttle program. This makes them indispensable for achieving the mission's ambitious goals [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

One of the modern upgrades in the RS-25 engines includes the use of contemporary manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP), which contribute to improved performance and a reduction in production costs. This advancement ensures that while maintaining the core reliability known from the Space Shuttle era, the engines are adapted to meet the demands of modern space exploration. These technological advancements were showcased during the full duration test, proving their readiness for upcoming Artemis missions [9](https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/RS_25_engines_certified_for_future_Artemis_missions_after_long_testing_program_999.html).

The Artemis program, with the RS-25 engines at its heart, signifies a major leap forward in space exploration, reaffirming NASA's ability to innovate and proceed with complex space missions. The specific improvements in the engines underline the overall preparedness of NASA to meet the challenges posed by these missions, including sustainability on the Moon and potential missions to Mars. Each successful test solidifies the reliability and efficiency of the engines, pivotal factors as NASA plans Artemis II and eventually, a lunar landing with Artemis III [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

Objectives and Timeline of the Artemis Program

The Artemis program is a bold and historic initiative by NASA aimed at returning humans to the Moon and preparing for future manned missions to Mars. One of the key objectives of the Artemis program is to establish a sustainable human presence on the lunar surface, which will serve as a testing ground for new technologies and systems that could be used in more distant explorations. This goal involves not only landing astronauts on the Moon but also building infrastructure that will support long-duration stays. By 2026, NASA aims to fly the Artemis II mission, which will carry astronauts around the Moon in a similar manner to the Apollo 8 mission, and pave the way for the Artemis III mission, targeted for 2027, that will include a historic lunar landing.

The timeline for the Artemis program is ambitious, with several critical milestones planned over the next few years. NASA has successfully tested the new RS-25 engine, which will be crucial for the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket used in Artemis missions. The RS-25 engine test, conducted at Stennis Space Center, demonstrated the engine's capability by operating at 111% power for nearly 500 seconds, effectively simulating the intense conditions of a space launch [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/). This test is a vital step towards ensuring the reliability and safety of the rocket systems that will take humans back to the Moon.

Artemis is not just about reaching the Moon again but is also focused on inspiring the next generation and leading international space exploration efforts. One of the program's significant objectives is to land the first woman and person of color on the lunar surface, reflecting NASA's commitment to diversity and inclusion [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/). The program's timeline includes careful planning and several unmanned and crewed missions that are essential to testing new technologies and preparing for the complexities of human spaceflight beyond low Earth orbit.

With Artemis, NASA is working to redefine how space exploration is conducted, focusing on collaboration both domestically and internationally. The Artemis Accords, a set of principles signed by numerous countries, underline this collaborative approach by promoting transparent, safe, and sustainable exploration of space and celestial bodies. These accords also aim to establish a framework for cooperative engagements in lunar exploration and beyond, reinforcing the Artemis program as a catalyst for global partnerships [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

Looking forward, the successful implementation of the Artemis program's timeline will depend on overcoming technical challenges, securing consistent funding, and maintaining international cooperation. As public attention is captivated by the upcoming launches, transparency in the program's progress and challenges will be key to sustaining public and legislative support. Each successful mission brings humanity one step closer to not only understanding our celestial neighbor but also exploring further into our solar system [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

Comparison of New and Previous RS-25 Engine Versions

The new RS-25 engines represent a significant evolution from their predecessors, originally developed for the Space Shuttle program. One of the most notable differences is the integration of modern manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) [9](https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/RS_25_engines_certified_for_future_Artemis_missions_after_long_testing_program_999.html). These advancements not only enhance the reliability and performance of the engines but also contribute to significant cost reductions, potentially making lunar missions more sustainable [7](https://phys.org/news/2024-04-nasa-milestone-power-future-artemis.html).

