IGCSE History - USA: A Divided Union 1945-74 │ 2 effects of EVERYTHING!

Summary

This video delves into the history of the United States as a divided nation from 1945 to 1974, focusing on the civil rights movement and related events. The creator, Locked In Revision, covers each major point in the IGCSE specification, discussing two effects of significant happenings such as McCarthyism, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Brown vs. Board of Education, and the Watergate scandal. By presenting this detailed overview, the video aims to serve as a concise and helpful revision tool for students studying this era of American history.

Highlights

• The Red Scare and McCarthyism fueled fear of communist infiltration and unintentionally boosted Richard Nixon's political career. 🚀
• The Rosenberg case heightened paranoia in the US and sparked debates over anti-communist trials. ⚖️
• The Hollywood 10 case fueled discussions on freedom of speech and led to many careers being ruined by blacklisting. 🎬
• McCarthy's downfall led to a reduction in extreme anti-communist activities and partially restored civil liberties. 🍂
• The 1950s civil rights movements began challenging segregation and inspired organized resistance. ✊
• The Montgomery Bus Boycott demonstrated the economic power of African-Americans and launched Martin Luther King Jr. to prominence. 🚌
• Selma and the events there were pivotal in passing the 1965 Voting Rights Act. 📜
• The Black Panther Party improved local communities but also clashed with law enforcement. 🐾
• Watergate exposed governmental corruption, leading to Nixon's resignation and new reforms. 🏛️

Key Takeaways

• The video provides a detailed overview of the USA's divided history between civil rights movements and governmental scandals from 1945 to 1974. 🎥
• Each major event discussed has two effects highlighted, useful for IGCSE History revision. 📝
• From McCarthyism to the civil rights movement, each section provides concise points to aid studying. 💡
• Key detours into initiatives like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Watergate are well-explained with clear outcomes. 🚌
• This video is a robust educational tool, encouraging further exploration into each event's long-term impact. 📚

Overview

The video opens with an introduction to the tumultuous period from 1945-1974 in the USA, highlighting key events such as McCarthyism and the Red Scare, which fueled fears of communism. This historical recount contains reflections on major trials and political events that had far-reaching effects on American society and governance.

As the video progresses into the civil rights era, it captures the spirit and drive of movements that fought against racial inequality. The coverage of the Supreme Court's decisions and the monumental acts of protest like the Montgomery Bus Boycott serve to illustrate the growing tide of change across the nation, offering insightful summaries of their success and struggles.

The conclusion shifts focus to the political sphere and the Watergate scandal, revealing its impact on the national trust in government. By detailing the scandal's exposure of corruption and the subsequent legal reforms, the video provides a comprehensive look at how these events shaped modern politics, ending with a reminder of the importance of continued study and understanding of this pivotal historical era.

