APUSH Unit 4 REVIEW [Period 4: 1800-1848]—Everything You NEED to Know

Summary

In "APUSH Unit 4 REVIEW [Period 4: 1800-1848]—Everything You NEED to Know," Heimler's History offers an engaging recap of the crucial themes and events that shaped early American history. Starting with the election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800, the video covers pivotal moments such as the debates between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans about foreign diplomacy and federal power, the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, and the rise of judicial review through key Supreme Court cases. The video also explores significant socio-economic changes during the Market Revolution, the impact of the Second Great Awakening, and the cultural and political shifts in the Jacksonian era, including the controversial Indian Removal Act. Additionally, it highlights the growing abolitionist movement and the early strides toward women's rights, set against the backdrop of America's expansionist ambitions. Each section is filled with insightful anecdotes and a touch of humor to keep the viewer engaged while covering a comprehensive range of historical topics.

Highlights

• Thomas Jefferson's conflicting principles revealed in the Louisiana Purchase. 📜🔍
• The complexities of Federalist and Democratic-Republican conflicts. ⚖️
• John Marshall's role in strengthening federal power through the Supreme Court. 🏛
• The cultural ramifications of the War of 1812 on American identity. 🎆
• Technological advancements during the Market Revolution reshaping society. 🔧🌾
• The social impact of the Second Great Awakening on American life. 🌟
• The contentious policy of Indian Removal under Andrew Jackson's administration. 🚶‍♂️🗺
• Early abolition and women’s rights movements set the stage for future reforms. 🗽✊

Key Takeaways

• The Louisiana Purchase was a cornerstone of US expansion, doubling the nation's size. 🇺🇸
• Judicial review established the Supreme Court as a key player in US governance. ⚖️
• The War of 1812 fostered a sense of nationalism despite its challenges. 🇬🇧⚔️🇺🇸
• The Market Revolution integrated agriculture and industry, transforming the economy. 🌽🏭
• The Second Great Awakening sparked widespread social and religious reform movements. 🙏💥
• Jackson's presidency was marked by controversial policies, especially Indian Removal. 🌿🚫
• The abolitionist movement began gaining serious traction in the 1830s. ✊🗣️
• Women's rights began to take center stage with the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. 👩‍👩‍👧‍👧✍️

Overview

Heimler’s History delivers an energetic overview of APUSH Unit 4, focusing on how the young nation navigated its place in world affairs and tackled internal challenges. From the fraught electoral politics between Jeffersonian Democrats and Federalists to daring territorial expansions like the Louisiana Purchase, the era is brought to life with vivid examples.

In this period, the United States saw immense growth in its economy and infrastructure, especially as a result of the Market Revolution. The emergence of technological innovations like the cotton gin and the expansion of transportation networks like railroads and canals transformed the American landscape. Meanwhile, social reformers and religious revivalists made waves with the Second Great Awakening, sowing seeds for future societal reforms.

As tensions regarding federal and state powers simmered, and the push towards a more democratized political process gained momentum, America also confronted the brutality of policies like Indian Removal. Moreover, the call for abolition and women's rights grew louder, setting the stage for the profound societal changes that lay ahead. Overall, the period between 1800 and 1848 was one of dynamic transformation and foundational development.

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction and Overview The introduction provides an overview of a video that is part of a comprehensive review series for AP U.S. History, specifically focusing on Unit 4, which covers the period from 1800 to 1848. The speaker emphasizes the usefulness of the ultimate review packet designed to aid students in achieving high grades and scores on their exams. The segment sets the stage for further exploration of this time period's key themes, including significant changes and developments in the United States.
• 00:30 - 01:00: Main Themes of 1800-1848 This chapter explores the main themes of American history from 1800-1848, focusing on three major areas: the United States in world affairs, societal and economic transformation, and the growth of democratic impulses. The chapter begins with the election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800 and highlights the ongoing fierce debates between the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists. Key issues in these debates included American foreign relations and the scope of federal power.
• 01:00 - 01:30: Debates Between Democratic Republicans and Federalists The chapter discusses the debates between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists, using the example of America's foreign relations during conflicts with the Barbary Pirates. It highlights the policy differences on paying tribute to North African states to protect American ships, a practice initially upheld by Federalist presidents Washington and Adams but opposed by Democratic-Republican Jefferson.
• 01:30 - 02:00: Barbary Pirates Conflict In this chapter titled 'Barbary Pirates Conflict', the narrative revolves around the Barbary pirates who, after lifting their protection, began attacking U.S. merchant ships. In response, President Jefferson sent the U.S. Navy to retaliate. As tensions mounted towards war, Jefferson's administration managed to negotiate a reduced payment to the Barbary states instead. This period also witnessed divisive debates back home regarding the scope of federal power. The Democratic-Republicans, who favored limited federal authority, championed a strict constructionist interpretation of the Constitution, clashing with the Federalists' broader perspective on federal powers.
• 02:00 - 03:00: Louisiana Purchase The chapter discusses the differing interpretations of the U.S. Constitution between strict constructionists, who believed in adhering only to what was explicitly written, and federalists, who were loose constructionists allowing for more flexibility and actions that were not explicitly mentioned. The Louisiana Purchase serves as an example of this complexity in history. It touches upon the Haitian Revolution starting in 1791 and leading to Haiti's independence in 1801, which presented an opportunity for Thomas Jefferson and the United States to acquire territory from France.
