Starlink: Dominating the New Space Race and Shaping Satellite Internet

In the modern space race, Starlink stands as a formidable contender, radically transforming satellite communications and internet accessibility worldwide. Starlink, a venture by SpaceX, equips itself with thousands of satellites orbiting the Earth to deliver high‑speed internet even to the remotest corners of the globe. This disrupts traditional satellite operators and instigates a strategic realignment in the industry, pushing competitors toward multi‑orbit satellite strategies to stay relevant. The rapid deployment of these satellites not only positions Starlink at the forefront of global connectivity solutions but also raises significant discussions on its impact on space sustainability and geopolitics.

Starlink’s business model has redefined cost efficiency in the satellite internet sphere. Its innovative strategies in spacecraft production and vertical integration provide a clear competitive edge, allowing the company to maintain lower operational costs without compromising service quality. This has attracted a substantial subscriber base, enhancing its market footprint and rendering it a critical player in the satellite industry. Analysts have projected Starlink to potentially achieve impressive revenue and profitability, further demonstrating its strength against competitors like Hughes and Viasat [¹]. As Starlink surges ahead, the economic and technological landscapes within space communications continue to evolve, reflecting its influential presence.

The influence of Starlink extends beyond commercial achievement; it notably affects international relations. Its deployment in Ukraine as a communication tool during conflicts highlights its strategic importance and versatility. This utilization has sparked debates regarding the dual‑use nature of such technology, posing questions about the implications for national security and global stability. As nations ponder these complexities, Starlink’s role in geopolitics is increasingly scrutinized, marking it as a pivotal asset in modern warfare and diplomacy [¹]. Balancing innovation with responsibility ensures that Starlink remains not only a technological marvel but also a leader in setting standards for ethical space exploration.

Starlink's emergence has been met with mixed reactions from the public and industry stakeholders. While many celebrate the project’s potential to bridge digital divides and bring connectivity to underserved regions, there are concerns about its dominance potentially stifling competition and fostering monopolistic tendencies. As governments and regulatory bodies grapple with these challenges, the dialogue around responsible space stewardship and regulation becomes even more essential [source]. The path Starlink carves through this new era in space is one of innovation punctuated by significant responsibility, demanding rigorous oversight and collaborative approaches to global internet governance.

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The Financial Times offers a variety of subscription options tailored to different reader needs, with choices ranging from digital‑only access to comprehensive print and digital packages. For those seeking affordability, the FT Edit annual subscription is available at a discounted rate of R$269, down from the regular price of R$322.80. This subscription package not only provides economic value but also includes the benefit of two months free, offering an opportunity for readers to engage with selected journalistic reports curated by FT’s editorial team.²

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Amazon's entry into the satellite market marks a significant milestone in its high‑stakes competition with SpaceX. With the launch of its first Kuiper internet satellites, Amazon aims to establish a substantial presence in the burgeoning low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite sector, which is currently dominated by SpaceX's Starlink. This initiative aligns with Amazon's broader vision of providing global broadband access, enhancing its existing ecosystem of services. The stakes are high as both Amazon and SpaceX vie for dominance in a market that promises to revolutionize internet connectivity worldwide.³

The competition between Amazon's Project Kuiper and SpaceX's Starlink highlights a transformative period in satellite communications, with both companies deploying vast constellations of small satellites to provide comprehensive internet coverage. This race not only impacts commercial enterprises but also carries significant geopolitical and technological implications. Governments worldwide, including the U.S. Department of Defense and the European Union, are increasingly focusing on resilient and proliferated space‑based communication systems, underscoring the strategic importance of such technologies.⁴

Amazon's Project Kuiper is part of a broader trend toward integrating advanced technologies such as AI/ML and 5G into satellite networks. These innovations are poised to create more efficient and capable systems that support a wide range of applications, from commercial internet services to critical infrastructure. The move towards smaller satellite constellations, as exemplified by Kuiper and Starlink, reflects ongoing trends in the space industry aimed at improving cost‑effectiveness and performance.⁵

While Amazon is poised to become a major player in the satellite market, the challenge of matching Starlink's success is formidable. Starlink's rapid growth and financial success, driven by strong subscriber growth and cost‑efficient satellite production, set a high bar. However, Amazon's established infrastructure, financial resources, and vertical integration strategies present a competitive advantage that could potentially alter the market dynamics.¹

Both Amazon and SpaceX's endeavors have broader implications beyond the commercial sector. The strategic deployment of satellite networks by these tech giants also plays into national security concerns, highlighting the dual‑use nature of space technologies. Particularly amidst global tensions, such infrastructure serves as a reminder of the thin line between civilian applications and military capabilities. As these companies expand their satellite constellations, the international community will need to address and manage the associated risks and opportunities .