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction to the IGCSE History Course The chapter titled "Introduction to the IGCSE History Course" begins with an overview of the IGCSC history curriculum focusing on the theme 'Divided Union: Civil Rights in the USA 1945 to 1974'. The instructor details the course outline, starting with the Red Scare and McCarthyism. This section highlights two effects, primarily the increased public fear of internal communist infiltration, illustrated through the accusation against Algahis (Al Jahis), a high-ranking individual.
• 00:30 - 01:00: Red Scare and McCarthyism During the period of the Red Scare and McCarthyism, there was a significant fear that communism had infiltrated the highest levels of the US government. A State Department official was identified as a Soviet spy, fueling these concerns. This fear was compounded by the tense relations between the US and the Soviet Union. The ongoing Korean War further stimulated anti-communist sentiments within the country. This climate of fear and suspicion contributed notably to the political ascent of Richard Nixon, who was then a Congressman and gained national recognition for his stance and actions during these turbulent times.
• 01:00 - 01:30: Rosenberg Case The chapter titled 'Rosenberg Case' delves into the impact of the infamous Rosenberg case on American society. It mentions the role of this case in heightening paranoia during the Cold War era and its effects on political personalities like Richard Nixon. The execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for supposedly delivering atomic secrets to the Soviet Union is highlighted as a pivotal event that intensified fears of traitors within the United States. The chapter also sets the context for Richard Nixon's political journey, mentioning his rise to vice presidency with Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and hinting at his future significance.
• 01:30 - 02:00: FBI and HUAC The chapter titled 'FBI and HUAC' discusses the involvement of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg at Los Alamos during the creation of the atomic bomb, their trial in 1951, and subsequent execution. It highlights the controversy and criticism surrounding anti-communist trials, with many people viewing the Rosenbergs as scapegoats due to anti-Semitism and Cold War hysteria. This situation sparked a national debate on justice and due process. Additionally, the chapter covers the impact of the FBI and the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in institutionalizing anti-communist sentiment in America.
• 02:00 - 02:30: Hollywood 10 This chapter discusses the Hollywood 10, focusing on the impact of the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover and the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) during their investigations into suspected communists. This created a climate of fear that infringed on civil liberties, where individuals were often interrogated without solid evidence leading to job losses and damaged reputations, particularly in the fields of arts and education. The Hollywood 10 case is highlighted for contributing to the blacklisting of hundreds in the film industry.
• 02:30 - 03:00: McCarthy's Methods The Hollywood 10, a group of directors, producers, and actors, were jailed for refusing to testify and were subsequently blacklisted over suspected communist ties. This event highlighted the tension between national security and freedom of speech, sparking a debate on the First Amendment and whether someone's career should be affected by their political beliefs. McCarthy's methods resulted in these individuals being unable to return to their professions in Hollywood.
• 03:00 - 03:30: McCarthy's Downfall The chapter titled 'McCarthy's Downfall' covers how Senator Joseph McCarthy's aggressive tactics of spreading fear and making false, unsubstantiated accusations led to his eventual downfall. It highlights his use of public trials, which ruined lives without proof, and the increasing media attention and political drama surrounding his actions. The chapter also discusses the role of televised hearings and the involvement of Ed Murrow's program 'See It Now,' which gave McCarthy a platform but ultimately contributed to his loss of public support when people realized the groundlessness of his claims and his bullying nature.
• 03:30 - 04:00: Effects of McCarthyism Overall The chapter discusses the overall effects of McCarthyism, particularly following Joe McCarthy's downfall. McCarthy's censure by the Senate in 1954 marked a significant point in what was known as the 'Red Scare', although it didn't signify an absolute end due to the ongoing Cold War. His censure discredited the extreme anti-communist tactics he employed, such as fabricating evidence and faking photos. As a result, politics became more cautious, and fewer people were put on trial for alleged communist activities.
• 04:00 - 04:30: Civil Rights in the 1950s The chapter titled 'Civil Rights in the 1950s' discusses the impact of McCarthyism on civil liberties and the USA's international reputation. McCarthyism, characterized by blacklisting and loyalty tests, undermined constitutional rights but eventually led to a decline in public support for such measures after the fall of its influence. As the chapter explains, this period not only threatened individual freedoms but also created a contradictory image of the US as a nation professing liberty while persecuting its citizens for their political beliefs, resulting in a tarnished global reputation.
• 05:00 - 05:30: Brown vs Board of Education The chapter titled 'Brown vs Board of Education' begins by discussing the general distrust in the government, which was partly fueled by the fear-driven culture of the time. Americans were skeptical of political leaders, a sentiment exacerbated by the actions of McCarthy, a high-ranking official who misled the public with false claims. This betrayal led to widespread cynicism and loomed heavily over American politics.
