IGCSE - Environmental Management - 0680 - Chapter - Energy and Environment Notes

Summary

The video provides an overview of the differences between renewable and non-renewable energy resources, explaining that renewable resources can be used repeatedly and are replenished naturally, whereas non-renewable resources like fossil fuels are finite. It discusses methods of electricity production, including the necessity of turbines and generators in all methods except solar panels, where photovoltaic cells are used. It also covers energy production from nuclear fission, geothermal, hydroelectric, and tidal sources, as well as the growing importance and advantages of renewable energy in reducing carbon emissions and combating climate change.

Highlights

• Non-renewable vs renewable energy explained. ⚡️
• Turbines and generators are key to electricity production. 🔄
• Solar energy uses photovoltaic cells, skipping turbines. ☀️
• Nuclear energy involves fission and fusion processes. 💥
• Biofuels are sourced from plant and animal matter. 🌿
• Geothermal and hydroelectric power harness natural forces. 🌊

Key Takeaways

• Understanding the basics of renewable vs non-renewable energy! 🌍
• Turbines everywhere: How most electricity is generated! ⚡️
• Solar power doesn’t need a turbine – it’s different! ☀️
• Nuclear energy: fission vs fusion – a hot topic! 🔥
• Biofuels are green but need lots of lands! 🌱
• Tidal, wind, and hydro – harnessing nature’s power! 🌊

Overview

This video dives into the fascinating world of energy! First up, what's the big deal with renewable versus non-renewable energy? It turns out, renewables like biofuels, wind, and solar are pretty special because they can keep on giving – unlike fossil fuels, which eventually run out. 🌱

Next, the mechanics of electricity generation are explored. Aside from solar panels, which use fancy tech like photovoltaic cells, every other method involves some sort of turbine spinning its way to powering your home. Ever heard of electromagnetic induction? That's your electricity right there! ⚡️

Finally, the video explores some of the cooler methods for producing energy – think geothermal heat harnessed from beneath the Earth's surface, and the incredible power of nuclear fission. Plus, tidal waves powering lights? Yes, please! These innovative methods are paving the way for a cleaner, greener world. 🌍

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction to Energy Sources The chapter introduces the concept of energy sources, distinguishing between non-renewable and renewable energy. Non-renewable energy sources are limited in quantity and cannot be reused, such as fossil fuels including coal and oil. In contrast, renewable energy sources can be reused indefinitely and are replenished naturally over short periods. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding these differences in the context of energy production and consumption.
• 00:30 - 02:00: Types of Energy Sources The chapter discusses different types of energy sources, categorizing them into non-renewable and renewable sources. It explains that natural gas and nuclear power like uranium are classified as fossil fuels, which are non-renewable because they cannot be reused once consumed. In contrast, other energy sources like geothermal, hydroelectric, tidal wave, wind, solar power, biofuels (such as bioethanol, biogas, and wood) are renewable as they can be used repeatedly. The key takeaway is the distinction between renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
• 02:00 - 03:30: Electricity Generation Basics This chapter begins to explore the basics of electricity generation, starting with an introductory note that all methods for producing electricity, no matter the technique, are about to be discussed except for any unspecified exclusions.
• 03:30 - 05:30: Turbine and Generator Functionality The chapter titled 'Turbine and Generator Functionality' explains the basic concepts of producing electricity using a turbine and generator. It highlights the need for a turbine coupled with a generator, as commonly seen in systems other than solar. The physics behind electricity generation is touched upon, using the AC generator as a reference. The AC generator functions by moving a coil between two magnets to produce electricity. The chapter emphasizes the necessity of both a turbine and generator for the electricity production process, which is implied to be elaborated upon further.
• 05:30 - 09:00: Difference between Fossil Fuels and Biofuels This chapter discusses the difference between fossil fuels and biofuels, focusing on how turbines work. The turbine is described as a large fan-like structure that rotates. It can be rotated using wind or other methods of induction. The chapter likely touches on different energy sources, contrasting fossil fuels with biofuels, within the context of turbine technology and its application.