Apart from technological innovations, the performance parameters of the new RS-25 engines have seen an impressive boost. During testing, these engines were pushed to operate at 111% of their power capacity, a remarkable improvement that underscores their robustness in meeting mission demands [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/). This is particularly critical for the Artemis missions, where reliability and power are non-negotiable [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

While maintaining the foundational capabilities admired in the previous versions, the new RS-25 engines have been refined to not only meet but exceed the operational needs of future space endeavors. For instance, their capability to support longer burns and adapt to the needs of deep space missions aligns with NASA's ambitious goals for the Artemis program [8](https://phys.org/news/2024-04-nasa-milestone-power-future-artemis.html). This adaptability marks a substantial progression in rocket engine technology, fueling hopes for deeper space explorations including Mars.

Artemis II Mission Schedule and Objectives

The Artemis II mission marks a pivotal moment in NASA's ambitious plan to return humans to the Moon and, eventually, to venture further into the solar system. Scheduled for April 2026, Artemis II will be the first mission in the Artemis program to carry astronauts. This mission aims to perform a lunar flyby, testing the systems necessary for future lunar landings and deeper space exploration. The reliability of these systems was boosted by recent successful tests of the RS-25 engine, which will play a key role in propelling the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket. The RS-25 engine's ability to operate at 111% power, as demonstrated in tests, ensures that it can meet and exceed mission requirements, providing vital safety margins during launch [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

The objectives of Artemis II extend beyond merely orbiting the Moon; this mission will set the stage for Artemis III, which aims to land astronauts on the lunar surface by 2027. The Artemis program's overarching goals are not only to achieve lunar exploration and establish a sustainable presence on the Moon but also to pave the way for human missions to Mars. Achieving these objectives will require rigorous testing and validation of new technologies and systems, as exemplified by the RS-25 engine tests [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/). These missions underscore NASA's commitment to expanding human presence in space and bolstering international cooperation through initiatives like the Artemis Accords.

The Artemis program is also designed to inspire a new generation of explorers and innovators, highlighting NASA's role at the forefront of space exploration. By landing the first woman and the first person of color on the Moon, the program is setting new precedents in diversity and inclusion. The technical feats of the Artemis program, along with its inclusive vision, are expected to reinvigorate interest in STEM fields and inspire future scientists, engineers, and astronauts. Meanwhile, the program acts as a symbol of U.S. leadership in space exploration, fostering international partnerships under the framework of the Artemis Accords, which emphasize peaceful and collaborative exploration of outer space [5](https://opentools.ai/news/nasa-gears-up-for-the-moon-s-25-engine-test-ignites-artemis-excitement).

Related Technological and Program Developments

The recent advancements in NASA's technological pursuits are set to redefine the future of space exploration, particularly with the ongoing developments in the Artemis missions. The successful testing of the RS-25 engine marks a pivotal moment in these developments. Held at the Stennis Space Center, the RS-25 engine test was not just a demonstration of the engine's capabilities but an affirmation of its readiness to be a part of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, which is integral to the Artemis missions. By pushing the engine to 111% of its power, NASA has ensured that the engine exceeds the standard mission requirements, thus providing an additional margin of safety for future launches ().

Moreover, the synthesis of conventional engineering with modern manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP), has resulted in the modernized RS-25 engines. These innovations not only enhance the engine's performance but also significantly reduce costs, aligning with NASA's objectives of efficient space travel (). The advancements in engine testing are paralleled by other technological breakthroughs, such as the Highly Loaded Grain (HLG) solid rocket motors developed by Raytheon and Northrop Grumman, intended to enhance U.S. Army's air defense capabilities ().

In preparation for the Artemis missions, NASA and the Department of Defense (DoD) have also conducted abort scenario simulations, enhancing safety measures for the first crewed mission, Artemis II. This collaboration not only ensures the safety of all personnel but also strengthens interagency cooperation in venturing into uncharted territories of human spaceflight (). Concurrently, NASA's Lunar Mapping Program (LMAP) promises to provide comprehensive lunar maps that are crucial for the planning and success of the Artemis missions ().