• 06:00 - 06:30: Emmett Till's Death The chapter titled 'Emmett Till's Death' discusses the systemic denial of quality education, health care, and housing to African-Americans, and how these injustices limited their opportunities. It highlights the organized resistance that emerged in response, particularly focusing on the role of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in challenging segregation and racial discrimination. The chapter also touches on the influence of the Supreme Court and Congress, emphasizing their role in overturning segregation laws.
• 07:00 - 07:30: Montgomery Bus Boycott The chapter titled 'Montgomery Bus Boycott' examines the broader implications of landmark rulings such as Brown versus Board of Education. This case provided a crucial legal basis for challenging segregation in the USA, indicating that laws could be used to interrogate and dismantle institutionalized racism. The chapter underscores two significant effects of the ruling: first, it served as a legal foundation for contesting segregation nationwide, and second, it highlighted the limitations of federal authority, as many southern states resisted compliance with court decisions, demonstrating that legislative action alone was insufficient to enforce change.
• 08:00 - 08:30: Little Rock Crisis The chapter titled 'Little Rock Crisis' delves into the aftermath of the Supreme Court decision that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896. It highlights the role of the NAACP's legal campaign in bringing about this change. Despite the ruling's significance, it faced substantial resistance in the Southern United States, where many states employed legal and sometimes violent means to delay desegregation. A notable event discussed is the 1957 action by Arkansas Governor Orville Forbus, who utilized the National Guard to obstruct the enrollment of black students, a move emblematic of the era's widespread resistance to desegregation.
• 09:00 - 09:30: Civil Rights Act of 1957 The chapter titled 'Civil Rights Act of 1957' discusses the aftermath of Emmett Till's murder in 1955, which shocked the nation and galvanized the civil rights movement. The narrative touches on federal interventions required in Little Rock, Arkansas, when students were prevented from entering Little Rock High School. The brutal murder of 14-year-old Emmett Till in Money, Mississippi, highlighted the deep-seated racism in the southern United States and played a pivotal role in energizing the civil rights movement after his open-casket funeral drew significant media attention.
• 09:30 - 10:00: Ku Klux Klan in the 1950s The chapter discusses the Ku Klux Klan during the 1950s, focusing on significant events and figures that emerged in response to their activities. The murder of an African-American individual by shop owners is highlighted, which served as a catalyst for youth activism among African-Americans, such as Rosa Parks and members of the SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee). The Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-56 is noted for illustrating the economic power of African-Americans, as the bus company suffered financially due to the boycott.
• 10:00 - 10:30: Impact of Civil Rights Protests 1960-74 The chapter discusses the impact of civil rights protests between 1960 and 1974, focusing on the effectiveness of nonviolent protests as exemplified by Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat on a bus. This event not only highlighted the power of nonviolent resistance but also elevated Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence. His leadership in the civil rights movement led to significant milestones such as his famous speeches and the March on Washington.
• 10:30 - 11:00: Aniston Firebombing The chapter titled 'Aniston Firebombing' refers to the historical context of the desegregation efforts and crises in the United States, specifically referencing the Little Rock crisis. This event required federal intervention to enforce desegregation laws when President Eisenhower deployed troops to support the Little Rock 9 against intense local opposition. The intention was to execute the desegregation plan of Central High School post the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling, commencing with the integration of the Little Rock 9 in September 1957, amidst strong local defiance. The summary highlights the broader tensions and challenges of the Civil Rights Movement.
• 11:00 - 11:30: Greensboro Sit-ins The chapter on Greensboro Sit-ins focuses on the persistent struggle against racial integration amidst significant resistance from white segregationists. It highlights the deeply entrenched racism in Southern society during this period. The chapter also discusses the Civil Rights Act of 1957, emphasizing that it was the first federal civil rights legislation since the Reconstruction era under Lincoln. This act aimed to secure voting rights and established the Civil Rights Commission to investigate discrimination and segregation issues.
• 11:30 - 12:00: Meredith Case The chapter titled 'Meredith Case' discusses the limited immediate impact of policies aimed at enforcing civil rights in southern states, which often ignored these provisions. This led to the need for stronger enforcement measures later. The chapter highlights the revival of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1950s as a response to desegregation efforts, noting the increase in violence against civil rights activists through bombings, lynchings, and intimidation. These actions provoked national attention and highlighted ongoing resistance to desegregation.