• 09:00 - 13:30: Nuclear Power Basics The chapter 'Nuclear Power Basics' explains the process of electricity generation through nuclear power. It describes how high-pressure steam, created by the heating of water in a nuclear reactor, is used to spin turbines that are connected to generators, producing electricity. This process is akin to concepts taught in physics, where the conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy results in electrical energy. The chapter simplifies the explanation by analogizing turbine movement to that of a fan.
• 13:30 - 15:30: Geothermal Energy The chapter on Geothermal Energy focuses on the methods of producing electricity using geothermal resources. Specifically, it explains that while solar energy doesn't require a turbine, other forms do, including geothermal energy. The central concept discussed is the use of turbines and generators to convert geothermal energy into electricity. The high-pressure steam is a crucial element in driving the turbine, which is then connected to a generator to produce electricity. The chapter may further elaborate on the types of turbines used and how high-pressure steam is harnessed and managed in geothermal energy systems.
• 15:30 - 18:00: Wind Power The chapter 'Wind Power' explains the basic principle of how wind turbines generate electricity. It describes the process where the turbine's rotation, driven by natural forces such as water, steam, or wind, is connected to a generator. Inside the generator, a coil moves as the turbine rotates, thereby producing electricity. The chapter focuses on the core component—movement of the turbine and its connection to electricity generation. It briefly invites the reader or listener to reflect on their existing awareness of these concepts.
• 18:00 - 21:00: Solar Panels This chapter explains the concept behind electricity generation using solar panels. It begins by describing the components involved in the process, such as the coil, slip rings, brush, and the role of electromagnetic flux. The main principle illustrated is how the rotation of a coil changes electromagnetic flux and subsequently generates electricity. Additionally, the application of this coil with a turbine is mentioned to further exemplify the process, categorizing the described mechanism as part of a generator.
• 21:00 - 25:00: Tidal Power The chapter 'Tidal Power' discusses the mechanics of using turbines for electricity generation. The process involves utilizing steam, wind, or water to move the turbine. As the turbine rotates, it drives a generator, resulting in the production of electricity. The chapter explains this concept as straightforward, emphasizing the versatility of using different energy sources to power the turbine.
• 25:00 - 31:00: Wave Power In this chapter, we explore the components and functioning of a wave power system. The main parts include the turbine and the generator. When strong forces such as wind, water, or high-pressure steam interact with the turbine, it starts rotating. This rotation is coupled with the generator, leading to the production of electricity. The process is exemplified by the workings of a windmill.
• 31:00 - 35:00: Hydroelectric Power This chapter discusses the basics of hydroelectric power generation, explaining how electricity is produced through the movement of turbine wings due to wind, which in turn drives a generator to produce electricity. It also mentions logistical instructions related to rejoining meetings via a link, though this may be extraneous to the main topic of hydroelectric power.
• 35:00 - 43:00: Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Sources The chapter discusses the process of how water and wind energy are converted to electricity, which is then supplied to the grid and ultimately to homes. It sets the stage for explaining the distinction between fossil fuels and biofuels, mentioning that fossil fuels are derived from organic materials like coal.