• 03:00 - 04:00: Lewis and Clark Expedition The chapter discusses the diplomatic efforts of the United States to secure navigation rights on the Mississippi River from France. James Monroe was sent to France with the mission of securing these rights, armed with a $2 million budget. However, due to France's loss of Haiti, Napoleon found himself with less interest in the Louisiana Territory, prompting him to offer the entire territory to Monroe for $15 million. Monroe, unable to consult with Thomas Jefferson directly, decided to accept the deal himself. This unexpected acquisition posed a significant political and existential challenge to Jefferson upon Monroe's return.
• 04:00 - 05:00: Supreme Court Decisions The chapter 'Supreme Court Decisions' discusses Jefferson's pragmatic decision regarding the purchase of new land despite his strict constructionist views, which typically would oppose such actions without clear constitutional authority. Despite Jefferson's initial resistance, he justified the acquisition of the land as it would allow for westward removal of Native Americans, limit European influence, and create opportunities for trade and expansion of an agrarian society, aligning with his vision for America as a nation of independent farmers rather than a commercial one as preferred by his Federalist counterparts like Hamilton.
• 05:00 - 06:30: War of 1812 The chapter focuses on the historical events surrounding the Louisiana Purchase and the subsequent exploration of the vast new territory bought by the United States. Initially, the purchase was controversial due to the fact that it was executed by a strict constructionist who acted contrary to those principles, aligning instead with a federalist loose constructionist viewpoint. After the purchase, Congress allocated resources for what became known as the Corps of Discovery, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. This expedition embarked in 1804, covering thousands of miles up the Missouri River and ultimately reaching the Pacific Coast. Similarly, Zebulun Pike explored and mapped the southern part of the territory in 1806. These expeditions greatly improved the geographic and scientific understanding of the newly acquired land.
• 06:30 - 08:00: Henry Clay's American System The chapter titled 'Henry Clay's American System' discusses the expansion of federal power during the early 19th century, emphasizing significant Supreme Court decisions. Chief Justice John Marshall played a pivotal role, with the landmark case of Marbury vs. Madison in 1803 being highlighted. The Judiciary Act created by the Federalist Congress, just before Thomas Jefferson's presidency, established new federal judge positions, which outgoing President John Adams filled.
• 08:00 - 10:00: Missouri Compromise The chapter discusses a strategic political move during a transition in U.S. government power from Federalist to Democratic-Republican dominance. Before leaving office, Federalists appointed judges, including William Marbury, to maintain influence in the courts. However, incoming President Jefferson and his Secretary of State, James Madison, were unhappy with this and chose not to deliver the appointments, leading to a conflict that escalated to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall led the court's decision on the matter.
• 10:00 - 12:00: Monroe Doctrine The chapter titled 'Monroe Doctrine' centers on a landmark decision in U.S. legal history. It discusses the case of Marbury v. Madison where the principle of 'judicial review' was established, allowing the U.S. Supreme Court to be the final interpreter of the Constitution. This decision declared the Judiciary Act itself unconstitutional, asserting the power of the judiciary over legislative actions. The case resulted in Marbury not receiving his commission, highlighting the expanding power of the Supreme Court. This expansion continued with other cases like McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819.
• 12:00 - 15:00: Market Revolution This chapter, titled 'Market Revolution,' discusses the shift in federal power in the US where federal laws began taking precedence over state laws, as exemplified in a Supreme Court case. Despite this increase in federal power, regional interests sometimes exceeded national concerns. An example provided is the War of 1812, noted as the first significant conflict involving the US since the Revolutionary War. The chapter hints at the need to understand the causes of this war, particularly in the context of the ongoing conflict between France and Britain, as the US aimed to maintain neutrality.
• 15:00 - 18:00: Immigration and Urbanization The chapter 'Immigration and Urbanization' discusses the tensions and conflicts of the early 19th century, particularly in the context of maritime issues with France and Britain. Despite America having gained independence, British and French forces continued to seize American merchant ships, creating significant tensions. Furthermore, as Americans moved westward, they faced resistance from Native Americans, which was believed to be instigated by the British. This period was further marked by the controversial British practice of impressment, where American sailors were forcibly recruited into the Royal Navy, a practice that was increasingly resented as America established its independence.
• 18:00 - 19:00: Cult of Domesticity In the chapter titled "Cult of Domesticity", the focus is on the events surrounding the War of 1812. The United States declared war on Britain in June 1812, a move supported by Democratic Republicans but opposed by Federalists. The Federalists were so against the war that during the Hartford Convention in 1814, discussions included the possibility of New England seceding from the Union. Despite this division, America emerged victorious, leading to significant consequences.
• 19:00 - 23:00: Expansion of Democracy The chapter titled 'Expansion of Democracy' discusses the aftermath of a war with Britain and its impacts on American society. Firstly, the victory, or rather the lack of a loss, instigated a strong sense of nationalism among Americans. Secondly, the war marked the decline of the Federalist Party, as their opposition to the war rendered them disconnected from the national sentiment. This period signified the start of an 'Era of Good Feelings', characterized by a perceived national unity under the Democratic-Republican Party, although this unity was more illusionary than real.
