APUSH Period 2 Speed Review

Summary

In this APUSH Period 2 speed review, students learn about key events, people, and concepts from the European colonization of the Americas. Covering colonizers like the Spanish, French, Dutch, and English, the video highlights their settlements, relationships with Native Americans, and economic ventures. Students get an insight into the colonial regions, including the Chesapeake, New England, and Southern colonies. The role of African labor, slave uprisings, and Native American conflicts are discussed, with emphasis on the cultural and religious shifts brought by the Great Awakening. Exam strategies focus on understanding mercantilism, colonization causes, and effects of colonial labor systems.

Highlights

• Spanish colonies focused on mining and agriculture, enforcing strict control and cultural assimilation. 🎭
• French and Dutch pursued trade routes, fostering better relations with Native Americans. 🤝
• English colonies saw diverse motivations, from economic to religious freedom, leading to complex societal structures. 🌍
• The Chesapeake region thrived on tobacco and shifted towards slave labor post-Bacon's Rebellion. 🚜
• The Great Awakening spurred societal change, influencing colonial resistance against Britain. 🔔

Key Takeaways

• The Spanish centralized control and Catholic conversion in their colonies. 🇪🇸
• The French and Dutch focused on trade and were less intrusive religiously. 🇫🇷🇳🇱
• English colonies were more diverse, with rapid population growth leading to Native conflicts. 🇬🇧
• The Great Awakening led to religious diversification and questioning of British authority. ⛪
• Understanding economic and social foundations is crucial for the APUSH exam. 📚

Overview

The APUSH Period 2 review covers European colonization, with each power pursuing different goals and methods. The Spanish emphasized extraction of wealth and conversion, leaving a significant cultural imprint. Meanwhile, the French and Dutch prioritized trade and had more diplomatic relations with Native Americans, contrasting sharply with the Spanish approach.

The English colonies in America were diverse both socially and economically. From the prosperity of tobacco plantations in Virginia to the more religiously driven settlements in New England, the English colonies offered varying experiences. The Chesapeake region's dependence on slave labor marked a significant shift in labor dynamics post-Bacon's Rebellion.

Religious upheavals, especially the Great Awakening, had profound impacts on the colonies, encouraging introspection and eventual rebellion. As colonists began questioning traditional authority, new religious movements sparked changes that would resonate throughout society, setting the stage for future confrontations with British rule.