IGCSE - Environmental Management - 0680 - Chapter - Energy and Environment Notes Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 yes yes i already put on recording okay so now so again the difference between non-reliable and renewable means you cannot use them again they are in a limited quantity renewable you can use them again and again and they can take million years to produce and here they can short time to produce the example fossil fuels like coal oil
• 00:30 - 01:00 natural gas and nuclear power like uranium they are all fossil fuels because once you use them you cannot use again but other geothermal hydroelectric tidal wave wind solar power biofuels like bioethanol biogas and wood they are all renewable you can use them again and again so this is the main difference between them i hope everybody got it can we move
• 01:00 - 01:30 further yes okay now we will see here just one minute whenever you will want to produce electricity so all the method whatever the method you will use to produce electricity except
• 01:30 - 02:00 solar except solar system you need our turbine and you need a generator in physics electricity you saw the ac generator and ac generator you know that it move the coil moves between two magnets and it produce electricity so you need a turbine and you need a generator to produce electricity with the help of the process known as
• 02:00 - 02:30 electromagnetic induction now let's see the how the turbine look like the turbine is really simple thing is like a fan wings you can say but it's quite big so this turbine is rotates they are rotating this turbine when this turbine rotates they can rotate it with the help of wind they can rotate it with the help of
• 02:30 - 03:00 steam so when and they can rotate it with the help of water when high pressure when high pressure steam high moving water falls on this turbine they move like a fan and you can see their shafts these ones they are fitted with generator and generator produce electricity this one if you took in physics maybe
• 03:00 - 03:30 you are not electricity so inshallah you will study that one there so this is the main function as i told you if you want to produce electricity except solar you need a turbine and you need a generator understand how they will use it see here now they are using this turbine now if you see this turbine here the high pressure steam is coming see here and when high pressure steam comes this
• 03:30 - 04:00 turbine rotates when this rotate it is fixed with the generator here i will show you that one also so then generator moves inside the generator you have a coil and that coil moves produce electricity so this is this turbine you can move with the help of water with the help of steam with the help of wind now see this one here aware of this one or not
• 04:00 - 04:30 oh yes okay here this is the coil and this is your slip rings and this is the brush and this is the electricity so when this coil rotates and electromagnetic flux is changed at that time electricity is produced so it means this is the generator part so if you fit this coil with turbine if i put a turbine here
• 04:30 - 05:00 with this one here turbine so when steam comes this turbine moves and this coil start to move and electricity start to produce here i can use steam here i can use wind here i can use water this one here to move the turbine and turbine will move the generator and electricity is produced is easy or difficult
• 05:00 - 05:30 easy easy okay now see here this is the the already fit this is the turbine part and this is a generator part so they already fit a turbine the generator if the strong wind will come here or the water will come here or high pressure steam come here it start to rotate and it fits with the generator and electricity start to produce here for example wind mill
• 05:30 - 06:00 the wind that these wings they moves due to the wind and here they have generator and then generator produce electricity so this is the main function how electricity is produced if the meeting will finish so please go back to the same link and join again which i sent in this one so here again they describe in a more simple way this is the turbine here steam is coming
• 06:00 - 06:30 water is coming wind is coming this rotating and it is fitted with the generator this is a generator an electricity produce which goes to the grid station and then your houses any confusion till here no okay now the fossil fuels and biofuels you should know the difference between them fossil fuels means the fuel which are produced from the fossils like coal like
• 06:30 - 07:00 gasoline like diesel like natural gas but biofuels means you will produce them from plants like vegetable oil and sometimes you using by animal waste like in bio maybe use that waste of animals they use to make a gas that gas is known as biogas so these are biofuels and you alcohol you know alcoholic you can produce alcohol from sugar
• 07:00 - 07:30 and any fruit which has a sugar you can convert into ethanol for example the grapes you can convert them into alcohol sugarcane you can convert them into alcohol so alcohol is produced and this alcohol is used as a fuel in some countries instead of petrol the cars are working on ethanol so that is known as biofuel
• 07:30 - 08:00 and you can fit until here the difference between fossil fuels and biofuels no okay now see here there's one more comparison we can do between them number one that biofuels renewable fossil fuels non-renewable source they are coming from plants and recently produced from organic waste which is coming from
