Freud documentary

Summary

The documentary on Sigmund Freud, created by Beyond The Horizon, delves into the profound impact of Freud's ideas on psychology and society. Exploring Freud's pioneering work in understanding the unconscious mind, the film traces his journey from a young neurologist in Vienna to the founder of psychoanalysis. It showcases his controversial theories, including the Oedipus complex and the death drive, and highlights how these ideas have permeated modern culture. Despite criticisms of being unscientific, Freud's work opened up discussions about sexuality, mental health, and human behavior, solidifying his legacy as a pivotal figure in psychology.

Highlights

• Freud introduced the groundbreaking concept of the unconscious mind, shaping modern psychology 🌊.
• His controversial ideas, including the Oedipus complex, have generated significant debate and influence 🤔.
• Freud's exploration of dreams and repressed desires changed how we perceive the human psyche 💭.
• The documentary reveals how Freud’s work laid the foundation for psychoanalysis and impacted cultural dynamics 🌐.
• Freud’s theories still intrigue and challenge modern perceptions of mental health and behavior 🧩.

Key Takeaways

• Sigmund Freud revolutionized our understanding of the human mind, introducing concepts like the unconscious and psychoanalysis 🧠.
• Freud’s theories, such as the Oedipus complex, stirred controversy but also paved the way for modern psychology ⚡.
• Despite facing skepticism and personal challenges, Freud's work on sexuality and neurosis profoundly impacted cultural norms 🎭.
• Freud's legacy endures, influencing everything from therapy techniques to consumer psychology 🛍️.
• Though some of Freud's theories are disputed, his storytelling and explorations of the mind continue to spark curiosity and debate 😊.

Overview

In a fascinating journey through history, the documentary unveils how Sigmund Freud, a neurologist from Vienna, transformed into a revolutionary thinker whose ideas reshaped our understanding of the human psyche. Starting with his scientific pursuits, Freud's interest in the unconscious mind led to the development of psychoanalysis, a novel approach to therapy that remains influential to this day.

Freud's controversial theories, notably the Oedipus complex and dream interpretation, are explored in detail. Despite being labeled as speculative by some critics, these concepts challenged prevailing norms about sexuality and repression, igniting discussions that transcended the realm of psychology and seeped into cultural consciousness.

The film also touches upon the personal and professional struggles Freud faced, including war, financial ruin, and health issues. Yet, his relentless quest for knowledge and understanding of the human condition left an indelible mark on the world, showcasing the enduring power and complexity of his legacy.

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction to Freud's Early Career In 1886, a young physician opened a medical practice in Vienna. This physician, presumably Sigmund Freud, provided a space for patients to share their deepest fears and anxieties. This intimate sharing of personal stories contributed to the development of a radical and controversial approach to understanding the human mind. The chapter sets the stage for exploring how these interactions influenced Freud's early career in developing psychoanalysis.
• 00:30 - 01:30: Freud's Influences and Early Practice The chapter discusses the profound impact of Sigmund Freud, specifically how his theories on the unconscious mind and human desires revolutionized psychology. It highlights the transformative period of the 19th century, marked by significant advancements in industry, science, and society, setting the stage for Freud's groundbreaking work. The iconic couch symbolizes the therapeutic setting where Freud developed his influential practices.
• 01:30 - 03:00: Controversy and Development of Psychoanalysis The chapter discusses the controversy and development of psychoanalysis during a time when traditional authority was being questioned. It highlights three influential thinkers: Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Sigmund Freud, who each challenged different aspects of society, morality, and identity. Their ideas continue to influence our interpretation of the world.
• 03:00 - 04:30: Freud's Personal Life and Self-Analysis The chapter delves into the personal life of Sigmund Freud, illustrating his journey from a neurologist to the founder of psychoanalysis. It begins with Freud's initial career as a neurologist, aiming to alleviate the suffering of neurotic patients.
• 04:30 - 06:00: Freud's Theories and the Oedipus Complex This chapter delves into Sigmund Freud's pioneering psychological theories, highlighting their significant influence on both mental health treatment and cultural norms. Freud's work has facilitated open discussions about complex feelings, sexual differences, and personal struggles. His concepts, though groundbreaking, have also permeated consumer society, shaping the language and ideas we use today. These insights have contributed to a broader acceptance and understanding of mental health issues and human behavior.
• 06:00 - 07:30: Psychoanalytic Practice and Criticisms This chapter delves into the practice of psychoanalysis as introduced and popularized by Sigmund Freud. It highlights Freud's concept of the unconscious mind as a repository of irrational and conflicting impulses. Key Freudian ideas that have permeated popular culture and everyday language include penis envy, the pleasure principle, wish-fulfillment, and the Freudian slip. The chapter suggests ongoing debates and criticisms of Freud's theories, reflecting their enduring impact and the controversies they still inspire today.