• 23:00 - 27:00: Andrew Jackson's Presidency Andrew Jackson's presidency revealed significant challenges and weaknesses in the nation's infrastructure and financial systems. The lack of a national bank, due to the Democratic Republicans allowing its charter to expire in 1811, made raising funds during the war difficult without a steady source of credit. Additionally, inadequate infrastructure hindered the movement of troops and supplies. These issues illuminated the need for regional interests to find solutions to such national problems.
• 27:00 - 31:00: Indian Removal Act The chapter discusses the economic strategies called Henry Clay's American System, which included three main policies. Firstly, federally funded infrastructure improvements like roads and canals to support farmers and merchants. Secondly, the implementation of protective tariffs, which are taxes on imported goods intended to encourage the purchase of American-made products by making foreign goods more expensive. This system aimed to unify the American economy.
• 31:00 - 43:00: American Culture and Reform Movements The chapter discusses the elements of American culture and reform movements, touching on tariffs aimed at protecting U.S. manufacturers and the establishment of the second Bank of the United States. President Madison vetoed the provision for internal improvements due to concerns about expanding federal power, which he believed could harm the South. Two other provisions did pass, though, highlighting regional tensions that were exacerbated by continued westward expansion. The application of Missouri for statehood in 1819 is used as an example of these tensions, as the territory had already embraced slavery, suggesting it would join the union as a slave state.
• 43:00 - 45:00: Abolitionism and Women's Rights The chapter discusses the Talmadge Amendment, introduced by New York Congressman James Talmadge, which proposed the prohibition of slavery in Missouri's application for statehood. This amendment was highly controversial, causing significant upheaval in Congress. The heart of the issue was the balance of power in the Senate between free and slave states, with the introduction of Missouri as a free state threatening to tip this balance in favor of free states, thereby intensifying sectional tensions and posing a risk to the unity of the union.
• 45:00 - 51:00: Southern Society and Slavery The chapter titled 'Southern Society and Slavery' explores the escalating tensions surrounding the issue of slavery in the United States, leading up to the Civil War. The sentiments of key figures such as Thomas Jefferson are highlighted, particularly his reaction to the 'fire bell in the night' metaphor, symbolizing the looming threat to the Union. The chapter discusses the temporary relief brought by Henry Clay's Missouri Compromise of 1820, which attempted to address the divisive issue of slavery, offering a temporary solution to the nation's growing sectional conflict.
• 51:00 - 52:00: Conclusion and Farewell The chapter discusses the compromise made in relation to Missouri's statehood. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state, maintaining the balance of power in the Senate between free and slave states. The compromise further stipulated that the southern border of Missouri, known as the 36°30' line, would be the dividing line for future states, with slavery permitted south of this line but prohibited north of it, except for Missouri itself. The chapter then shifts focus to discuss other aspects of America's domestic and international situation.

APUSH Unit 4 REVIEW [Period 4: 1800-1848]—Everything You NEED to Know Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 well hey and welcome back to heimlich's history now in this video i'm going to review everything you need to know about unit 4 of the ap u.s history curriculum and we ain't got no time to waste so let's get to it now before we get started i need to mention that this review video is part of a larger set of review materials that i've made for you the ultimate review packet for ap us history it's got everything you need to get an a in your class and a five on your exam in may so if you're interested link in the description below all right so let's get down to reviewing unit four the time period that we're covering is 1800 to 1848 and the main themes are as follows first the expanding role of the
• 00:30 - 01:00 united states in world affairs second the transformation of the society and economy in the early years of the republic and third we're going to see how americans came to terms with all the growing democratic impulses going on during this time now we left off the last unit with the election of thomas jefferson in 1800 and now we're gonna pick it right back up so you'll probably recall that during this time there were fierce debates between the democratic republicans and the federalists on dang near everything those debates just continued right along into this period two of the main debates being about american relations with foreign powers and the scope of federal power
• 01:00 - 01:30 back here at home so i reckon we ought to look at both of them in turn now with respect to america's relationship with foreign powers a good example of the debate during this period has to do with the troublesome americans were having with a group of folks called the barbary pirates since the 1970s the u.s government had paid tribute to the barbary states of north africa in exchange for their protection of american merchant ships and this was a policy put in place by prior federalist presidents washington and adams but our boy jefferson was morally opposed to paying bribes in order to engage in trade and so he ordered those payments to cease so the
• 01:30 - 02:00 barbary pirates lifted their protection and began attacking u.s merchant ships and at this jefferson sent the u.s navy to retaliate but as things began to escalate towards war jefferson's administration negotiated a reduced payment to the barbary states and maybe even more divisive during this time with the debates about the scope of federal power back at home democratic republicans as you may remember were all about restriction of federal power and that was the exact opposite of the federalists the democratic republicans championed a strict constructionist view of the constitution what this means is that they believe that the federal government
• 02:00 - 02:30 was only able to do what was explicitly written in the constitution now federalists on the other hand were loose constructionists this meant that the federal government had a lot more flexibility with the written word of the constitution and therefore they could do a lot more that wasn't explicitly written in the constitution but as with all things in history it's a little more complicated than that case in point the louisiana purchase you might recall that france had a colony in haiti and that starting in 1791 the haitians rose up in revolt against the french and won their independence in 1801 as a result of that jefferson saw an opportunity to gain