• 08:00 - 08:30 the animals even the waste you are throwing the trash from your house also using to convert into biofuel organisms that have been died millions ago it's produced by that way impact on health the fuel which will produce due to plants and animals like a biofuels they are non-toxic they are not release any harm gases but here they are toxic i mean cause lot of pollution state of industry right now growing
• 08:30 - 09:00 the biofuel industry is growing even you know that now the tesla and other companies they produce electric cars and the people are saying that maybe up to 230 the 70 cars will be replaced to electric cars or maybe more than that so now there's a lot of potential in this industry biofuel industry and here fossil fuels even saudi arabia they are decreasing the dependence on
• 09:00 - 09:30 the fossil fuels they want to go for renewable sources any confusion in this now okay now in how you can get like nuclear power station used to produce electricity you know that uranium is a radioactive element so when you do the nuclear fission there
• 09:30 - 10:00 are two type of one is nuclear fission and other is nuclear fusion can anyone tell me the difference between them no okay i will tell you fijian fijian means a big nuclei will break down into smaller nuclei it can be two or more than two it is a
• 10:00 - 10:30 big nucleus it will break down into smallers at that time when it's break down it release lot of energy and that energy is used to heat the things or other sources feel and
• 10:30 - 11:00 me
• 11:00 - 11:30 okay
• 11:30 - 12:00 anyone is left i think one more hola any question
• 12:00 - 12:30 if you have anything ask okay so can we start okay so i was telling you about the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion so in nuclear fission a big nuclei will break down into two small nucleus and during this process lot of energy is released in a form of heat
• 12:30 - 13:00 and that heat can be used for different purposes if you can control that heat if you can control that heat it is used in a nuclear power station to produce electricity and if you cannot control that heat it is uncontrollable so then it is used in nuclear bomb as a weapon which in japan remember america
• 13:00 - 13:30 dropped to in hiroshima and nagasaki too that is uncontrolled and in the nuclear power station it is controlled whatever heat you need you can control that one this is the what happens in nuclear power station in nuclear power station when you have a uranium and that uranium will break down and in radioactivity in physics so you will study how the nuclear fission happens so but right now you can see here that
• 13:30 - 14:00 this is only the uranium is used that due to nuclear fission the heat is produced and that heat is used to heat the water and that water is heated and then it converts into steam you can see here and that steam with high pressure it goes to the turbine and it moves the turbine this turbine fitted with the generator and inside the generator you have a coil and when that coil moves electricity is
• 14:00 - 14:30 produced once again the heat which comes from the uranium that is used that is used to heat the water when you heat the water water will convert into steam that steam will go here and it is collected here when steam become high pressure so they will bring the steam here on the turbine and it pass through the turbine and when something moving with a high pressure
• 14:30 - 15:00 the turbines start to rotate and as it rotates it fitted with the generator and generator inside generator you have a coil which moves and produce electricity any confusion any of the experiments diffusion in fusion fusion means that when two small nuclei they combine together to make a big nucleus
• 15:00 - 15:30 like it happens in sun in sun hydrogen atoms they combine together to form helium and it also produce the lot of heat due to that sun is producing heat so that is fusion inside the sun it is fueled understand sorry it combined together now here in fusion
• 15:30 - 16:00 in fusion two small atoms they combine together to make a big new atom or in other words two small nucleus they combine together to make a big nucleus hydrogen nucleus is smaller as compared to the helium and so two hydrogen they combine together to produce helium
• 16:00 - 16:30 nuclei combine together to form a nuclear yes one one big one so that is fusion even from the name you can say fused to when you combine two things okay that word and move further okay geothermal
• 16:30 - 17:00 it's also very interesting now they're saying that geothermal from the name what comes to your mind what does it mean you mean what from the earth you mean earth good and thermal mean heat it means heat comes from the earth there are some areas in the world
• 17:00 - 17:30 where under the earth may be up to some 100 meters you will find hot rocks you will find hot rocks and these hot rocks sometimes even they they're also known as hot springs in some countries they're coming out of the ground so these hot rocks they are found not everywhere in some areas you can see in this picture here
• 17:30 - 18:00 you have these hot rocks down and how they will use this energy from the earth the heat of the earth to convert into electricity really simple what they will do i will explain to you now