• 07:30 - 09:00: Freud and World War I The chapter delves into the divisive figure of Sigmund Freud and his impact during and after World War I. Despite being seen by some as a charlatan with an excessive focus on sex and speculative theories that lack empirical proof, Freud's work remains influential. His exploration of the human psyche continues to provoke debate. Freud's contributions include introducing innovative concepts about the mind which challenged established norms and beliefs. The chapter reflects on how his ideas were both groundbreaking and controversial, pointing out that his methods were seen by some as dangerous and his conclusions wrong, yet they played a significant role in shaping modern thought.
• 09:00 - 10:30: Freud's Later Life and Influence The chapter focuses on Freud's later life and the impact of his ideas on contemporary thought.
• 10:30 - 12:00: Freud's Legacy in Modern Culture The chapter delves into the exploration of Sigmund Freud's impact on modern culture, beginning with an examination of his childhood experiences. Born in 1856 in a town then known as Freiburg in Moravia, part of the Habsburg Empire, Freud's early life is analyzed to understand the roots of his motivations and character, reflecting his enduring influence in psychology and beyond.

Freud documentary Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 [Music] in 1886 a young physician established a small medical practice in Vienna patients would come to lie on this very couch and as he listened they'd share their innermost fears and anxieties their intimate very personal stories would nourish a radical and controversial new way of understanding
• 00:30 - 01:00 our pasts our desires what drives our every action ideas that would take the world by storm because this couch belonged to dr. statement Freud the 19th century witnessed unprecedented change transformed by revolutions in industry science and society it was an
• 01:00 - 01:30 age that questioned traditional Authority and produced three game-changing thinkers Karl Marx attacked the social and economic order Friedrich Nietzsche took on Christian morality and Freud questioned the very essence of who we are they're penetrating often contentious ways of seeing the world still shape how we make sense of our lives today
• 01:30 - 02:00 [Music] [Music] I started as a neurologist trying to bring relief to my neurotic
• 02:00 - 02:30 painful Sigmund Freud's ideas not only spearheaded a massive leap forward in how we treat illnesses of the mind they also had a pivotal cultural impact the freedom we take for granted today to talk openly about our deepest feelings from sexual difference to inner demons the slogans the power our consumer society stem in part from his ideas some
• 02:30 - 03:00 Freud we get the notion of the unconscious mind as a reservoir of irrational conflicting impulses his ideas have become part of our vocabulary penis envy the pleasure principle wish-fulfillment and of course the Freudian slip pimply is not relief in my fact and thought my theories and savoring the thyroids always been
• 03:00 - 03:30 controversial for some he's not a genius but a charlatan obsessed with sex whose speculative theories are impossible to prove these methods are positively dangerous was wrong and and then and you Freud's ideas still provoke intense debate today but what's not in doubt is that his innovative mapping of the human mind challenged to booze and
• 03:30 - 04:00 conventions in ways that fundamentally changed our conception of self in the ni6 pleasing men in months arrived to understand how Freud's ideas evolved and how they add up it seems appropriate to adopt an approach that Freud himself pioneered something that we now take for
• 04:00 - 04:30 granted to look for the keys for his motivation and character by exploring his childhood experiences [Music] when Sigmund Freud was born here in 1856 the town was called Freiburg in Moravia part of the Habsburg Empire Freud was
• 04:30 - 05:00 born with a call and that's when part of the fetal membrane is still attached to the baby's head and in those superstitious times this was considered a good omen Freud mother certainly interpreted it as a sign that her newborn son was destined for happiness and fame [Music] for each Jewish parents could only afford to rent a single room in this building and family life was complex
• 05:00 - 05:30 his mother was 20 years younger than his father who'd been married before and had two adult sons and so one of Sigmund's half-brothers was even older than his mum Sigmund closest playmates was in fact his own nephew but they were to be wrenched apart because when Sigmund was
• 05:30 - 06:00 three his father's small business selling wool collapsed scattering the entire family in search of work [Music] life may have been imperfect but we're Freud's family ended our would prove to be a critical factor in the future success of the young boy
• 06:00 - 06:30 vienna in the 1860s imperial capital of the Habsburg Empire was a city forefront of social change the year at wide revolutions of 1848 had undermined aristocratic conservative rule here allowing a kind of edgy liberalism to flourish on the streets there were also
• 06:30 - 07:00 an unusual number of immigrants in the city so Freud would have grown up surrounded by a cosmopolitan mix of voices and cultures this is the jurisdiction overcrowded but many capitalized on the opportunities that the city offered and quickly rose from the margins they became newspaper magnets and bankers academics doctors and lawyers Freud's parents passionately
• 07:00 - 07:30 wanted the same for their clever eldest son of his six siblings he was the only one given his own room to work in and he topped his class for seven years the young Freud's intense studies seem to have fed into his self-image as someone destined to greatness he found inspiration in ancient civilizations in the glory that was Greece and the