The satellite communications industry is witnessing an unprecedented wave of competitive dynamics, largely driven by the launch of innovative projects and the entry of major tech players. The introduction of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations like SpaceX's Starlink and Amazon’s Project Kuiper has significantly altered the competitive landscape, creating a challenging environment for incumbents. Traditionally dominant geostationary orbit (GEO) satellite operators are now compelled to rethink their strategies, often adopting multi‑orbit approaches to effectively compete. This trend is prompting strategic mergers within the industry, such as the SES‑Intelsat merger, aimed at streamlining costs and optimizing investments for multi‑orbit capabilities.¹

Starlink, with its ambitious global satellite internet service, has positioned itself as a disruptive force within the industry. Its ability to offer high‑bandwidth, low‑latency connectivity has challenged the status quo and influenced traditional satellite companies to innovate rapidly. Meanwhile, Amazon's Kuiper is set to escalate this competitive pressure as it launches its own satellites. This has turned the spotlight on the deployment capabilities of these constellations, accentuating the race to achieve vertical integration and cost‑effective launches—an area where SpaceX leads, as it manages its own launch services.³

The entry of tech giants into the satellite communications sector is not only reshaping the business but also influencing global geopolitical dynamics. Starlink's deployment in conflict zones, like Ukraine, underscores satellite communications' critical role in national security and emergency response scenarios. However, this has also raised concerns about the militarization of space and the potential for satellites to serve offensive operations, which could invite countermeasures from potential adversaries.¹

Governments are closely monitoring these developments and responding with increased investments in space‑based communication capabilities. For instance, initiatives like the European Union's IRIS² and the U.S. Department of Defense's focus on smaller, distributed satellite systems aim to build resilient and secure communication networks amidst the evolving competitive dynamics in space.⁴ These efforts reflect a growing realization that space infrastructure is becoming integral to national security strategies.

The technological advancements in the satellite communications industry, such as AI/ML integration and the emergence of 5G‑enabled satellite networks, are further shaping competitive dynamics. These innovations promise to enhance service delivery and create economies of scale. For instance, the use of machine learning in satellite operations can optimize network efficiency and predictive maintenance, offering significant competitive advantages in terms of reliability and cost.⁵ Meanwhile, smaller satellite constellations and advancements in nuclear propulsion are paving the way for new operational capabilities, expanding the range and resilience of satellite communications.

Government investment in space communications has grown markedly as global priorities shift towards securing advanced technological infrastructures in space. One of the driving forces behind this investment is the need for more resilient communication networks that leverage space‑based technology to enhance security and reliability. For instance, the U.S. Department of Defense has shifted its focus towards deploying smaller, distributed satellites that form a more robust and flexible satellite network, thereby increasing the resiliency of its communications [source](https://payloadspace.com/the‑state‑of‑satcom‑2025/).

The European Union is similarly committed to strengthening its space communications capabilities through initiatives like IRIS², which emphasizes the development of next‑generation communication satellites. These efforts are part of a broader strategy to ensure that Europe remains competitive in the rapidly evolving space telecommunications landscape [source](https://payloadspace.com/the‑state‑of‑satcom‑2025/). The IRIS² program is a testament to how national and regional governments are capitalizing on technology to safeguard their communication networks and ensure they meet future demands.

Increasing governmental investments are also a response to the competitive pressures of the burgeoning satellite communications market, which is being shaped by private enterprises like SpaceX's Starlink and Amazon's Kuiper project. These companies have set new benchmarks for speed, reliability, and cost‑effectiveness, prompting governments to invest in homegrown technologies that can contend with these global players [source](https://www.reuters.com/business/media‑telecom/amazon‑launches‑first‑kuiper‑internet‑satellites‑taking‑starlink‑2025‑04‑28/). Such investments are crucial for maintaining sovereign control over critical communication infrastructure and mitigating reliance on foreign entities.