Alongside these technical developments, the Artemis mission updates reflect the inherent challenges in space exploration, such as unexpected delays attributed to hardware and safety checks. The postponement of Artemis II to April 2026 due to heatshield issues exemplifies the meticulous care required to ensure mission success. Such setbacks, while challenging, underscore NASA's commitment to safety and precision in these monumental undertakings, as detailed on the Artemis program's dedicated platforms ().

Expert Opinions on RS-25 Engine Advancements

The RS-25 engine has seen remarkable advancements, which are a cornerstone for NASA's upcoming Artemis missions. Experts like Aerojet Rocketdyne's RS-25 program director, Mike Lauer, have highlighted the enhanced capabilities of the modernized RS-25 engines, underscoring their improved performance and cost efficiency due to innovative manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP). These enhancements allow the engine to not only retain the reliable footprint of the Space Shuttle program but also deliver significant advancements in terms of performance at a reduced cost [Space Daily].

Testing at 111% power during the latest trial further bolsters confidence in the RS-25's ability to meet and exceed mission requirements, adding vital safety margins necessary for crewed space missions. This rigorous testing protocol, conducted at NASA's Stennis Space Center, ensures the engine's readiness for the demanding conditions of space travel. Such capacity to operate beyond standard power levels is crucial for handling unexpected contingencies during launches [NASA].

In evaluating the RS-25 engine's progress, expert analysis suggests that its refinements are pivotal in shaping the trajectory of the Artemis program. The comprehensive assessment and validation process, stretching over extended test runs, underpin the mission's critical requirements and contribute to the overall safety and success of launching efforts like Artemis II and Artemis III. These programs are not only about reaching new milestones in lunar exploration but also about reinforcing safety through meticulously tested technology [Space.com].

Public Reactions to NASA's Artemis Program

Public reactions to NASA's ambitious Artemis program are varied, reflecting the complexity and scale of this historical endeavor. For many space enthusiasts, Artemis reignites the excitement of the Apollo era, with plans to return humans to the moon capturing the imagination of a global audience. This enthusiasm is evident in campaigns like #NASAMoonSnap, which have garnered widespread participation and engagement across social media platforms. However, amidst the excitement, there is a cautious skepticism regarding the substantial financial investments required for the program. Many individuals question the cost-effectiveness of Artemis, especially in an era where alternative, potentially cheaper space initiatives are gaining attention. These debates reflect broader societal conversations about priorities in public spending, especially when it involves long-term, high-budget projects like Artemis [source].

The successful testing of the RS-25 engine, designed to power NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, has drawn both optimism and skepticism from the public. On one hand, the nearly 500-second burn at 111% power has given NASA and space enthusiasts a reason to celebrate, as it marks a significant milestone for upcoming Artemis missions. This achievement is seen as a crucial step towards a new era of human space exploration, building upon the legacy of the Apollo missions with the hope of long-term lunar presence [source]. On the other hand, the high cost and technical challenges associated with the Artemis program continue to fuel public debate over its viability and sustainability.

Critics of NASA's Artemis program often point out the financial burden it imposes on taxpayers, juxtaposed against other pressing economic and social needs. The program's delays, including the postponed Artemis II mission now set for April 2026 and Artemis III aiming for a lunar landing in 2027, have further fueled criticisms about its feasibility and timeline. Despite these challenges, many believe that the scientific and exploratory benefits of Artemis, such as advancing technological innovation and inspiring new generations of scientists and engineers, outweigh its drawbacks. This dichotomy in public opinion illustrates the ongoing struggle to balance visionary space exploration with practical concerns [source].

The Artemis program is not just a significant scientific and exploratory milestone; it is also a catalyst for public discourse around national priorities and technological advancement. As Artemis II prepares for its 2026 launch, and plans solidify for Artemis III's lunar landing in 2027, public discussions continue to highlight a mix of hope, skepticism, and national pride. For many, the program represents a resurgence of U.S. leadership in space, offering an opportunity to unite global efforts in exploration through initiatives like the Artemis Accords [source]. As these discussions unfold, they highlight the enduring fascination with space exploration and its potential to inspire future generations.