• 07:30 - 08:00 grandeur that was Rome and he came to identify with powerful heroic figures from history and literature like Moses and Hannibal and Alexander the Great [Music] in 1873 at the age of 17 Sigmund sought his own glory at Vienna University initially dabbling in philosophy and law he was soon drawn to the university's celebrated natural scientists and their
• 08:00 - 08:30 guiding light the Englishman Charles Darwin Darwin's remarkable epoch defining theory of evolution chimed with Freud's desire for he dose and celebrity but to match up to his hero meant hours of meticulous painstaking not obviously glamorous laboratory work trying to unravel the mysteries of the nervous system of fish Freud himself said that
• 08:30 - 09:00 his studies in anatomy zoology chemistry and botany made him a godless medical man and an empiricist and certainly his time here nurtured a scientific worldview that never left him if you look at this picture of him from the time you can just imagine the precise clinical fish dissector a man who seems to be both meat and orderly in
• 09:00 - 09:30 appearance and character but age 25 Freud fell wildly in love with a young woman Martha Bernays their early correspondence reveals an altogether different side to Freud there's probably 1600 letters in all they were writing more or less every day sometimes two or even three letters a day bits have have
• 09:30 - 10:00 been released of his letters alone but this is the first time now that we're seeing her letters how brilliant so we've got Martha's voice what she's saying what is she right about here well anything and everything I mean in this case she had just sent to Freud a lock of her hair to put in a little branch you know as lovers do and Freud had written back I hope you didn't tear it out or it didn't or did it come out when
• 10:00 - 10:30 you were counting so here in this letter he is taking him to task for his ignorance she says you know your doctor you have no idea of the code of love one does not send one's mother ripped out or combed out hair I suppose this is the first time he's had a full-blown lovin since his first and his only and this is one of the things about these letters you get an insight into Freud that you'll get nowhere else and he's losing his control
• 10:30 - 11:00 sometimes that he really is almost on the edge of a nervous breakdown when when he feels they can't go on when he feels there's an impossible disagreement between her she is for sweeping it under the carpet she says why do you wanna around in this stuff that makes us miserable and he says you know you have to face it you have to talk through it that's isolating so it's almost like we've got Freud that the proto psychoanalysts here yes I mean the psychoanalytic dictum is
• 11:00 - 11:30 say everything that's on your mind don't censor don't repress it's there already Martha had opened Freud's eyes to a world of demanding human emotion and the financial pressures of their engagement saw him casting around for opportunities beyond the lab eventually he abandoned his research career to study medicine and one day when he was reading a
• 11:30 - 12:00 medical journal he came across something that he was convinced would make his name [Music] in 1884 he wrote to Martha about a magical drug little-known at the time cocaine in this pretty sober analysis he says I take very small doses of it
• 12:00 - 12:30 regularly against oppression and against indigestion and with the most brilliant success but then just listen to this when he's also writing to Martha Mary sounds suspiciously like he's under the influence woe to you my princess when I come you shall see who is the stronger a gentle little girl he doesn't eat enough or a big wild man who has cocaine in his body at first
• 12:30 - 13:00 Freud denied that cocaine was harmful but his rash endorsement would damage his reputation when he gave it to her friends suffering from morphine addiction in the hope that cocaine would cure him the consequences were disastrous his friend became as addicted to the new drug as he had been to the old Freud did manage to give up cocaine but his appetite for experimentation would
• 13:00 - 13:30 not be stilled he had a new interest neurology the study of nervous diseases and he made a very canny move travelling to the center of this burgeoning science an intellectual hotspot this is salpêtrière in Freud today a
• 13:30 - 14:00 kind of medical poorhouse a bleak dumping ground for some 5000 women many of whom were diagnosed as hysterical hysteria from the Greek word for womb was a mysterious condition that was thought to afflict women from the ancient world onwards really it was just a catch-all diagnosis but all kinds of nervous symptoms from fits and paralysis
• 14:00 - 14:30 anxiety and headaches and for centuries it was a dangerous tool in the hands of male doctors who were trigger-happy in diagnosing women as hysterical to the point where they incarcerated perfectly sane individuals in hospitals and asylums Freud came to sell Petri air to study with the preeminent pioneer of Neurology jean-martin charcot having
• 14:30 - 15:00 discovered that some nervous conditions like multiple sclerosis with the result of lesions on the brain Charcot turned his attention to the mysteries of hysteria a shock approaches hysteria more scientifically and more seriously and doesn't think of it as simply a woman's ailment and he sees distinct phases he talks about the epileptic phase a tonic phase a sit and the fit was epileptic rigidity he then
• 15:00 - 15:30 talks about chronic phase or the clown phase where these huge thrashing movements take place so he's identified these different phases what kinds of methods are using to kind of further his scientific inquiry well the shock who uses hypnosis to diagnose hysteria he thinks that if women are susceptible men are susceptible to hypnosis that's probably a sign that they do have hysteria but he also uses hypnosis in his great public lectures to which you