• 02:30 - 03:00 navigation rights on the mississippi river in new orleans which was squarely in french territory in north america and so we sent james monroe over to france with two million dollars in his pocket to secure those rights from napoleon but now that haiti was lost napoleon had little use for the louisiana territory and so he went ahead and told monroe that america could have all of louisiana for 15 million now monroe couldn't exactly call up jefferson for advice so he went ahead and took the deal now that seems great and all but when monroe came home heralding the good news that sent our boy tj into kind of an existential
• 03:00 - 03:30 crisis remember he was a strict constructionist and there is nothing in the constitution that gives the power to the president to buy land but there was nothing he could do the deal was done but jefferson justified the purchase to himself by arguing that by owning the new land indians could be removed further westward and it would cut off european influence in the region and open up trading and bonus this land would offer the potential to further his agrarian dream for a nation of yeoman farmers rather than the trade and manufacturing nation that federalist which is to say hamilton envisioned so in this way jefferson who
• 03:30 - 04:00 is a strict constructionist actually violated those principles and acted like a common dirty federalist loose constructionist now after the purchase was complete congress appropriated funds for a core of discovery led by meriwether lewis and william clark lewis and clark began the exploration of the vast new territory beginning in 1804 and they traveled thousands of miles up the missouri river until they wound up on the pacific coast the southern part of the territory was explored and mapped by zebulun pike in 1806 and the travels of these two expeditions led to more accurate mapping of the territory greater geographic and scientific
• 04:00 - 04:30 knowledge of the region and further diplomatic relations with the indians who lived there now there was further expansion of federal power during this time and this happened as a result of supreme court decisions and for that we have our buddy chief justice john marshall to thank and the first case you need to know in this respect is marbury versus madison in 1803. now it's not that important that you know all the details of this case but i'll tell you the story just so you have some context just before jefferson's election the federalist dominated congress passed the judiciary act which created 16 new spots for federal judges in the united states and on his way out of office john adams appointed
• 04:30 - 05:00 federalist judges to fill all those spots and one of those appointments was to go to a judge named william marbury i don't care how you slice it that was a shrewd political move because both the congress and the presidency were changing over from federalist to democratic republican dominance and this move was a way to ensure continued federalist influence in the courts now as it happened jefferson was none too happy about this and so his secretary of state james madison refused to deliver some of those appointments so the conflict wound up in the supreme court and led by chief justice john marshall the court decided
• 05:00 - 05:30 that under the judiciary act marbury did in fact deserve his commission well that's what i'm talking about so that's the story but here comes the sauce in this decision the court also proclaimed itself to be the final interpreter of the constitution and that the judiciary act itself was unconstitutional and the term for this power is called judicial review and therefore marbury would not receive his commission wait what so this had the effect of increasing the power of the supreme court and this increase in power just continued in another case in 1819 called mcculloch versus maryland and i won't
• 05:30 - 06:00 tell you the story here but just understand that as a result of this case the supreme court decided that federal law trumps state law okay so federal power is increasing during this time but you also need to understand that sometimes regional interests took precedence over national concerns and if you want an example and i know you do let's talk about the war of 1812. now this is the first proper war we've got ourselves into since the revolutionary war so we need to talk about the causes of this war so during this time france and britain were fighting because that's kind of their thing the us wanted to remain neutral in
• 06:00 - 06:30 the conflict especially on the seas but france and britain kept seizing american merchant ships and that to put it mildly was annoying additionally americans who were moving westward were having indian problems as was our custom and they became convinced that the british were stirring up this resistance finally there was the problem of british impressment and you might recall from the last unit that the practice of impressment just means that british ships were forcibly capturing american folks and making them to serve in the royal navy now this practice was hated but at least understandable while america was still a collection of british colonies but now we got our big boy independence
• 06:30 - 07:00 pants on and the british were still doing it so in june of 1812 the united states declared war on britain and support or resistance to this war fell right along party lines the democratic republicans were very much for it and the federalists were very much against in fact the federalists so opposed this war that they met together at something called the hartford convention in 1814 and amid their discussions about how to end the war they even argued that as a result of all this mess new england should secede from the union regardless america won that war and there were some significant consequences
• 07:00 - 07:30 that attended it first the victory created the occasion for an intense nationalism in the american chess after all here was the second war that america had won against the mighty british i mean technically we didn't win it we just kind of didn't lose it but you know whatever the second consequence was the final demise of the federalist party because everyone was rejoicing in this victory it seemed like the federalists who were so staunchly opposed to this war were so out of touch with american reality and this marked the beginning of a so-called era of good feelings with a supposed national unity under the democratic republican party however even
• 07:30 - 08:00 with the supposed national unity the debates raged on the third consequence is that even though the united states won this war it did show us some of our glaring weaknesses for example since democratic republicans had let the national bank charter expire in 1811 there was no national bank and therefore was very difficult to raise funds without a reliable source of credit additionally without a reliable means of infrastructure and transportation they found it very difficult to move men and supplies for the war effort and the remedy to these problems gives us another example of regional interest