• 12:00 - 12:30: Martin Luther King's Influence The chapter "Martin Luther King's Influence" explores the impact of media exposure on public opinion during the civil rights movement. Coverage of KKK brutality and events like the Aniston firebombing created public sympathy for civil rights activists. The firebombing of a bus carrying freedom riders in Aniston, Alabama, highlighted the civil rights struggle and aided in turning public opinion in favor of the movement during 1960-1974.
• 12:30 - 13:00: Birmingham Campaign The Birmingham Campaign was a significant event in the civil rights movement, garnering sympathy for the cause by highlighting the violent opposition activists faced. This public awareness led to increased federal protection for activists, known as freedom riders, under the Kennedy administration. The campaign also played a role in advancing sit-ins and voting rights movements. Notably, sit-ins like those in Greensboro in 1960 helped to desegregate public facilities across southern cities, as civil rights activists courageously sat at segregated lunch counters in cafes and restaurants.
• 13:00 - 13:30: March on Washington and "I Have a Dream" Speech The chapter discusses the refusal of individuals to leave a location despite being denied entry, leading to the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). The SNCC became instrumental in organizing direct action protests. Additionally, the chapter touches on two effects of the Meredith case: it sparked riots and attracted national attention to resistance movements.
• 13:30 - 14:00: Selma and Voting Rights The chapter titled 'Selma and Voting Rights' begins with the historical context of racial integration in the United States. It highlights the enrollment of James Meredith as the first African-American student at the University of Mississippi in 1962, an event that sparked violent protests and riots, emphasizing ongoing racial animosity in the South. This event necessitated federal intervention to enforce court rulings, marking a significant moment in the civil rights movement. The chapter also touches upon Martin Luther King Jr.'s role in increasing national awareness of civil rights issues.
• 14:00 - 14:30: Nation of Islam and Malcolm X The chapter discusses the impact of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s leadership on the civil rights movement, with a focus on his 'I Have a Dream' speech delivered on August 28, 1963. This speech played a pivotal role in heightening national awareness of civil rights issues during the 1960s. Dr. King's strategies of nonviolent protest significantly contributed to the enactment of crucial legislation, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, by generating public pressure on lawmakers.
• 14:30 - 15:00: 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute The Birmingham campaign, distinct from the UK, highlighted violent enforcement of segregation in the US. Birmingham police, led by Commissioner Bull Connor, brutally treated peaceful protestors, including children. National television broadcast images of police dogs and fire hoses attacking these protestors, shocking the public. This campaign led to the desegregation of public facilities in Birmingham and inspired similar civil rights campaigns across the country.
• 15:00 - 15:30: Stokely Carmichael The chapter titled 'Stokely Carmichael' explores the significant historical event of the March on Washington in 1963, highlighting its impact on the civil rights movement. The march was a massive demonstration, one of the largest in American history, showcasing peaceful support for civil rights and uniting a diverse group of people. Its primary aim was to advocate for jobs, freedom, and equality. This event played a crucial role in building the momentum needed for the passing of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, distinguishing it from the earlier 1957 Act.
• 15:30 - 16:00: Race Riots The chapter titled 'Race Riots' discusses the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, marking it as a legislative victory for the civil rights movement. It highlights the events surrounding the Selma to Montgomery march in 1965, with a focus on 'Bloody Sunday,' when marchers were violently attacked. This attack not only outraged the public but also increased national support for civil rights, leading to the enactment of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
• 16:00 - 16:30: Black Panther Party The chapter discusses the Black Panther Party, highlighting the events in Selma as a key catalyst for the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This Act was significant in outlawing discriminatory voting practices, such as literacy tests and poll taxes, which were used to hinder voting rights. Furthermore, the chapter touches on the Nation of Islam and Malcolm X, noting the influence of these entities in promoting racial pride and self-reliance among black Americans. Malcolm X, born in 1925 and assassinated in 1965, served as a prominent spokesperson for the Nation of Islam.
• 16:30 - 17:00: Growth of Other Protest Movements The chapter discusses the emergence of protest movements advocating for African-American self-defense, pride, and empowerment, distinct from the non-violent civil rights groups. It highlights figures like Malcolm X, who promoted the idea of a separate black nation and encouraged pride in African heritage. His militant stance often conflicted with moderate leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., causing tensions within the civil rights movement and alienating parts of the public.
• 17:00 - 17:30: Student Movement and Vietnam War Protests The chapter focuses on the intersection of sports and political protests during the 1968 Olympics. It highlights how athletes Tommy Smith and John Carlos used their platform to protest racial inequality in the United States by performing the Black Power Salute during their medal ceremony. This act of defiance brought international attention to the civil rights struggle in the U.S. Although it led to their expulsion from the Olympics, it fueled a national debate on the role of athletes in political activism. The chapter also mentions the involvement of Stokely Carmichael, but the details are incomplete.