• 15:30 - 16:00 know all of Paris comes getting a ticket to go to one chuckles public lectures is like going to the best play in London so the patients were were on display in these public lectures the patients were on display and under hypnosis they will begin to walk and they will talk and they will effectively do what the medic asks of them so we know that Freud is there he's in the audience he's one of Shar close pupils do we know what kind of an impact this had on forage well I think it has an immense
• 16:00 - 16:30 impact he begins to see that there are different forms of thinking and activity going on in the human mind simultaneously and that there are whole areas of the human mind that are they're ready to be plumbed Freud returned to Vienna age 29 full of new ideas and career plans but things
• 16:30 - 17:00 certainly weren't easy for Freud when he first opened his practice in this apartment block in 1886 business was depressingly slow sometimes he couldn't even afford a cab to make house calls and he could only marry Martha in the same year thanks to gifts and loans from friends one of Freud's principal benefactors was the eminent physician dosa fryer like Freud Breuer was curious
• 17:00 - 17:30 about the scientific mysteries of hysteria one of his old patients stood out Marija treated a highly intelligent young woman from an affluent Jewish family called Bertha happen Heim giving her the pseudonym Anna oh she experienced hallucinations and suffered from partial paralysis at times she could only speak English
• 17:30 - 18:00 she appeared to have a split personality now Anna's case fascinated Freud partly because of her extreme symptoms but also because of the innovative way that Breuer treated her [Music] during brewers consultations and I fell into a state of hypnosis and revealed melancholic details of her personal history the talking revived significance
• 18:00 - 18:30 or painful memories of past events that had been forgotten or somehow blocked up and suppressed berea found that he could trace Ana's numerous symptoms back to original traumas when Anna showed an aversion to drinking water Brewer linked it back to her seeing a dog being allowed to drink out of the glass of its owner but once she expressed her submerged disgust her
• 18:30 - 19:00 hydrophobia vanished [Music] farid realized that Brian might have stumbled upon not just an explanation but a cure for hysteria working from new larger premises at number 19 burg gasser he began to apply briars cathartic treatment to his own neurotic patients but Freud had a problem he just couldn't
• 19:00 - 19:30 hypnotize all of his patients so he smartly turned a failing into a virtue and developed his own version of a talking therapy [Music] Freud asked his patients to lie on this couch well he sat here behind them out of sight he encouraged them to say whatever came into their minds almost as
• 19:30 - 20:00 if they were talking to themselves he proved to be an alert listener systematically sifting through and probing his patients memories interpreting their confessions rapidly intuitively he attempted to unlock what was being suppressed Freud gave his new free association method a new name he took the ancient Greek word for mind or
• 20:00 - 20:30 life-breath psyche and added to it a robust scientific term analyzed psychoanalysis was born in 1895 Breuer and Freud published their findings in a landmark book studies on hysteria so it was keen to find a single unifying reason for hysteria neuroses to offer
• 20:30 - 21:00 their theory a kind of breakthrough moments and he started to see sex as a central issue the more cautious Breuer disagreed but another friend proved far more receptive the physician Wilhelm fleece sexual morality had long been framed by religion and by and large had been unremittingly repressive for centuries but this was one of a growing
• 21:00 - 21:30 number of medical researchers who embarked on a scientific study of sexual identity and behavior unconstrained by Orthodox moral judgments and what was generally considered to be perversion [Music] encouraged by the open-minded police Freud began to hone his ideas about hysteria and sexual issues [Music]
• 21:30 - 22:00 in April 1896 he went to read a paper to the VNA society for psychiatry and neurology he described the job of treating patients with hysteria in epic terms as if he were an explorer archeologist sifting through the remains of an ancient ruined city trying to find clues and evidence emergence of an explorer
• 22:00 - 22:30 arrives in a little-known region where interest is aroused by an expansive ruins with remains of walls fragments of columns Android claimed to have found a singular cause in all his neurotic cases something he likened to discovering the source of the Nile his daring theory the seduction theory
• 22:30 - 23:00 was that all neuroses were the result of some kind of sexual abuse in childhood typically by the father but rather than the glory that he was expecting the paper was met with bewilderment and skepticism one eminent neurologists in the audience dismissed it as a scientific fairy tale this frosty reception just enhanced Boyd's view that
• 23:00 - 23:30 he was an embattled pioneer tackling taboo subjects however in little more than a year and he would concede that his seduction theory was fatally flawed hysteria was so widespread that to imagine so many men were pedophilic abusers was highly implausible with hysteria afflicting Freud's own family the idea that his father Jacob could also be guilty was the final straw
• 23:30 - 24:00 other speculations however would prove far more enduring and the heart of Floyd's thinking was how and why discomforting past thoughts could become repressed only to be woven into the symptoms and psychic knots of everyday life we believed that the