• 18:00 - 18:30 see here now i will just enlarge it for you so you can see it clearly okay now for example here you have the hot rocks this is the place where you have hot rocks they will drill a pipe down here and they will drill another pipe here okay now from here cold water come injection
• 18:30 - 19:00 well means from here cold or normal water it will come down when this water will come on the hot rocks it will become superheated because hot rocks have very high temperature so when this hot this cold water become hot it converts into steam and that steam will go up here in number two here then this steam with high pressure
• 19:00 - 19:30 it will fall on the turbine and the turbine start to rotate and the turbine start to rotate it is fitted with the generator generator coils start to rotate reduce electricity which can supplies to the homes and the industries any confusion excuse me sir i said to you that my connection is bad so sometimes i didn't hear i'm no i'm recording it i'm recording it and i will send it to you
• 19:30 - 20:00 don't worry okay so can you just disappoint him because i did not hear anything okay i'm saying that in this process they have to make two pipes one is here and one is here in this pipe they will put normal water from up normal water they will put it down when this water come down here you have hot rods and the water when come to the hot rocks
• 20:00 - 20:30 it will become super heated you know the meaning of superheated the water which has temperature more than 100 degree and then it converts into steam when it converts into steam that that's a lot of because the no not hot water the rocks will just heat but the rocks will just used to heat the water rocks will not convert into anything their heat is used to boil the water
• 20:30 - 21:00 only and that water will become steam it comes up and that steam go to the turbine turbines start to rotate it is fitted with the generator so generators start to produce electricity that can be supplied to the home than the industry is it okay can we move forward now
• 21:00 - 21:30 okay now wind power wind power it is again it's quite simple that energy from the wind it is used to produce electricity these are the wind mills they are known as wind mills or wind turbines both words are used wind turbines and some time you will use wind mills okay so here wind comes on these big
• 21:30 - 22:00 this one and they move and when they move in this box they have the generator which start to move and produce electricity so but again it is they are used only the areas where you have the wind strong winds 24 hour every part of the word is not suitable for them we will see also this one
• 22:00 - 22:30 okay and how they will produce electricity let's see in more detail here see here this box now these are the rotating blades big ones when the vents come and strike on these blades they start to rotate you feel that their rotation is very slow but this rotation is increased by using a gearbox
• 22:30 - 23:00 gearbox is a machine which will increase the rotation you know the cycles the bicycle used for which has the gears and by applying a small force they move really fast the function of a gearbox to increase your force this question will not come in the exam what is gearbox i am just explaining to you because you are physics and chemistry students so the gearbox it will increase
• 23:00 - 23:30 you can say rotation and when this rotation will come to the generator it is very high speed and generators start to rotate and start to produce electricity and that electricity can be produced to can be transferred to the cities and the other areas any confusion no okay now solar panels now solar panels it is
• 23:30 - 24:00 quite in you can say in now there are a lot of people are using this one in solar panels now here solar energy is used so that one i am talking about remember in the beginning here you are not using any turbine you are not using any generator you are using special cells they are known as solar cells they are made by a special material
• 24:00 - 24:30 mainly they are made by silicon it is a element in your periodic table silicon is a metal and non or non-metal can you tell me one method both are wrong they are metalloids they are semi-metals in chemistry you have this one semi-metals they are metalloid mean element which has
• 24:30 - 25:00 properties of metals as well as non-metals silicon germanium they are also sorry non-metal semi-metals so they are mainly made by silicon and when the light fall on these solar plates so they will convert into electricity okay so how i can explain to you now here down see here
• 25:00 - 25:30 here you have the sunlight it is falling on this solar panel so when you are arranging like this so it is known as solar panel solar panel means it has lot of solar cells here then if you see this diagram photons photons mean these light light i think it's physics not in your igcse in a levels it is there light travel in
• 25:30 - 26:00 the small packets each packet is known as photon anyhow when the light fall on these ones so this electrons are produced and electrons start to flow and when electron flow the flow of electron is known as electricity so it works like this in the exam they will not ask this one in environmental but as a physics student i'm just telling you this one so simply the sunlight falls on the solar panels and solar panels they convert sunlight into electricity and
• 26:00 - 26:30 that electricity is used for homes and for other purposes any confusion no sorry now you have tidal power title power from the name you can say from the tides tides which are produced in the in other words you can say