In addition to fostering competition, government investments in space communications often aim to drive innovation in areas such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and 5G‑enabled satellite networks. By supporting research and development in these areas, governments hope to push the boundaries of current capabilities and unlock new uses for space technology [source](https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en‑us/news/features/2024/space‑technology‑trends‑2025.html). These advancements are expected to not only improve communications infrastructure but also support a wide range of applications from weather monitoring to disaster response.

Ultimately, government involvement in space communications reflects a strategic recognition of the sector’s significance in global geopolitics and economic security. As nations work to bolster their own capabilities, they contribute to a more dynamic and competitive space industry. By investing in cutting‑edge technologies and diverse satellite networks, governments can ensure that their countries remain at the forefront of technological innovation while safeguarding national interests. This progressive approach also highlights an acknowledgment of the intersection between technological advancement and strategic defense imperatives, driving a new era of collaboration and progress in space communications.

The landscape of space technology is rapidly evolving, driven by a myriad of advancements and strategic shifts. One of the most significant trends is the rise of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations like SpaceX's Starlink and Amazon's Project Kuiper. These constellations are transforming satellite communications, challenging traditional geostationary satellite operators. For instance, Starlink's low‑latency and high‑bandwidth services have forced established players to adopt multi‑orbit strategies, which involves integrating both LEO and geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites. This shift is leading to notable mergers within the industry, such as the SES‑Intelsat merger, aimed at optimizing investments in these new strategies.¹

Another notable trend in space technology is the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into satellite operations. This integration is enhancing the capabilities of satellite networks, making them more efficient and responsive to changes in the environment. Furthermore, the advent of 5G technology is being harnessed to improve satellite communication networks, promising faster and more reliable global connectivity. These technological advancements are setting the stage for smaller, more adaptable satellite constellations that are easier to launch and manage.⁵

Governments worldwide are also investing heavily in space technology to ensure resilient communication systems in the face of global uncertainties. For example, the U.S. Department of Defense is focusing on creating smaller and distributed satellite systems, while the European Union's IRIS² initiative highlights a commitment to proliferated space‑based capabilities. These efforts represent a paradigm shift towards more robust and secure space communication infrastructures capable of withstanding potential disruptions and threats.⁴

Emerging trends also include the exploration of nuclear propulsion for spacecraft, which promises to revolutionize space travel by significantly reducing travel time and increasing efficiency. This technology is still in its development stages but represents a leap forward in our ability to conduct long‑duration missions and explore deeper into the cosmos. As these technologies advance, the potential for new discoveries and innovations in the space sector will undoubtedly expand, offering exciting possibilities for future exploration.⁵

Public perception of these advancements varies. Many view the expansion of services like Starlink as a potential boon for global internet accessibility, particularly in underserved regions. However, concerns about monopolistic practices and national security implications persist. The debate underscores the importance of carefully crafted regulations to balance innovation with public interest, ensuring safe and equitable access to space technologies.⁶

The cancellation of military satellite programs, such as the recent decision by Australia, reflects the rapidly evolving nature of space technology and the strategic thinking behind military procurement. With the satellite communications industry undergoing significant changes due to emerging technologies and commercial ventures, governments recognize the need to adapt quickly. Australia's move to cancel a military satellite program was influenced by the shift towards multi‑orbit capabilities and the need for more resilient satellite communications. This decision highlights how traditional approaches to space assets are being reassessed in favor of more flexible, cost‑effective solutions that align with technological advancements and changing needs [4](https://payloadspace.com/the‑state‑of‑satcom‑2025/).

The competitive landscape of the satellite industry is drastically changing, forcing governments and military organizations to rethink their strategies. The emergence of low‑Earth orbit (LEO) constellations, like SpaceX's Starlink and Amazon's Project Kuiper, presents both challenges and opportunities. These systems offer higher bandwidth and lower latency communications, driving traditional satellite service providers to adopt 'multi‑orbit' strategies. For military applications, this necessitates agile and resilient satellite systems that can operate across different orbits seamlessly. The cancellation of specific military satellite initiatives reflects a broader trend of embracing innovative solutions that leverage these new constellations while reducing reliance on outdated technologies [4](https://payloadspace.com/the‑state‑of‑satcom‑2025/).