• 24:00 - 24:30 unconscious mind held the key the unconscious mind had been imagined and debated right across the human experience for many centuries but Freud was one of the first to take a really systematic approach to try to add precision to the perceptions of the unconscious mind a painful personal tragedy would trigger
• 24:30 - 25:00 his big breakthrough in 1896 Freud was devastated by the death of his father Freud wrote to fleece my inner self my whole past has been reawakened by this death I now feel completely uprooted but in fact these complex
• 25:00 - 25:30 intense thoughts would have a catalyzing effect on him [Music] Freud had been experimenting with South analysis scrutinizing his fragmentary childhood memories and deep-seated terrors the loss of his father intensified that exploration and the secret of his self-analysis he started to analyze his
• 25:30 - 26:00 own dreams [Music] Buse or dreams as having any scientific substance that's all he'd chose to think differently he looks at dreams as something that is multi-layered there is
• 26:00 - 26:30 a story that people remember when they wake up but the Freud that story is only the surface of our dream what lies underneath is what he calls the latent dream thoughts but those latent thoughts become distorted they become censored why does this censorship need to happen well you see these dream thoughts they contain all the repressed wishes and thoughts and fantasies that consciousness considered to be
• 26:30 - 27:00 disturbing and troubling were they not to be censored then they would manifest themselves in all their disruptive force for Freud a dream is essentially a fulfillment of an unconscious wish how affrights ideas about the unconscious evolving at this time the Freudian conscious is no longer just a set of traumatic memories it's a container of wishes and thoughts and fantasies that have been self generated by the mental life of every human being what's the
• 27:00 - 27:30 value of these first Roy I mean what's he doing with this raw material would in his clinical practice he would piece together the various associations that people bring to the story that they remember and with those bits bits and pieces he would try to arrive at a certain understanding of those unconscious repressed wishes that sit underneath would Freud's theory we as human beings can look and think about
• 27:30 - 28:00 our dreams as productions of our mind that actually reveal something about who we are and as extraordinarily valuable 4/8 Berg the interpretation of dreams offered a radical new understanding of human nature with the unconscious a reservoir of repressed inner desires and irrational impulses the hidden source of what motivates and makes us there's an
• 28:00 - 28:30 interesting detail in the story of the publication of the interpretation of Dreams and although this book was actually published in 1899 it was branded with the date 1903 was telling the world that the series in here would define the 20th century and that they'd Herald the birth of a daring brave new world but this brave new world was
• 28:30 - 29:00 riddled with anxiety it was said that to be Viennese was to be a question mark liberalism had failed to deliver real power to the middle classes he felt threatened by a rising urban population in this climate an appetite grew for new experimental art that explored beneath the rational surface of human existence Freud's theories perfectly matched the
• 29:00 - 29:30 zeitgeist [Music] in his next book psychopathology of everyday life he continued to dig deep in this he argued that our repressed desires emerged not just in our dreams but infiltrates our waking lives to one extreme case he cites was when a high-ranking Austrian politician opened
• 29:30 - 30:00 an important debate in Parliament with these words I announce the presence of so many honoured gentlemen and therefore declare the session as closed this very public slip revealed his repressed frustration that the session would be a complete waste of time and of course we still use the phrase Freudian slip in everyday life today usually to refer to a revealing or embarrassing verbal so far although Freud believed that our
• 30:00 - 30:30 unconscious desires broke through due to triggers in our current lives it was how those mysterious impulses were shaped by our past experiences that really preoccupied him something that finds echo in his consulting room when Freud enthusiastically gathered together and all these fabulous ancient artifacts he didn't think of them as dead objects for him the past wasn't a kind of museum
• 30:30 - 31:00 that you could choose whether or not to visit it was a live dynamic present in our day-to-day lives he thought that past experiences had something vital to tell us in fact it was a story from classical Greece that would inspire his next big idea all film delivers as a rheticus 64 it
• 31:00 - 31:30 attended a performance of a Greek tragedy by Sophocles Tony - leaked Rajesh niched don't Zack me asked Vallejo salsa vit ever Oedipus Rex tells a story of a young man who inadvertently kills his father and then marries and has children with his
• 31:30 - 32:00 mother [Music] einsteinium unseemly strident [Music] when he discovers the terrible truth he stabs out his own eyes Freud saw this
• 32:00 - 32:30 story as a paradigm to explain his own repressed sexual feelings this is what he wrote to fleece a single idea dawned on me I found in my own case to the phenomena of being in love with my mother I'm jealous of my father and I now consider it a universal event in early childhood
• 32:30 - 33:00 Freud named this psychosexual drama the Oedipus complex he came to believe that little boys had to work through hidden fears of castration by their fathers punishment for desiring and seeking possession of their mothers and that little girls were infatuated by their fathers but had to deal with complex feelings of inferiority because they themselves didn't have a penis what