• 26:30 - 27:00 the waves in simple word waves which are produced inside the sea they can be used to produce electricity so you can see this diagram sometimes the same structure like wind mills it is inside the sea and the water comes then rotates and then as it is produced by the same way this is one method sometimes the tides in the okay if you observe the sea at which time the tides are high in the
• 27:00 - 27:30 daytime and in the night time night time even if you go to the sea in the day you find the water will leave the beach it will go away from the beach but as the night comes it again come on that place so what they are doing they are making the small areas near the sea
• 27:30 - 28:00 and this is like a big holes when the sea level increase so the water comes and stored inside them and it when the day it is full so in the night when it is full they close the gate this is happening in night and water because water level has become high in the sea it comes here and they store this water in the day the water level decrease and up come
• 28:00 - 28:30 till here at that time they open this door from here they open this door water comes back towards the sea and they fit a turbine and generator here when this water moves through the turbine turbine moves and generators start to produce electricity and that electricity can be used for different purposes any confusion
• 28:30 - 29:00 can you explain the last point okay i'm saying that in the day when the sea tides are low so then no use in the night when the tides become very high so they come and water will come and store here they have a gate here and when the water comes here it is full they will close this gate okay when the gate is closed then in the day
• 29:00 - 29:30 in the night the water remains still here if you open this gate in the night water cannot go back because level here and level here same in the day this level went down till here then you open this gate when you open this gate the water falls from here towards this part because this is the only path from water can pass and go to the sea back so here they fit the turbine when the water pass through this turbine it
• 29:30 - 30:00 rotates and it is fitted with the generator and electricity is produced so again next night again they fill it with water again in the day they leave it this is like a repeating process any confusion okay the same diagrams here the same which i explained to you here high level let's go to this turbine again going back to the ocean but these
• 30:00 - 30:30 again in some countries which has the sea and they have this high tide they can use it the wave power maybe sometimes you saw this type of things inside the sea so they are used to produce electricity so these are you can say here when there the waves move up and down these objects also move up and down when
• 30:30 - 31:00 they move up and down so they have a system inside they produce electricity okay how let me explain to you see here this one now for example here when this is the system which is inside the sea when the water levels go up and down so here water go up sometimes go down so this movement create a circular movement
• 31:00 - 31:30 moving up and down in a closed container moves circular movement and that circular movement is moved turbine and turbine move generator once again i am telling you they will not ask the mechanism that each and everything maybe they can give you this above diagram which is here and you can ask but you should know because these things will come physics in physics also and here they can ask so that
• 31:30 - 32:00 i'm explaining this one okay next again same thing sometimes you would find like this this type of objects in the sea they have down like this again water move them up and down and up and down produce a movement in the generator and turbine they move the electricity produce they are known as bios this
• 32:00 - 32:30 one and emf emf mean electricity electromotive force so this produce any confusion question sorry yes yes yes so for example if someone like is swimming in this area then he touched the below tower first of all these areas whenever they are using it they already marked outside
• 32:30 - 33:00 they will put the red flags or something that their people are prohibited to go there but secondly even they are going there so it is not earthed that they you cannot get electric shock because if there is electricity it can make all water electrical and all the even the people they can they are highly insulated this is just like a movement and that movement is going to a turbine
• 33:00 - 33:30 and generator is producing electricity and from there the wires they are highly insulated they cannot go i mean electricity can we cannot get electric shock but due to the movement of this up and down maybe you get hurt but you cannot get electric shock here understand hello yes
• 33:30 - 34:00 okay now this is hydroelectric hydroelectric is used by a lot of countries so what they are doing they are making damn damn is a place where they store water this is the dam all damn this one here they store the water and damn all mostly on the high places where you have mountains and the water comes up from the mountain and it stored
• 34:00 - 34:30 here then they will make the from here they will make the doors and each door down they fitted a turbine when water comes with a high speed down it fall on a turbine when water fossil turbine turbine rotates when turbine rotates it is fitted with a generator and generated star to rotate and electricity is produced so this is known as hydro electric