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction and Overview The chapter provides an introduction for students to prepare for the second period by using a free review sheet for effective following along. Students are advised to note key parts of Unit 2 and mark what they are confident in mastering. The discussion reinforces earlier lessons about Spanish colonization in Central and South America, including the mining of silver, establishment of sugar plantations, and exploitation of Native labor.
• 00:30 - 01:00: Spanish and French Colonization The chapter compares the colonization approaches of the Spanish and French, highlighting differences in their interactions with native people and their colonization strategies. The Spanish, under heavy monarchical control, prioritized Catholic conversion and often intermarried with native women. They primarily sent male conquistadors. The French, in contrast, aimed to discover the Northwest Passage and exploited waterways such as the Great Lakes and Mississippi River. Their colonies were less populated, and their trade relations with natives were relatively amicable compared to the Spanish. Although both were Catholic, the French Jesuit missionaries did not enforce conversion as aggressively. The chapter briefly mentions that the Dutch, similar to the French, also sought the Northwest Passage and traded with natives but did not have a strong focus on religious conversion or dominance. The text ends by introducing the English colonization efforts without detail.
• 01:00 - 01:30: English Colonization and Chesapeake Region The chapter explores the English colonization of the Chesapeake region, focusing on settlements characterized by family units aiming for permanence, and communities that were religiously diverse with significant social mobility. However, the rapid growth of the English population led to conflicts with Native American populations.
• 01:30 - 02:00: Maryland and New England Colonies The chapter discusses the early formation of colonial governments and societies in Maryland and New England. It highlights the establishment of the House of Burgesses in Virginia in 1619, which set a precedent for colonial governance. Maryland was founded as a Catholic refuge by Lord Baltimore, relying on tobacco farming and slave labor, and it enacted the Act of Toleration to ensure religious freedom for Christians. In New England, the Pilgrims settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts, signing the Mayflower Compact to establish self-government, and the colony was later incorporated into the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop's leadership.
• 02:00 - 02:30: Middle and Southern Colonies This chapter discusses the early governance and social dynamics of the Middle and Southern Colonies. The Massachusetts Bay Colony, known for its strict Puritanical rule, was led by its first governor who envisioned it as 'a city upon a hill,' an ideal religious society. Its rigid laws led to the exile of dissenters like Roger Williams and Ann Hutchinson, who challenged its authorities, underscoring the intolerant climate. The chapter also highlights the notorious Salem Witch Trials, emblematic of the prevalent fears and superstitions. Education thrived, alongside a trade and lumber-based economy. Exiles often sought refuge in Rhode Island, a haven of religious freedom. Attention then shifts to the middle colonies - Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, and New Jersey, focusing on Pennsylvania's foundation by Quaker William Penn as a proprietary colony promoting tolerance.
• 02:30 - 03:00: Trade and Economic Policies The chapter "Trade and Economic Policies" discusses the economic and social diversity among the early American colonies. Pennsylvania, known as the 'Bread Basket,' was economically diverse with agricultural production, particularly wheat and barley, and was noted for its religious tolerance and opposition to slavery. The middle colonies attracted German and Scots-Irish immigrants due to their ethnic diversity. The southern colonies, including North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, had distinct economies: North Carolina with small independent farms, and South Carolina with profitable rice and indigo plantations, reliant on slave labor. Charleston was a major port city in South Carolina. Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe as a buffer colony to protect British colonists.
• 03:00 - 03:30: Labor Systems in the Colonies The chapter discusses the labor systems in the British colonies, starting with an overview of the economic principles under which these colonies operated. The British colonies followed the mercantilist theory, striving to become wealthy by exporting more than importing. This led them to participate in the Triangular Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Despite the British crown's attempts to regulate trade through the Navigation Acts, these were not strictly enforced due to a policy called salutary neglect, which allowed colonists significant economic freedom, often resulting in smuggling for personal profit.
• 03:30 - 04:00: Native American Conflicts The chapter 'Native American Conflicts' discusses the transition to African slave labor in colonial America. It begins with the arrival of the first African laborers in Virginia in 1619 and explains how events like Bacon's Rebellion facilitated this transition. The rebellion was led by Nathaniel Bacon, where landless whites opposed Virginia Governor William Berkeley. As the usage of enslaved laborers increased, colonies with higher slave populations often passed slave codes. Enslaved individuals resisted by breaking tools, feigning illness, or outright rebellion. A significant example mentioned is the Stono Rebellion of 1739 in South Carolina, noted as the largest slave insurrection in the 13 colonies.
• 04:00 - 04:30: The Great Awakening The chapter titled "The Great Awakening" discusses various conflicts between European settlers and Native Americans during the colonial period. It starts with the tightening of slave codes and goes on to describe the cultural and land use differences that led to frequent violent conflicts. The chapter recounts the Powhatan Uprising in 1622 in the Virginia colony, highlighting the inevitability of war as perceived by the new chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, leading to attacks on English settlements along the James River. It also details King Philip's War as one of the deadliest conflicts, resulting in the end of native resistance in New England. The chapter mentions another revolt involving Spanish settlers in the American Southwest, although details are incomplete in the transcript.
• 04:30 - 05:00: Exam Preparation and Conclusion The chapter titled 'Exam Preparation and Conclusion' discusses the historical event known as the Great Awakening. The First Great Awakening was a major religious revival in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s, prompted in part by declining church attendance. Notable figures like Jonathan Edwards, known for his sermon 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,' and George Whitefield, who preached to large crowds at camp meetings, were instrumental in the movement. The Awakening transcended social and economic boundaries but also led to divisions between those who resisted the Revival ('old lights') and those who embraced it ('new lights'), eventually leading to the creation of new denominations such as the Baptist and Methodist churches.