• 33:00 - 33:30 Freud calls penis envy Freud believed that if these complicated feelings weren't resolved internal conflicts would be stored up only to cause adult neuroses later in life Freud was keen to test out his theories about repressed sexual issues and in October 1900 the opportunity arose to do just that a new patient walked into his
• 33:30 - 34:00 office a 17 year old girl who he'd give the pseudonym Dora she was his first and his most famous case study Dora was exhibiting hysterical symptoms a nervous cough and suicidal thoughts one of the most shocking things in the story is that when she was 13 or 14 her father's best friend her K manipulated
• 34:00 - 34:30 the situation to get her alone in his office and kissed her and Freud says well this was thoroughly hysterical that she was disgusted by the other kiss and then he goes on to say that she must have felt his erect penis against her body and that this must have sexually aroused her and he makes it his business really to show her that she really does sex leaders are her k and that she's repressed that desire from consciousness
• 34:30 - 35:00 I have to say when you look at Dora's case there does seem to be a trope developing here that you have these young women who are very troubled and men like Freud kind of pounced on them to use them for medical material yes it has the sort of arrogance of the man of science and that he uses Dora and other patients as simply guinea pigs for his scientific confident scientific position not well Freud and Dora walked out on
• 35:00 - 35:30 Freud and what he learns from that though is that he should of paid attention to the way in which she had transferred under him all her feelings of hostility to her Kay and in fact after this case he introduced the theory of that psychoanalysis must pay attention to the ways in which patients transfer their own conscious and conscious feelings about significant people in their lives on to the
• 35:30 - 36:00 psychoanalyst or the therapist [Music] Freud learned valuable lessons from the Dora case yeah his seemingly scientific method relied on subjective some would argue self-fulfilling judgments it was a fundamental problem articulated by his once loyal confident fleece during a heated argument the reader of thoughts is merely reading his own thoughts into
• 36:00 - 36:30 other people was fleeces damning assessment [Music] [Music] in 1902 Freud sent out a written invitation to four Jewish doctors inviting them to come a meet here in his apartments what would come to be known as the Wednesday psychological society
• 36:30 - 37:00 gathered every week in his waiting room and their first topic was a subject very close to Freud's own heart the psychological function of smoking a good cigar after a meal was part of bourgeois Viennese culture but Freud took cigar indulgences to a whole new level he smoked 20 cigars a day and considered the pleasures of the cigar a
• 37:00 - 37:30 substitute for what he called the single greatest habit masturbation the Wednesday group discussions helped Freud to advance his ideas on sexuality resulting in a groundbreaking publication three essays on the theory of sexuality so what he does in this book introduces a concept of enlarged sexuality because at the time sexuality
• 37:30 - 38:00 was very much restricted to people having sex whereas for Freud it's about your Rotter sysm it's about attraction it's it's about excitement and everything in between he also sees it being at work in children I mean that's very controversial isn't it so how does he see this sex drive this libido developing in children shortly after a child is born it goes through an oral space Freud observes that when a child
• 38:00 - 38:30 is being fed that it can derive some satisfaction or gratification from that which allows us to look at that experience as something that can be deservedly called erotic so he thinks he's identified this sex drive in children in what way does he see this playing out in adult life it plays out insofar as it informs our sexual identity our sexual fantasies our sexual
• 38:30 - 39:00 orientation it informs who we are as human beings but it's not a formula each and every individual has to find his or her way through this process as a result of which in a sense one could say that we are all equally abnormal there is a possibility though isn't there that he's got this all wrong that it's not all about sex yes people have said Freud's got it all wrong but I think if we use an enlarged concept of sexual we actually do come to the conclusion
• 39:00 - 39:30 that a lot of our mental world is conditioned by destroying Freud's progressive theories of sexualities spoke to a generation of young Viennese cynical about the church and repressive morality but his grand popularity had its dangers Freud feared not without reason that because his circle was mainly Jewish anti-semitism would mean that his ideas
• 39:30 - 40:00 would never be fully accepted he was anxious that psychoanalysis would be labeled a Jewish science a solution came in the form of a Swiss Gentile from Zurich who visited him in 1907 I settled on papers Carl Jung was one of
• 40:00 - 40:30 the brightest young psychiatrists of the day farid bestowed rapturous praise on him and in return Jung came to revere freedom given Freud's antipathy to religion it's rather ironic that his movement was beginning to look a bit like a religious cult with psycho sexuality its key doctrine screed its high priest and Jung the Evangelist who promote Freud's message but the
• 40:30 - 41:00 Evangelist soon became a heretic Jung reinterpreted one of Freud's key terms libido which Freud understood as sexual drive to mean all mental energy and he also took issue with what he saw as Freud's obsessive focus on the Oedipus complex when he had thought something they need was settled well I was doubting all along the line their
• 41:00 - 41:30 friendship ended acrimoniously with Freud calling young crazy and out of his wits Jung's parting shot was no less provocative your technique of treating your pupils like patients is a blunder in that way you produce either slavish sons or impudent puppies I am objective enough to see through your little trick [Music]