Investing in satellite technology is pivotal for enhancing national security and global connectivity. However, the rapid pace of innovation and commercialization, as seen with Starlink's success, creates significant pressure on military satellite programs to deliver effective and future‑proof solutions. By prioritizing flexibility and scalability in their satellite communications infrastructure, military entities can better address the dynamic nature of technological advancements and geopolitical challenges. This strategic pivot towards multi‑orbit and distributed satellite architectures ensures that military forces remain agile, prepared, and capable of responding to diverse operational demands in space and on the ground [4](https://payloadspace.com/the‑state‑of‑satcom‑2025/).

Starlink, a venture by SpaceX, stands at the forefront of the burgeoning satellite internet industry. Despite being a relatively new entrant, it has reported impressive financial growth and performance. According to analyses, Starlink's financial trajectory suggests substantial revenue growth, with projections indicating potential revenues of $6.6 billion in 2024. This revenue projection is backed by strong EBITDA margins of around $3.8 billion and a free cash flow of approximately $600 million, signaling robust profitability [1](https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4801/1). Such figures illustrate not only significant growth but also Starlink’s capability to generate attractive returns on investments over time.

Starlink's growth is underpinned by its commitment to increasing subscriber numbers while managing costs effectively. One of the key strategies for cost management is the efficient production of satellites. For instance, the costs of producing Starlink's V1 satellites are estimated to hover around $200,000, while the newer V2 mini satellites cost approximately $800,000 each [1](https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4801/1). Despite these expenditures, Starlink has maintained its competitive edge through vertical integration, allowing it to streamline operations and reduce dependencies on external suppliers, particularly in satellite launches, a challenge faced by its competitors like Amazon's Kuiper and others.

The competitive landscape in which Starlink operates is becoming increasingly intense, with both traditional and emerging players vying for dominance. The entry of Amazon's Kuiper project and others into the satellite internet market illustrates this competitive pressure, aiming to capture a share of the market by offering alternative solutions [1](https://www.reuters.com/business/media‑telecom/amazon‑launches‑first‑kuiper‑internet‑satellites‑taking‑starlink‑2025‑04‑28/). Additionally, Starlink's disruptive nature has forced traditional geostationary satellite operators to adopt multi‑orbit strategies, combining low‑Earth orbit (LEO) constellations with traditional high‑orbit systems to stay relevant in the industry [1](https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4801/1).

Starlink's financial achievements are more than just numbers; they signal a break from conventional methods and a redefining of the satellite internet industry. The rapid deployment and scaling of its satellite network have not only enhanced internet accessibility worldwide but have also led to substantial geopolitical impacts. In regions under conflict, like Ukraine, Starlink's technology has provided critical communication channels, albeit raising discussions on its implications for national security and defense [1](https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4801/1). Thus, Starlink's growth narrative extends beyond mere economics, encompassing broader technological, competitive, and strategic dimensions that continue to reshape the global space communication landscape.

Starlink, under the leadership of SpaceX, has emerged as a formidable player in the space industry, reshaping the landscape with its innovative approach to satellite internet. This disruption is predominantly characterized by Starlink’s ability to deliver high‑speed, low‑latency internet services through a constellation of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. These services are not only challenging traditional satellite operators, which mainly rely on geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites, but also spurring advancements and strategic shifts within the market. Companies are now pressured to adopt multi‑orbit strategies to stay competitive, leading to significant mergers and acquisitions, such as the notable SES‑Intelsat merger, as they seek to enhance their technological capabilities and reduce costs [1](https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4801/1).

The competitive landscape is further intensified by new entrants, notably Amazon's Kuiper project, which aims to capitalize on similar satellite technology. Despite the competition, Starlink's vertical integration strategy sets it apart, enhancing cost‑efficiency in spacecraft production and deployment, a critical factor in its rapid growth and profitability projections. As noted by industry analysts, Starlink’s operational strategy, combined with its expanding subscriber base, places it on a trajectory for substantial revenue, estimated to reach $6.6 billion in 2024 [1](https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4801/1). This growth is a testament to the company’s disruptive role, driving both economic and technological transformations in satellite communications.