• 34:30 - 35:00 hydro means water and electricity produced by water so that's known as hydroelectricity also so these dams again some countries they have this type of location where they can produce the way can they make the dams not every country okay in your sudan you also have the dam like murphy dam and all these things
• 35:00 - 35:30 in saudi arabia there's no dam there's no place where they can produce maybe in mountains they have little bit but they cannot produce that much of electricity understand now what is a dam dam is a place and where they store the water and it is on a high place then they drop the water sometime they drop the water through a pipe a pipe comes from there and when the water come through a pipe down maybe 500 meters
• 35:30 - 36:00 though it will get a great kinetic energy and then when it falls on the turbine the turbine rotates and the turbine fitted with generator and produce electricity any question regarding this you can see this one here here this is the dam water comes with a high flow here and this is a turbine turbine rotates it
• 36:00 - 36:30 will fit it with a generator and generator is producing electricity any confusion okay now here we will see the advantages and disadvantages whatever the sources of energy we discuss now in which we have wind energy we have geothermal energy we have nuclear power stations hydroelectric we will see the
• 36:30 - 37:00 advantages and disadvantages also please pay attention because it is also important for you in physics the same thing is replicable there now if you are using the fossil fuels it has some advantages number one plentiful supply means you have lot of supply plenty for a lot of amount like coal you have a lot you have oil a lot i'm talking about as
• 37:00 - 37:30 a whole generally i'm not specifying one country i'm talking about on earth you have a lot provides job opportunities mining and processing for example if you want to use the fossil fuels you have to take it from the ground and for that you need the people it means fossil fuels create a lot of jobs for the people number three the technology used in a used well-known method of extraction
• 37:30 - 38:00 well-practiced because people are taking this maybe more than 100 years so they know how to take it so now it is easy to take out disadvantages of fossil fuels but use carbon oxide and toxic gases okay and number two damage is local area because sometimes if there are a lot of factories in some area or the city has a
• 38:00 - 38:30 lot of traffic so that whole popul you can say air is polluted then after that limited supply as a in term of non-renewable means whatever the quantity you have now but if you use it one day it will finish it's not renewable so these are advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuels any confusion no yes
• 38:30 - 39:00 so how because they said that there is a lot of supply but then that generates that is limited uh yes very good question plenty of supply means for example if you are using let's say another source like you are using you can hear me yes i can hear you now can you meet your mic i can explain to you because there is some background
• 39:00 - 39:30 noise so when you have using another method like hydroelectric hydroelectric we use that now you have to need a dam in the dam water is stored how much water will come here it depends on some factors number one rain factor number two snow factor like this so here you are dependent the supply is not constant even you are using solar cells
• 39:30 - 40:00 if you have clouds if day is cloudy you cannot get the supply it means here the supply is depending on some factors you cannot guarantee the supply hundred percent every time here plentiful supply means that if you have a source if you have for example crude oil under the ground you can take it anytime even the daytime even the night time even it
• 40:00 - 40:30 is raining even it is cloudy so supply is continuous but here supply is limited means if there is no rain no snow water level goes down maybe you have to stop the producing generators to produce electricity maybe there is no sunlight the supply is finished so i'm talking about this contact supply contact supply means you
• 40:30 - 41:00 here something is needed and here from here you bring so how the thing will come from here to here that is supply chain got it now can you repeat it i'm saying that supply means that something will comes for example here you have a power station and this power station working on fossil fuels
• 41:00 - 41:30 now you have fossil fuels here like crude oil so you will can bring this supply here with the help of pipeline with the help of truck whatever you have you can supply it to power station you weather cannot affect it other conditions cannot affect it but if you have non renewable like you have sorry like you have renewable like solar
• 41:30 - 42:00 sorry renewable solar if you now you have a solar cell here you need the solar sunlight on solar panel to produce electricity but if the clouds comes your supply is limited maybe no supply finish now you cannot produce electricity you have wind mills windmills you have
• 42:00 - 42:30 if there is no wind you cannot produce electricity no supply supply means something is not available you have every setup but it depends on wind if nothing you cannot produce electricity but fossil fuels they you can take up from the ground and you can use them any time their supply is not limited i'm talking about this one don't think there is a difference