• 41:30 - 42:00 but whilst Freud faced descent and a splintering of his movement his name and his ideas were to reach global prominence due to a pivotal event [Music] in 1914 the heir to the Habsburg throne was assassinated triggering a war with Serbia Freud's sons left for the front
• 42:00 - 42:30 line of a conflict that would become world war one the war threw up new challenges for physicians the mysterious breakdowns suffered by soldiers they're disconnected speech and nightmares were diagnosed as symptoms of physical shots to the brain shell-shocked but it quickly became apparent that soldiers
• 42:30 - 43:00 who weren't operating on the frontline he weren't exposed to exploding shells were also suffering so the physiological explanations just didn't stand up often written off as cowardly a week many of these soldiers were forced back into action within a few days but Freud started a debate which would lead to today's widely accepted condition of post-traumatic stress disorder
• 43:00 - 43:30 Troi believed that war neurosis was a psychological rather than a physical problem he thought that shell-shocked must be an emotional trauma triggered by the horrors of conflict and by the end of the war others were starting to believe him World War one was a breakthrough moment for the psychoanalytical movement but for Freud personally it cast a long
• 43:30 - 44:00 shadow post-war inflation wiped out most of his savings undermining his comfortable life in Vienna Spanish flu swept through the city killing his beloved daughter Sophie and even though all his sons returned they were scarred by the experience [Music]
• 44:00 - 44:30 Freud began to question some of his core theories to him sexuality had been singularly responsible for neuroses but in 1920 he published beyond the pleasure principle and posited a second basic force in the mind a death Drive before he'd seen aggression as a sadistic aspect of the sexual instincts
• 44:30 - 45:00 the urge for mastery the drive to dominate the sexual object but now with the raw experience of humanity's dreadful capacity for self-destruction he started to focus instead on the fatal psychological impulses within us Freud wanted us to face up to inward as well as outward aggression he suggested
• 45:00 - 45:30 that the death Drive was part of the human condition a powerful deep-seated wish to undo the bonds of life that Freud's revisions didn't end here Freud proposed that the mind was made up
• 45:30 - 46:00 of three elements there was the it an entirely unconscious part the cauldron of our passions where our death Drive and our urge to sex could be found [Music] then there was what he called the super-ego an internal conscience which could impose impossible ideals and inflict merciless criticism the
• 46:00 - 46:30 super-ego was a kind of strict moral Guardian in conflict with the pleasure and death seeking urges of the aired navigating between the warring mind and external reality was what Freud called the ego Freud thought that psychoanalysis could help to strengthen the ego although he never imagined that we'd be free of these internal conflicts the best we can do is simply to live with them Freud's
• 46:30 - 47:00 ideas were eagerly taken up by a post-war generation in revolt against traditional values in Europe and the u.s. a new egocentric permissiveness embodied in the glamour driven world of dance music and moving pictures was taking hold in 1925 the head of MGM
• 47:00 - 47:30 Samuel Goldwyn called Freud the greatest love specialist in the world and reportedly offered him $100,000 to advise on the making of Antony and Cleopatra FOID curtly declined yet as Freud's cultural influence saw other more insidious forces were gathering forces which would threaten
• 47:30 - 48:00 his very existence [Applause] in neighboring Germany Adolf Hitler rose to power [Applause] Jews were immediately targeted and Freud's books were burnt in the streets [Applause] in 1938 troops marched into Vienna look
• 48:00 - 48:30 at the Cologne that's our house we face must because only just days later the Gestapo knocked at his door Martha ever the good host asked them to leave their rifles in the umbrella stand they behaved appallingly throwing their weight around and breaking into the safe but a line was crossed when they
• 48:30 - 49:00 ransacked Martha's kitchen and tossed her table in and onto the floor she gave them a thorough tongue lashing and they left freud now realized that he had to escape but it we can start to get a measure of the broad appeal that freud was starting to enjoy wildly disparate players collaborated to secure his safe passage from the american presidents to
• 49:00 - 49:30 a descendant of napoleon and even a Nazi bureaucrat who'd been blown away by his work when he was a student for the second time in his life Freud would be displaced after 78 years in Vienna his belongings were hastily packed up this trunk in the Freud Museum in Vienna has revealed poignant new evidence of Freud's traumatic break with the past we kind of
• 49:30 - 50:00 rediscovered it after it had been sitting right in this corner for like two decades yeah and when we moved it we discovered this label of V invest on HOF to London ah so we know that this is physically one of the bits of luggage that Freud would have taken with his family on the day that he that he left and you can still open it can you yes we can open it and see what's inside no because one thing that we discover it
• 50:00 - 50:30 was very exciting to us a squashed little box bearing Freud's handwriting stadium Martha for your 21st birthday from a poor happy man Wow it's a tiny little thing isn't it but that's a grated Swiss history and memory yes absolutely even without the jewelry inside but still keeping the box with this personal