• 08:00 - 08:30 trumping national concerns namely henry clay's american system in this economic prescription comprised of numerous pieces of legislation and policies three interdependent policies were proposed with the intent of unifying the american economy the first provision was for federally funded internal improvements like roads and canals that would aid farmers and merchants the second provision was for the implementation of protective tariffs tariffs by way of reminder are taxes on imported goods and if you raise the price on imported goods that has the effect of making people want to buy cheaper goods produced in america so the
• 08:30 - 09:00 tariffs would protect u.s manufacturers and the third provision was for a second bank of the united states now president madison vetoed the first provision for internal improvements because he disliked the way it would expand federal power which he believed would disadvantage the south but the other two provisions passed now regional tensions were further exacerbated by continued westward expansion and a prime example is when missouri applied for statehood in 1819. settlers had already brought thousands of enslaved people into the missouri territory and so it was assumed that missouri would come in as a slave state but here's where i
• 09:00 - 09:30 tell you about the talmadge amendment new york congressman james talmadge went ahead and attached an amendment to missouri's application for statehood prohibiting slavery in the new state and this was a massive deal immediately it caused a firestorm in congress and to understand why you have to realize that of utmost importance during this time was to keep the balance in the senate between free states and slave states if missouri came in as a free state that means that the slave states would be the losers in the senate on every vote that concerned such matters and so this little amendment threatened to break up the union and even the word
• 09:30 - 10:00 civil war started to drip from people's lips don't just take it from me let's listen to our boy thomas jefferson he said but this momentous question like a fire bell in the night awakened and filled me with terror i considered it at once as the knell of the union it is hushed indeed for the moment but this is a reprieve only not a final sentence but our boy henry clay stepped in to put a band-aid on this gushing national neck wound he proposed the compromise of 1820 also known as the missouri compromise
• 10:00 - 10:30 according to this compromise they would bring in missouri as a slave state and then go ahead and bring in maine as a free state and thus the free state slave state balance in the senate would be preserved and in order to solve the problem for future expansion westward they decided that the southern border of missouri which is to say the 3630 line would hereafter be the line separating slave territory from free territory below it slavery would be permitted above it not so much except missouri of course okay so that's what's happening back at home so now let's turn our attention and look at what's happening with america on the
• 10:30 - 11:00 world stage the major goals for america during this period were to firm up our boundaries and to gain more territory and so in 1816 james monroe a democratic republican won the presidency he sent john quincy adams over to london to settle some territorial claims and adams negotiated treaties that established the u.s canadian border at the 49th parallel and established joint u.s british occupation of the oregon territory okay now that we've got the north squared away i know what you're thinking was there a treaty that established the southern border of the united states there was i got you because monroe
• 11:00 - 11:30 wanted to limit the influence of spain on the american continent he had old john quincy adams negotiate the adams onus treaty of 1819 as well in that treaty spain went ahead and sold florida to the united states and established the location of our southern border and now baby we're on a roll globally speaking so let's keep going a couple of years after these treaties were signed several south american countries gained their independence also from spain and monroe seized this opportunity to proclaim american dominance in the western hemisphere in something called the monroe doctrine of 1823 and basically
• 11:30 - 12:00 this doctrine just established the western hemisphere as a u.s sphere of influence perpetually to be free of european influence and if that definition doesn't make any sense to you think about it this way under the monroe doctrine the united states is like a giant dog lifting its leg and peeing all over the western hemisphere uh hey y'all this all belongs to me and you know that cause i peed on it respect all right so that's what's going on in the wider world and now we need to turn our attention to what's going on at home in america during that time specifically what's going on with our society and what's going on with our economy and all
• 12:00 - 12:30 that could be summed up with the market revolution so by definition the market revolution was the linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture industry communication and transportation and this is why henry clay proposed the american system and this had a massive effect on america first of all new technology gave this revolution its big push forward the cotton gin and the spinning machine revolutionized southern agriculture and northern industry the cotton gin significantly sped up the process of separating seeds from cotton
• 12:30 - 13:00 fibers and the spinning machine sped up the process of spinning cotton into yarn and yet another technological breakthrough that contributed to the market revolution was the advent of interchangeable parts now prior to this generally speaking any given product was made by artisans from beginning to end but now in the midst of the larger industrial revolution machines were used to produce in bulk the various parts of say a musket and then assemble them all together and this new process of production became the basis for the american system of manufacturing basically you had water powered machines
• 13:00 - 13:30 the division of labor into small repeatable tasks performed by unskilled laborers and therefore mass production also steamboats transform trade now rivers and streams have always been arteries for trade but the problem with rivers and streams is that they only flow in one direction if you got a raft full of goods to sell 100 miles downstream that's great but baby you walking home but now with steam power trading vessels can navigate upriver and down river also in this market revolution you had the advancement of transportation the first big leap forward came with the building of canals for example the erie canal
• 13:30 - 14:00 that stretched across new york state now in case you don't know what a canal is it's just a waterway made by humans sometimes rivers don't go where you want them to go so you got to make one of your own and once the economic benefits of the erie canal were plain that launched a huge campaign for more canals to be dug all across the nation now by the 1820s and the 1830s railroads began to replace canals as the cinequa non of transportation for trade and local and state governments helped this process by granting special loans and tax breaks to railroad companies and the effect of all this new technology is that american