• 42:30 - 43:00 between amount and supply amount means how much quantity you have supply means you are moving the things from one place to another place that is supply not quantity maybe you are mixing these two things understand now
• 43:00 - 43:30 so i mean for the plentiful if i have the like if i have the power or i have the supply i will take it to the station yes for example if you have a crude oil at any time you can take it in the day in the night you don't need the sunshine you don't need the wind you don't need anything this supply is all the time available but others they are not available like hydroelectric if you have water you can produce electricity
• 43:30 - 44:00 solar if you have sunshine you can produce electricity when if you have a wind you can produce electricity you there you have dependent supply is not live understand hello is it okay yes okay after that again the biofuel as told you the biofuels which are produced from
• 44:00 - 44:30 plants and here okay one word is missing supply why okay renewable resources mean you can use them again and again if you are producing something from trees and fruits you can plant the trees again and you can produce a fruit again if you are producing something from the waste so that waste all again available like this again plentiful supply all the time you can say that
• 44:30 - 45:00 you have a supply there but once again that this biofuel once you prepared them it's available again don't be confused that mr minovar said that here bring you plentiful before then he has no here means that if you prepare something for example you are preparing something from fruits like you are producing alcohol let's say once you prepared it you can use it anytime that talking
• 45:00 - 45:30 about disadvantages carbon dioxide and toxic gases are released when burned yes sometimes they also produce carbon dioxide lot of land needed if you want to cultivate trees and other things yes you need the land shortage of land for agriculture for example if you go for this one so then maybe the land will be less for the producing the food for the people
• 45:30 - 46:00 and some time you have to do you are disturbing the natural ecosystem so these conditions sometimes all are applicable and some places sometimes one of them is applicable because if you are using animal waste i give you the example now animal waste if you burn it carbon dioxide is produced if you are taking alcohol
• 46:00 - 46:30 you burn it carbon dioxide is not produced so both are biofuels so sometimes one of the biofuel creates the issues other is not don't be confused in this one can i move forward yes okay after that you have nuclear
• 46:30 - 47:00 nuclear power this is also when you use uranium advantages does not produce carbon dioxide yes no emission large amount of energy is produced with a small amount of fuel yes a small amount of uranium if you will use it you can produce a large amount of heat job opportunities also produce but there is a disadvantage is high risk of radiation if radiation comes out it can disturb
• 47:00 - 47:30 the everything especially the people and maybe you saw that the people who are working in nuclear power station they are varying the special type of clocks they will stop the radiation radioactive waste is cannot be recycled it's very you can say the bad thing for example if you use any element for example this is uranium
• 47:30 - 48:00 you put in a power station you got the heat from it after that the waste will come and that waste you cannot get energy from that so that is waste for you but this waste produce radiation alpha beta gamma and that they are really dangerous for the people so when the waste come out from a power station they have to put in special containers
• 48:00 - 48:30 that containers mainly they met by lead because that do not allow the radiation to go out after putting in the lead they have to store it as some place where it will be undisturbed and some of time it needs 5 000 years to become neutralized so this is really long time understand
• 48:30 - 49:00 any confusion no again that geothermal in geothermal they said that you have the advantages does not produce carbon dioxide and limited supply sorry unlimited supply if the rocks are down you can get renewable unlimited means renewable here disadvantage is
• 49:00 - 49:30 expensive to install isn't it sir excuse me yes another name for blimp for supply is unlimited supply yeah you can say unlimited valenti mean actually means a lot uncounted but here you cannot say unlimited mean further like others they are comparing with others as compared to them because hot rocks al always they have a high temperature so they can use it again and again and
• 49:30 - 50:00 again so in that term they are taking it as a renewable yes yes yeah it means for the unlimited supply for the fossil fuels it means for uh some substances they are limited as some unlimited yes the fossil fuels all fossil fuels they in quantity they are limited okay so in you have two things
• 50:00 - 50:30 renewable and you have non-renewable fossil fuels comes in this as we discussed in all others now discussing geothermal is comes here when you talking about here unlimited supply means here that they are renewable you can use it again and again fossil fuels they have a means quantity which is
• 50:30 - 51:00 because inside