Economic Impacts of the Artemis Program

The Artemis program, spearheaded by NASA, promises to have profound economic impacts both in the United States and globally. By aiming to return humans to the moon and eventually extend exploration to Mars, the program drives significant technological advancements and economic activity. One of the standout achievements underpinning these economic benefits is the modernization of RS-25 engines. These engines, essential for the Space Launch System (SLS), have been optimized using advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP), resulting in a notable reduction in costs. These technological improvements not only make space exploration more economically viable but also promote the growth of related industries like advanced manufacturing and artificial intelligence. This synthesis of cutting-edge technology leads to job creation and enhances the competitive edge of the aerospace sector [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

Moreover, the Artemis program plays a pivotal role in generating substantial economic output that supports thousands of jobs across various sectors. From the production of rocket components to the actual operations of missions, numerous industries benefit from the business and innovations that emerge from this ambitious space endeavor. Notably, Artemis's economic ripple effects extend to local economies where NASA's facilities are located, pumping money into the local businesses that support NASA's infrastructure and workforce. Furthermore, tax revenues at federal, state, and local levels see a boost from this economic activity, thus supporting wider economic stability [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

The broader economic influence of the Artemis program is also felt in the realm of international trade and cooperation. By establishing leadership in space exploration through partnerships and collaborations inherent in ventures like the Artemis Accords, the United States cultivates a sphere of influence that fosters international investments and interest in joint space missions. This diplomatic strategy elevates global economic ties and creates opportunities for international scientific and commercial collaborations, which can lead to shared technological advancements and mutual economic benefits [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

Social Impacts and STEM Inspiration

The successful test of NASA's RS-25 engine not only marks a technical achievement but also has profound social impacts. This remarkable milestone stirs excitement and imaginations, inspiring young minds to pursue career paths in STEM fields. The Artemis program, with its goal of landing the first woman and person of color on the Moon, serves as a beacon of diversity and inclusion within the aerospace sector. This commitment to diverse representation resonates globally, encouraging a new generation of innovators and leaders from varied backgrounds to engage with science and technology .

Moreover, the program's achievements capture the public's imagination, fostering a renewed sense of wonder and curiosity about space exploration. This excitement is not only felt in the United States but also around the world, as shares of the successful RS-25 engine test spread across media platforms, triggering discussions about human achievement and the endless possibilities of technology. Such engagements have the potential to transform societal views on space exploration, turning more individuals into advocates and supporters of scientific endeavors .

In addition to sparking interest in the sciences, the Artemis program contributes to strengthening community ties and enhancing educational opportunities. Schools and universities are motivated to align their curriculums with the scientific and technological advancements driven by NASA, equipping students with the relevant skills to contribute to future space missions. This holistic approach not only prepares individuals for technical roles but also fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills that are essential in any career. These educational shifts demonstrate a long-term social commitment to building a knowledgeable and capable workforce ready to tackle the challenges of tomorrow .

Political Implications of the Artemis Program

The Artemis program carries significant political implications as it symbolizes the United States' ambitious efforts in space exploration, a domain that has often been interwoven with geopolitical status. By orchestrating missions aimed at returning humans to the Moon, the U.S. seeks to assert itself as a leader in space, reminiscent of the Apollo era's symbolism during the space race. This is underscored by the successful test of the new RS-25 engine, a critical component of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, which plays a vital role in positioning the Artemis missions as pivotal achievements in modern space history. According to a report on the successful RS-25 engine test, NASA's efforts have sparked renewed interest and excitement in space exploration [UPI](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

Furthermore, the Artemis program strengthens diplomatic ties through the Artemis Accords, agreements that set principles for international cooperation in space exploration. These accords have attracted participation from numerous countries, reflecting a shared vision for peaceful and mutually beneficial space activities. This global collaboration enhances the program's political capital, as countries align under these common goals, fostering a cooperative atmosphere on the international stage. The growing support for the Artemis Accords demonstrates the program's diplomatic leverage, highlighting how space exploration can transcend national boundaries and serve as a conduit for partnership and peace.