Moreover, Starlink's influence extends beyond commercial markets, significantly impacting geopolitical dynamics. Its involvement in providing communication capabilities during the Ukraine conflict illustrates its strategic importance, raising discussions on its potential application in warfare and national defense. Such geopolitical implications highlight the necessity for robust international regulations to govern the operational deployment of satellite technologies. SpaceX has also been proactive in addressing concerns over space safety, collaborating with other operators to mitigate potential hazards like satellite brightness and space congestion through innovative design and operational adjustments [1](https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4801/1).

Starlink's advancement also symbolizes a broader trend in space technology, with developments like AI integration, miniaturized satellites, and 5G networks reimagining what’s possible. As governments invest in robust and resilient space communications, highlighted by initiatives like the EU’s IRIS², the stakes in the space race continue to rise, pushing companies to innovate and adapt rapidly. The company’s presence not only challenges competitors but also catalyzes technological evolution, urging others to reconsider their business models and strategic alignments to thrive in this new era of satellite communications [1](https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4801/1).

Starlink's operations have considerable geopolitical ramifications that extend beyond mere market competition. A significant aspect of its influence lies in how it challenges the status quo of global internet accessibility. By providing high‑speed, low‑latency internet services globally, Starlink has the power to bridge digital divides, especially in underserved regions . This ability to extend connectivity could empower remote areas, thereby enhancing socio‑economic development and educational opportunities.

However, the geopolitical implications of Starlink are not solely positive. Its widespread adoption has led to concerns about monopolistic tendencies, with some fearing that its dominance in satellite internet could jeopardize competitive markets and potentially infringe upon national sovereignty.⁶ Moreover, its role as a civilian technology with military applications presents a unique challenge. The use of Starlink's network in Ukraine has demonstrated its potential impact as a crucial defense and communication tool in conflict zones.¹

The potential for Starlink's technology to alter communication dynamics in geopolitical hotspots raises questions about cybersecurity and space governance. There are growing concerns that its infrastructure may become a target for geopolitical adversaries, leading to legislative scrutiny over its operations.⁶ As the satellite internet sector expands, there is a pressing need for international cooperation to establish norms that govern space‑based resources efficiently.

Moreover, as other players like Amazon's Project Kuiper enter the space race, the gap in satellite‑based internet provision could further widen, intensifying geopolitical competition.³ The emergence of these new competitors may spur technological innovations and operational strategies, yet the reliance on their distinct capabilities and timeframes might limit their immediate impact and influence compared to Starlink. Nevertheless, the surge in satellite constellations heightens the importance of sustainable and conflict‑free utilization of near‑Earth space.

The public's response to Starlink's impact on the space race and global internet accessibility reveals a spectrum of perspectives, intertwining enthusiasm with skepticism. Enthusiasts of the technology often highlight its potential to connect remote areas with high‑speed internet, thus narrowing the digital divide and fostering economic opportunities in underserved regions. Such advancements suggest a massive shift towards greater digital inclusivity and are perceived as a revolutionary step by supporters who see Starlink as a game‑changer for global communications [5](https://forums.theregister.com/forum/all/2024/09/12/starlink_satellite_dominance_fcc/).

However, this optimism is tempered by substantial concerns among other observers. Critics express apprehension over potential monopolistic behaviors as Starlink expands its influence, potentially marginalizing smaller companies and posing significant challenges to competition. This growing dominance in the satellite internet market raises alarms about the potential misuse of data, anticipating scenarios where national security could be jeopardized by the aggregation of sensitive information [1](https://opentools.ai/news/elon‑musks‑starlink‑sparks‑uproar‑with‑us‑state‑department‑and‑senator‑rubio).

There is also a geopolitical dimension to the public reactions. As Starlink becomes more integrated into global communication networks, questions arise regarding its implications for international relations and ethical concerns about space militarization. Issues of accountability in instances of conflicts or misuse of its capabilities have provoked dialogues about regulatory oversight and the need for cohesive international space governance policies [5](https://forums.theregister.com/forum/all/2024/09/12/starlink_satellite_dominance_fcc/).