• 14:00 - 14:30 industry became more interconnected and interdependent than ever before and it especially promoted the growth of western agriculture now while all of this was going on american society was changing too all across the north industrial cities exploded in both population and diversity for starters from 1820 to 1840 something like 2 million immigrants showed up on the american shores mainly from germany and ireland and many of them settled on the eastern seaboard and provided an expanding pool of cheap labor which further fueled northern industry others migrated west and established homesteads and farms on
• 14:30 - 15:00 the frontier those immigrants who stayed in the industrial cities transformed the urban landscape they formed a growing class of laboring poor and as such they crowded themselves into hastily built housing called tenements and in these crowded tenements it was a pretty bleak reality sanitation was an afterthought diseases spread rapidly and basically they lived there because that was their only choice but even so many of these immigrants were able to re-establish their cultural institutions that they had left back in their homeland for example jewish immigrants established synagogues and the influx of irish catholics led to the expansion of
• 15:00 - 15:30 the catholic church and also there was a growing middle class this class first emerged in the north and included folks like businessmen shopkeepers journalists doctors and lawyers with their growing prosperity they had disposable income which they spent on leisure activities like plays and circuses and sporting events and hey we got to talk about women during this period too the ladies were expected to conform to a developing societal norm which was known as the cult of domesticity and this was expounded to them in a dizzying array of new magazines and books that were being published the idea was that a woman's
• 15:30 - 16:00 identity and sense of purpose revolved around childbearing and making her home a haven of rest for her husband the husband's proper place was outside of the home working and so this idea of separate spheres for the sexes began to really take hold in american society during this time this is a middle class and an upper class phenomenon and the reason why it didn't extend to the lower classes is probably obvious for the lower classes the women had to work in order for the family to survive ain't no lower class woman got time to sit around and make her husband's sandwich all day all right now let's take a hard right and talk about the
• 16:00 - 16:30 expansion of democracy during this time to begin with it's going to be important for you to know that the only people who could vote during this time were property owning white males so that means that voting was the prerogative of the elite but as the century progressed working men and small farmers and frontier settlers all began to demand the franchise which is to save the right to vote now in order to understand why i need to tell you about the panic of 1819 which was the first major recession in united states history the panic resulted from irresponsible banking practices and a decrease in demand for exported american goods
• 16:30 - 17:00 especially cotton now it was laboring men who were hit hardest by this panic and they wanted to be able to hold politicians accountable for their failures to regulate the banks but they could not vote and this desire for the franchise gathered more steam because the frontier states had pretty much all established universal male suffrage and so by 1825 most eastern states had lowered or eliminated their property qualifications for voting and now that american politics had an influx of new voters that led to the growth and realignment of political parties the election of
• 17:00 - 17:30 1824 led to a split in the democratic republican party and the two factions were as follows the group who called themselves the national republicans had a more expansive view of federal power which is to say they were loose constructionists in the lineage of old school federalists and the group who called themselves the democrats had a restrictive view of federal power which is to say they were strict constructionists and with this rift growing between them they had the worst time nominating a candidate for the presidential election and so they chose four candidates three of which will be important to name
• 17:30 - 18:00 there was andrew jackson who was a democrat in the jeffersonian mold there was john quincy adams and then there was henry clay who were both national republicans with federalist tendencies now adams and jackson were the strongest contenders among the four but while adam stayed home and let other people do his campaigning for him jackson went to the people and inspired mass support so jackson won the popular vote but because there were so many candidates to choose from nobody won a majority of the electoral vote in that case the constitution says that it falls to the house of representatives to choose the president
• 18:00 - 18:30 henry clay who came in fourth in this contest who also happened to be the speaker of the house through his support behind adams and the house chose adams to be the president but not five seconds after adams cheeks hit the chair in the oval office he named henry clay as his secretary of state and jackson and all his supporters saw this and cried foul and they called it the corrupt bargain but now fast forward to the next election in 1828 and these intraparty factions have actually crystallized into legit political parties the democratic party chose jackson as their candidate
• 18:30 - 19:00 and the national republicans went with adams and jackson again took his campaign across the country to all the people and he ended up this time winning the ticket and now we need to talk about andrew jackson and his use of federal power during his presidency by the time he was elected the two major national parties had shifted a little bit the democrats were led by andrew jackson and a new party called the whigs was led by henry clay and the main disagreement between these two parties was basically this scope of federal power and here's where i give you some examples of this conflict and let's start with tariffs specifically the
• 19:00 - 19:30 tariff of 1828. now this tariff was actually passed during the adams administration and it raised import duties up to 50 as you can imagine northern manufacturers and western farmers loved this tariff because it protected their industries but southerners hated it because they relied on imported goods and so now in 1832 under the jackson administration congress went ahead and reaffirmed that tariff and here's where things get a little saucy i already told you that the southerners hated the tariff in fact they called it the tariff of abominations it just so happened that jackson's vice president was a guy named john c