• 50:30 - 51:00 little message yeah what Freud encouraged us to do was to face up to our own past so that we could live better lives and here is Freud and Martha's past incarnate it was very moving my oxygen so nice if sonicate approach enmity knowing Manheim Envy harness I
• 51:00 - 51:30 wish my living in right height to energy husband [Music] avetis when the three men of the Royal Society came to present a book of their own Society for signature - my father and I think on the same picture is the
• 51:30 - 52:00 signature of darling there was a very nice moment but Freud was frail and severely ill we had these couch put up for my father - laced with him his last feel already [Music] for around 15 years his jawbone was riddled with cancer despite over 30 operations that affected his hearing and
• 52:00 - 52:30 his heart he refused to surrender the all pleasure that was almost certainly killing him when his mouth was too painful to open he wedge it with a clothes peg just wide enough so he could smoke a cigar he set up his study just as it had been arranged in Vienna and continued to see patients when Freud sense that death was
• 52:30 - 53:00 near he asked his bed to be brought down here so you could be close to his desk his books and his beloved collection of ancient artifacts in September 1939 Freud arranged to be given a fatal dose of morphine [Music]
• 53:00 - 53:30 but even after death Freud's ideas continued to gain momentum one of the impetuses that freud gave to the 20th century was giving people permission to be different from other people to recognize that there isn't very little that is abnormal because the abnormal is so normal and perhaps most important of all really making it possible to talk about sex that really I think helped hugely in the century after Freud's time
• 53:30 - 54:00 homosexuality sexual variety a much more sympathetic understandings about things that just used to be thought of as perverse that was a big big change in our sensibility certainly at the Western world anyway and something for which we should thank him there is an issue though isn't there because some of his ideas and their it's not just pop science it's positively bad science it may even not be science at all really because the empirical basis for Hannah Freud's work is incredibly slender I
• 54:00 - 54:30 mean he self analyzed he analyzed his wife and daughter and a few neurotic Viennese ladies and this is a very poor starting point for any any real theory he looked a lot at the unconscious how far does that stand up against what we now know from science from from neuroscience for example of course neuroscience is making enormous strides now that there are instruments like the MRI scanner the magnetic resonance imaging scanner and we've learned quite a lot one thing we've learned is that
• 54:30 - 55:00 most mental computation takes place in a non conscious way below the level of consciousness and so memory is stored physically stored in the brain and this must mean that many of the layers of as worse psychic deposits of of all our lives are in there and could be recovered and so he's not a million miles away from what Freud was groping for he had that kind of strength to imagine what we're now understanding to be a true that's exactly exactly right
• 55:00 - 55:30 he was an imaginative genius a wonderful storyteller and you know even if you do a destructive job which is you tear down a conventional fabric of ideas that gives us an opportunity to see things differently and I think he had a not wonderful insight to have struck the bell just very occasionally in ways that make us think this is an interesting aspect an interesting perspective on human experience while theories like the Oedipus complex
• 55:30 - 56:00 and death Drive have been widely questioned there's no doubting Freud's huge cultural influence his ideas have become so embedded they're buried so deep within our day-to-day experiences that we take them for granted so when advertisers scrutinize consumers to create brands that appeals to our irrational desires they are drawing on Freud's psychoanalytic 'el techniques
• 56:00 - 56:30 it's one of the reasons that products are packaged in ways that promise useful freedom prestige and of course sex appeal and Freud's influence is also there in how we make sense of who we are the importance that we place on childhood experiences our openness to talk about the emotional complexity of our lives some people even see his focus on
• 56:30 - 57:00 looking inwards as promoting our narcissistic individualistic culture making us self-absorbed self-obsessed [Music]
• 57:00 - 57:30 what really mattered to Freud I'd argue is right here his ashes are still in this ancient urn one of his favorites which celebrates the Greek god Dionysus the god of wine irrational impulses so here in his final resting place you have sex and lust and death and mania and the power of the past all mixed up together for a man who told the world he was a
• 57:30 - 58:00 scientist this is a madly wonderfully romantic last gesture and a reminder to perhaps that Freud believed no matter how deeply we interrogate ourselves there is an irrational part of our mind destined to stay in the dark [Music] it's true that many afraid series have been dismissed as wildly speculative
• 58:00 - 58:30 criticized for being unscientific but the questions that he left us with are as cogent now as they were back then are we hostages to our pasts and to our hidden anxieties or can we ever learn to understand our psyches to be truly masters of our own minds in the end I succeeded but the Strachan
• 58:30 - 59:00 is not yet over [Music] if the mind of Freud has made you think then why not explore further with the Open University to discover how other great minds have shaped our world today go to the address on the bottom of the screen and follow the links to the Open University
• 59:00 - 59:30 coming up on bbc4 are you rational or intuitive boy it would have plenty to say on this horizon discovers how we really make decisions next [Music]