The debate concerning Starlink reflects a broader narrative of technological advancement versus ethical responsibility. While its contributions to internet connectivity are laudable, there is a collective call for balance to ensure that such innovations do not outpace the establishment of comprehensive regulatory frameworks. Public sentiment underscores the importance of navigating between fostering technological growth and safeguarding economic and national security interests [4](https://forums.theregister.com/forum/all/2024/09/12/starlink_satellite_dominance_fcc/).

The rapid advancement of space technology, exemplified by companies like SpaceX with its Starlink project, underscores the need to balance technological success with regulatory concerns. Starlink has rapidly positioned itself as a frontrunner in satellite internet, significantly impacting both commercial markets and geopolitical situations. Its ability to provide high‑speed internet access to underserved areas has been widely praised, but it has also raised monopolistic fears and security concerns. Regulatory bodies worldwide are increasingly called upon to ensure that these groundbreaking technologies do not compromise equitable market practices or national security interests. This balance is essential, especially when considering the complexity and scope of Starlink's influence across different sectors, including its critical role in geopolitical strategies during conflicts such as the one in Ukraine.¹

Regulatory agencies face substantial challenges as they attempt to keep pace with the fast‑evolving satellite internet landscape. For instance, the competition between SpaceX's Starlink and Amazon's upcoming Kuiper satellites reflects not only a technological rivalry but also highlights the intricate dance between innovation and regulation. These agencies must often operate in uncharted territories, needing to predict and mitigate risks associated with new technologies' broader implications. The growing reliance on satellite internet for global communications infrastructures necessitates regulations that protect against market monopolies while fostering innovation.⁴

Amidst the technological race, governments and regulatory bodies are tasked with nurturing innovation while maintaining control over potential misuse. With Starlink and similar LEO satellite constellations changing the dynamics of both commercial communications and military capabilities, there is a pressing need for comprehensive regulatory frameworks. These frameworks must address not only the operational safety of large satellite constellations but also the ethical implications of their use in conflicts and their environmental impact on space.⁴ As governments continue to invest in resilient space communications, the intersection of technological prowess and regulatory governance becomes more pronounced, requiring collaborative international efforts to standardize procedures and standards.

The future of the space industry is intricately tied to the advancements in satellite technology, notably spearheaded by initiatives like SpaceX's Starlink. As we progress further into the digital age, the requirement for comprehensive, global internet access grows, positioning satellite constellations as critical infrastructure for connectivity. Starlink has positioned itself as a pioneering force in this realm, providing high‑speed internet through its expansive network of low Earth orbit satellites, which not only aims to connect remote regions but also revolutionize the telecommunications landscape overall.

The competitive environment of the satellite communications industry is witnessing substantial shifts. Amazon's recent launch of its Kuiper satellites marks a significant milestone as it joins the race alongside Starlink, intensifying the competition within the sector. Emerging players and traditional satellite operators are compelled to innovate, adopting multi‑orbit strategies and forming strategic mergers, such as the SES‑Intelsat merger, to stay relevant. These strategic maneuvers are critical as the industry aims to balance technological innovation with sustainable business models, often navigating the complexities of geopolitical influences and regulatory frameworks.

While the growth of Starlink and similar satellite constellations presents opportunities, it also introduces challenges that need to be addressed. These include concerns about space debris, potential monopolistic control, and the intricate balance between commercial interests and national security. Starlink's deployment, particularly its involvement in providing internet services for conflict zones, underscores the geopolitical implications and the pressing need for protocols that prevent misuse and foster cooperative use of space technologies.

Looking ahead, the integration of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, into satellite operations could further enhance the capabilities of satellite networks, offering improved data analytics and decision‑making tools. The synergy between space‑based infrastructure and ground‑based technologies such as 5G can potentially open new frontiers for industries worldwide. However, the sustainability of such growth depends on international collaboration, regulatory foresight, and the mitigation of environmental impacts associated with large satellite constellations.

Overall, the future of the space industry and initiatives like Starlink is promising but requires a delicate balance of innovation, competition, and responsible governance. SpaceX's advancements provide a blueprint for future endeavors in satellite communication, underscoring the need for continued dialogue among stakeholders to navigate the burgeoning complexities of the new space age.