• 19:30 - 20:00 calhoun who happened to be a south carolinian and calhoun shared the southern hatred of this tariff and developed the doctrine of nullification and what this meant in practice was that the states had the power to determine the constitutionality of federal laws and if a state found a law to fail the test they could nullify it or refuse to follow and so in 1832 when congress reaffirmed that tariffs south carolina held a convention and decided they would not pay those taxes and furthermore if federal authorities came to collect those taxes south carolina would secede from the union and
• 20:00 - 20:30 so andrew jackson not one to have his authority flouted by a recalcitrant state persuaded congress to pass the force bill and the force bill gave jackson the authority to use federal troops to enforce federal law in south carolina now jackson did work with congress in order to lower the tariff so that way south carolina could remain in the union and still save face but in a nasty little thumb biting moment the south carolina legislature went ahead and nullified the force bill so that's fun okay now a second illustration over the divide of opinion on the scope of federal power was
• 20:30 - 21:00 jackson's veto of the second bank of the united states now recall that this bank was established as part of henry clay's american system and it did stabilize the economy throughout the 1820s but when state banks started closing because they couldn't make the required payments to the national bank many people were left with worthless paper money at that jackson concluded that a national bank favored the elite over ordinary citizens and as a man of the people he sought to correct that error and when the recharter for the bill for the bank passed congress and showed up on jackson's desk he vetoed it calling it a monster that was
• 21:00 - 21:30 dangerous to the common people of america and so the national bank was officially dedsies and yet another illustration of jackson's use of federal power was his project of indian removal now acquisition of indian land was a big issue before and during jackson's administration and it came to a head in the indian removal act of 1830 and there are several different indian nations we could look at here but let's just consider the cherokee the cherokee nation located in georgia had declared itself a sovereign nation within the borders of the state georgians however
• 21:30 - 22:00 did not see it that way to them the cherokee were more like guests on their land i mean y'all can chill on our land that's all good what there's golden in their hills oh you all got to go and so upon the passage of the indian removal act the cherokee refused to be resettled across the mississippi river and they actually challenged that law in the supreme court in a case called worcester versus georgia the court ruled that the cherokee nation was in fact sovereign and that georgia did not have the right to impose state laws within their boundaries and that was a great win for the cherokee but then something
• 22:00 - 22:30 happened in 1835 u.s officials persuaded a small delegation of the cherokee to meet with them and sign a treaty now this group of cherokee did in no way have tribal authority to do such a thing but sign it they did the result was the treaty of new ecota which officially exchanged cherokee land in georgia for a reservation territory west of the mississippi river and for all who did not relocate voluntarily the forced removal began in 1838 along what became known as the trail of tears okay so that definitely happened but we
• 22:30 - 23:00 do need to move on and talk about the distinct american culture and the spirit of reform that was springing up during this time it was very important for americans to develop their own distinct identity and in this period that largely occurred through language philosophy art and religion with respect to american literature and language we need to talk about noah webster in his publication in 1828 of the american dictionary of the english language this dictionary was used in expanding networks of schools and academies and its chief effect was to standardize the spelling and pronunciation of american
• 23:00 - 23:30 english because soon as far as i'm concerned you ain't american unless you speak america and we also got ourselves a thoroughly american philosophy with the advent of transcendentalism now i say it was american but it was definitely influenced by european romanticism and its belief on human perfectability additionally romanticism in contradiction to the enlightenment's emphasis on the thinking thinking parts emphasized human passion and mystery and so transcendentalism followed all of this and emphasized the transcendent power and beauty of nature the first luminary of this manner of thought was ralph waldo
• 23:30 - 24:00 emerson who believed that moral perfection could be achieved in the united states later a follow of emerson's named henry david thoreau moved to a cabin near walden pond and he lived there among nature for a year and made an experiment of human perfection and all of his musings he wrote down in a book called walden now most of these folks supported other moralist movements at the time including abolition and temperance and women's suffrage which is to say there's lots of overlap throughout the various reform movements during this period and this manner of thinking also influenced art during this period for example the
• 24:00 - 24:30 hudson river school of artists painted romanticized landscapes in new york and the western territories and all of this was an effort towards spiritual renewal in america but some folks took this desire for spiritual renewal even further and created utopian communities these groups of folks were usually very influenced by european intellectuals and american values of democracy and equality and one of the more famous of these groups was the oneida community formed in 1848 in central new york this group of christians became convinced that the second coming of christ had already
• 24:30 - 25:00 occurred and therefore they must shake off the restraints of the kingdom of this world and live communally and imperfect equality and so each member relinquished any private property they owned and one of their more well-known doctrines was that of complex marriage and that is exactly what it sounds like everyone in the community belonged to everyone else and so that means that the marriage bed was how shall i say this open but don't worry the community was really big on birth control methods you know like jesus would have done when he established his everlasting kingdom on earth
• 25:00 - 25:30 anyway perhaps the most significant spiritual renewal during this time was the second great awakening baptists and methodists and presbyterians organized camp meetings in the woods that folks attended for days on end and each day would feature up to a dozen evangelical preachers who preached with fervor all day long and it'll be important for you to know that in general these camp meetings were relatively egalitarian which is to say they included whites blacks enslaved and free people men and women but it wasn't all egalitarian puppies and rainbows for example the