However, the program also provokes questions and critiques from both domestic and international observers, primarily regarding budgetary allocations and the slow pace due to delays. Concerns about the high costs and the need for cost-effectiveness persist, influencing political discourse around NASA's budget and priorities. These discussions, fueled by the public's mixed reactions, are part of a broader debate about the financial commitments required for long-term space exploration. Such discourse highlights the program's impact not just on technological progress but also on fiscal policies and governmental accountability in the pursuit of ambitious goals.

The success of the Artemis program, starting with technological achievements like the RS-25 engine tests, is crucial in reinforcing America's technological prowess on the global stage. By continuing to meet milestones and overcoming challenges, NASA not only boosts national pride but also strengthens the U.S.'s position as a frontrunner in space exploration. This success translates into soft power, influencing international relations and reinforcing the perception of the U.S. as a technologically advanced, innovative, and forward-thinking nation [UPI](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

In conclusion, while the Artemis program is a testament to technological advancement and international cooperation, it remains a focal point of political discussion due to its implications on national and global scales. It invites questions about aligning national ambitions with global responsibilities and balancing innovation with fiscal prudence. As Artemis II and subsequent missions approach, the political nuances embedded in these endeavors will continue to shape the contours of American leadership in space.

Future Implications for NASA's Artemis Missions

As NASA continues to develop its Artemis program, the successful test of the RS-25 engine marks a significant milestone in ensuring the viability of future missions. The rigorous testing of this engine at 111% power not only guarantees its capability to handle extreme conditions but also instills confidence in its reliability for upcoming lunar missions. With Artemis II's scheduled launch in April 2026 and the ambitious goal of a lunar landing with Artemis III in 2027, these advancements are crucial in keeping the program on track [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

The Artemis program is set to redefine NASA's role in space exploration as it operates under a framework of international collaboration through the Artemis Accords. These accords open pathways for global partnerships, enhancing not only technological exchange but also diplomatic relations. As NASA gears up for Artemis missions, a sustainable lunar presence is anticipated. This effort will facilitate longer and more complex missions beyond the moon, laying foundational work for human exploration of Mars [1](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/06/23/nasa-tests-RS-25-engine/7031750712761/).

Anticipation and excitement orbit around the Artemis missions as they promise not only to return humans to the moon but also to address broader objectives like establishing a lunar gateway and possibly providing a springboard for future Martian exploration. Public engagement campaigns, such as #NASAMoonSnap, highlight widespread interest and support, while also reflecting public scrutiny over timelines and costs. Balancing these interests with effective management strategies remains a challenge for NASA [3](https://opentools.ai/news/nasa-gears-up-for-the-moon-s-25-engine-test-ignites-artemis-excitement).

The Artemis missions have far-reaching implications beyond space travel. Economically, they generate significant contributions by fostering advancements in sectors such as manufacturing and artificial intelligence. Politically, they redefine the U.S.'s leadership role in global space diplomacy, influencing space policy and international cooperation. Socially, these missions inspire new generations toward STEM careers and reinforce commitments to diversity, with NASA's goal of landing the first woman and person of color on the Moon being particularly impactful [2](https://www.nasa.gov/value-of-nasa/).

Looking ahead, the modernization of the RS-25 engines with technologies such as 3D printing and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) illustrates a leap in engine technology that is not only more cost-effective but also more efficient, potentially reducing the long-term costs of maintaining and operating an extensive space program. This advancement represents a significant opportunity for NASA to continue pushing the boundaries of human exploration and to eventually make interplanetary travel a reality [9](https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/RS_25_engines_certified_for_future_Artemis_missions_after_long_testing_program_999.html).