APUSH Period 2 Speed Review Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 hey push students let's cover everything you need for period two before we start print out the free speed review sheet to help you follow along with this video it's free and you can find the link in the description below right now look at unit 2 Circle in people events vocab things that you might not quite remember that you need to focus on as we review what you're confident that you've mastered a topic you can check it off and move on to the next all right here we go like we talked about in unit one the spish colonized Central and South America and the Caribbean they mined silver and established sugar plantations and exploited the labor of Natives and
• 00:30 - 01:00 Africa the Spanish Monarch heavily controlled new span and forced Catholic conversion on the natives they said mostly male conquistadors who often intermarried with native women the French on the other hand focused on finding the Northwest Passage and waterways like the great lakes in the Mississippi River New France spanned from Canada down to Louisiana but was sparsely populated they had trade relations with the natives too which were much friendlier than other colonizers like the Spanish they were also Catholic and S Jesuit missionaries like the French the Dutch also focused on the Northwest Passage establishing the colony of New Amsterdam they also traded with natives but were not as focused on religious conversion or subjugation finally the English
• 01:00 - 01:30 settlement in families and sought permanent settlements the English enjoyed greater freedom from the crown were religiously diverse and had a great degree of social Mobility English population also grew quickly which caused conflict with Native Americans next let's look at the British colonial regions first at Chesapeake which included Virginia and Maryland the first British settlers arrived at Jamestown seeking profit they were funded by a joint stock company and After experiencing multiple setbacks leaders like John Smith and John RF helped the colony Thrive they made massive profits by growing tobacco and plantations which will lead to the growth of the planter class and a reliance on slave labor the
• 01:30 - 02:00 first elected legislative body called the house of burges was founded in Virginia in 1619 and will serve as an example of colonial government going forward Maryland was founded as a refuge for Catholics by Lord Baltimore like Virginia its economy was based on Tobacco farming and slave labor Maryland also passed the Act of Toleration which guaranteed religious freedom for all Christians next is New England which includes Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut and New Hampshire the first settlers in New England were pilgrims who arrived at Plymouth they signed the Mayflower contract establishing self-government for the colony Plymouth was eventually absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay colon John Winthrop
• 02:00 - 02:30 was its first governor and described The Colony as a city upon a hill a model religious community the Puritans were extremely strict and Roger Williams and and hutchon were exiled for challenging religious and political leaders also the infamous Salem Witchcraft Trials took place in the colony highlighting the tensions and superstitions of the time education was highly valued in Massachusetts Bay and the economy was based on trade and lumbering those that were exiled from Massachusetts Bay often went to Rhode Island which was founded on the premise of religious tolerance next the middle colonies of Pennsylvania Delaware New York and New Jersey Pennsylvania was a proprietary colony founded by William pent a Quaker who
• 02:30 - 03:00 believed in religious tolerance friendly relations with Natives and oppos slavery Pennsylvania was economically diverse and known as the Bread Basket because they grew crops like wheat and barley the middle colonies were also ethnically diverse attracting German and Scots Irish immigrants finally the southern colonies included North Carolina South Carolina and Georgia North Carolina was characterized by small independent Farms but South Carolina had lucrative rice and indigo plantations a Reliance on slave labor and a large Port City in Charleston the last colony to be founded was Georgia by James oglethorp The Colony served as a buffer colony to to protect the British colonist from
• 03:00 - 03:30 Spanish Florida next let's talk about trade the British colonies were founded according to the theory of merkus where a country becomes Wealthy by exporting more than it has to import under this Theory the British colonies became part of a trade Network known as the Triangular Trade that took place between Europe Africa and the Americas to better control colonial trade the crown passed a series of Navigation Acts but these were rarely enforced in a policy known as salutary neglect the colonists enjoyed this economic freedom and made personal profit through smuggling next Labor in the colonies the first laborers in the British colonies were indentured servants these laborers agreed to work for an individual who would pay their
• 03:30 - 04:00 way and they were usually contracted for between 7 and 10 years the first African laborers arrived on the coast of Virginia in 1619 Beacon's Rebellion aided in the switch to African slave labor as Nathaniel Bacon LED an uprising of landless whites against Virginia Governor William Berkeley as the number of enslaved laborers increased slave codes were often passed especially in colonies where the slave population was high but enslaved workers attempted to fight back by breaking tools faking illness and even Revolt one example was the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina in 1739 which was the largest slave insruction in the 13 colon is resulting
• 04:00 - 04:30 in the tightening of slave coats next Native American conflicts differences over culture and land use led to frequent and violent conflicts between British settlers in Native America first remember the potin uprising that occurred in 1622 in the Virginia colony when a new chief of the potin Confederacy took over he believed war between the two groups was inevitable resulting in attacks on English settlements along the James River King Philips war was one of the deadliest conflicts between Natives and British settlers and eventually led to the end of resistance of natives in New England another conflict that occurred was the quo Revolt which happened between the Spanish settlers and the American Southwest in the pbl finally the
• 04:30 - 05:00 religious movement called the Great Awakening the first Great Awakening was a religious revival that occurred in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s caused in part because of a drop in church attendance and Jonathan Edwards surmon sinners in the hands of an Angry God another leader George Whitefield traveled throughout the Colones preaching to huge crowds at events called camp meetings the first grade awakening applied to all people regardless of their socioeconomic status but it also created divisions between the old lights who resisted the Revival and the new lights who embraced it leading to the formation of new denominations like the Baptist and Methodist churches the Great Awakening
• 05:00 - 05:30 had a huge impact on colonial society as it led to separation from the church of England and encourag colonists to question British Authority so come exam day what question should you be able to answer for causes focus on causes and effects of the system of mercantilism and the Triangular tradeit especially on the culture of the colonists and make sure that you focus on the causes of British colonization some were profit motivated but others were motivated by religious freedom finally you could be asked about the effects of the first grade awakening especially how it helped encourage colonists to question British Authority also for continuity and change focus on the changes that took place
• 05:30 - 06:00 after bacon Rebellion like the switch to using slave labor over indentured servants finally for comparison questions asking to compare the colonizers or to compare the British colonial regions appear here all over the exam check out the aush ultimate review packet for more help we've got timeline study guides and Essay help follow the link in the description below to get a free preview and if you think this video was helpful like And subscribe thanks for watching