• 25:30 - 26:00 southern baptist went ahead and split from their denomination because all those cranky baptist abolitionists in the north now this movement spread to the cities chiefly by means of the great preacher charles finney finney was a new york preacher who spoke powerfully in a dialect and with images that common folks could understand and they flocked to hear him in droves and soon his ministry of preaching spread across the cities of the north and the flame was lit for christian revival but in contrast to the first great awakening whose preachers focused intently on personal moral reformation finney and the preachers that followed in his steps
• 26:00 - 26:30 were emphasizing the moral reformation of society and it's important to mention that because such messages set the stage for the temperance movement which crusaded against the consumption of alcohol and going right along that line in 1826 the american temperance society was founded by businessmen and clergy its efforts were directed towards working-class men who abused alcohol and the religious revivals happening in the midst of the second great awakening led to the establishment of over 5 000 chapters of the ats across the country and their goal was nothing less than complete abstinence from alcohol
• 26:30 - 27:00 and the second great awakening also set the stage for innovations on the christian faith the most famous of which being mormonism or the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints in the 1840s it was founded by a guy named joseph smith who claimed to receive visions from god at the age of 18. the substance of those visions was pretty varied but the main idea is that all churches in america had strayed from the true teachings of the original apostolic church and so being directed to dig up some gold plates buried in the hills of palmyra new york joseph smith
• 27:00 - 27:30 translated the plates into what became their holy book the book of mormon now in the beginning new yorkers tolerated the mormon presence but once smith proclaimed that god had instructed his community to enjoy the institution of polygamy where men can marry many wives they fell under persecution and so after smith was lynched in missouri for such teachings the next prophet of the group brigham young led the mormon community to establish a theocracy on the great salt lake in the utah territory okay still on the topic of american society let's talk about the growing movement of abolitionism in the
• 27:30 - 28:00 1820s the abolitionist movement was mainly confined to free blacks and quakers but later in this period the movement really started picking up steam one cause for this was the publication in 1831 of william lloyd garrison's newspaper the liberator he argued forcefully that white folks needed to take a stand against slavery by means of moral persuasion and not violence in 1833 his cause had gathered enough attention to create the american anti-slavery society which spread rapidly across the northern states but you can't get the impression that everyone in the north was an
• 28:00 - 28:30 abolitionist that's not how it was northern merchants and manufacturers actually feared abolition because of its potential effects on the cotton and sugar trade and on the other hand white working men in the north felt threatened by the prospect of abolition because that meant their jobs could be in peril now there were many women who supported the cause of abolitionism but they found that their status as women made it impossible for them to advocate for the cause as they wished and so they concluded that in order to be more effective in their campaigns they needed more rights for themselves and so the cause
• 28:30 - 29:00 of abolitionism and women's rights began to grow up together out of the same sort and to this end in 1848 women gathered for the seneca falls convention in new york this was the first women's rights conference in america and there they drafted the declaration of sentiments which called for women's equality in education legal rights and voting and the fruit of that movement won't come fully to bear for a long time but this is where it started and finally we need to talk about a distinct subset of american society during this time namely the south after 1830 plantations began to expand right along with westward
• 29:00 - 29:30 expansion when that happened plantation owners profited enormously from their expanded fields of sugar and cotton and this created a wealthy plantation aristocracy which sought to protect their profits and way of life through hard discipline towards the enslaved people that worked for them but even despite the harsh conditions the enslaved laborers found ways to keep their own sense of community alive one cultural aspect that's worth mentioning is their songs they sang songs that both created a rhythm for their work and expressed their collective despair and also their collective hopes now
• 29:30 - 30:00 planters went to great lengths in order to control their black laborers and one of the reasons is that they were perpetually haunted by the possibility of slave uprisings and they had good reason to fear because the haitian revolution which was itself a slave uprising wasn't that far in the past and in 1831 their fears became a reality in an event known as nat turner's rebellion a black laborer named nat turner organized a slave revolt in virginia believing that god had given him a mission to do so and by the end of the rebellion he and his followers had
• 30:00 - 30:30 killed over 50 white people turner and 55 of his followers were hanged publicly but this event only served to further increase the fear among southerners of more slave rebellions and so out of that fear they imposed even harsher disciplines and restrictions on slaves now it's going to be important for you to know that most white southerners didn't own any slaves at all they were yeoman farmers which means they were independent landowners but it's important to know that even if they owned no slaves they still believed in general in the institution of slavery and the racial hierarchy that made the
• 30:30 - 31:00 southern society work now as the soil in the south became depleted of nutrients because of over-farming lots of southern farmers began moving west and as a result of that slavery began to grow in the west as well and i'm sure that won't cause any problems in the next period but we'll have to wait till we get there to find out all right i know that was a beast but that's what you need to know about unit 4 of ap u.s history if you want to go ahead and grab the ultimate review packet go ahead and click right here and all your dreams will come true and if you want to join the heimler family go ahead and subscribe and let me know that you want me to keep making these videos i had a good time i hope you had a good
• 31:00 - 31:30 time heimler out