• 17:30 - 18:00: Berkeley Free Speech Movement The chapter discusses the impact of a key figure who influenced radical activism. As leader of the student non-violent coordinating committee, Carmichael was instrumental in popularizing the phrase 'black power.' He advocated for racial pride, self-determination, and a more radical approach to achieving equality. However, his embrace of more militant tactics and rhetoric led to a rift with moderate supporters of civil rights and distanced some organizations that were committed to non-violent protests.
• 18:00 - 18:30: SDS and Hippies The chapter titled 'SDS and Hippies' discusses the social movements of the 1960s, particularly focusing on SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) and the Hippie movement. It starts by reflecting on the racial issues similar to those faced by the Nation of Islam and the race riots of the time, specifically highlighting the 1965 Watts riots. These riots were a response to an incident of police brutality in a black neighborhood in Los Angeles, which underscored the deep-seated racial inequalities and systemic oppression experienced by African-Americans in urban areas. Despite raising awareness about urban poverty and police brutality, these events also led to a reduction in white support for the movements. The chapter illustrates the complex dynamics between social movements and their reception by different racial and social groups during the era.
• 18:30 - 19:00: Women's Rights Movement and Betty Friedan The chapter discusses the civil rights movement and its association with social disorder in the eyes of many white Americans due to the violent events that spread across several cities. This perception reduced their support for the movement. It also touches on the positive contributions of the Black Panther Party, founded in 1966, which worked to improve local communities through social programs such as free breakfast for children, health clinics, and educational initiatives.
• 19:00 - 19:30: Women's Liberation and Abortion Rights In this chapter, the focus is on the women's liberation movement and how it intersects with abortion rights. The narrative delves into the broader spectrum of protest movements, highlighting how the Black Panther Party revolutionized urban black communities, despite being under intense government surveillance and facing political clashes, especially with the police. The chapter also touches upon significant events, such as the 1969 killing of Fred Hampton, alongside the depiction of other protest movements that gained momentum, indicating a period of widespread activism and societal change.
• 19:30 - 20:00: Phyllis Schlafly and Opposition to ERA The civil rights movement of the 1960s inspired other protest movements, including women's rights, environmentalism, and anti-Vietnam War protests. These movements deepened the generational divide in US society, with older Americans seeing them as a threat to the established order, while younger people felt they were necessary to address inequality and injustice. The student movement and Vietnam protests increased governmental pressure to withdraw from Vietnam.
• 20:00 - 20:30: Nixon and Watergate Scandal The chapter discusses the student-led protests against the Vietnam war, emphasizing events such as the Kent State shootings. These protests placed significant pressure on the US government to end the war and led to confrontations with authorities. The violent crackdowns, including the National Guard shootings at Kent State in 1970, alienated some supporters of the anti-war movement, slightly tarnishing its image. Additionally, the chapter touches on the Berkeley free speech movement and how it encouraged further student activism.
• 20:30 - 21:00: Impact of Watergate and New Laws The chapter delves into the impact of the Watergate scandal and the new laws that emerged as a result. It begins by discussing the Berkeley free speech movement of 1964, which played a pivotal role in encouraging students nationwide to demand the right to free speech and engage in political activism on college campuses. This movement led to heightened campus unrest and increased media attention. The chapter notes how this significant media spotlight on student activism in the 1960s contributed to further demonstrations and unrest on university campuses. Additionally, the chapter touches upon the criticism posed by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the hippies regarding various issues of that era.
• 21:00 - 21:30: Gerald Ford's Pardon of Nixon The chapter discusses the cultural and political climate of the 1960s, focusing on the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the counterculture movement, including the hippies. These groups critiqued American consumerism, materialism, and the Vietnam War while promoting peace, love, and environmentalism. However, their radicalism and lifestyle, which often involved drug experimentation, incited backlash from mainstream America.
• 21:30 - 23:00: Conclusion and Revision Advice The chapter discusses the rejection of traditional societal and social norms, which led to a backlash from mainstream American society, notably from older generations and conservative groups. This section of the chapter explores the lack of support from these groups toward radical changes. It then transitions into the women's rights movement, highlighting Betty Friedan's significant influence. In 1963, Friedan published 'The Feminine Mystique,' a pivotal work that brought to light many women's dissatisfaction with their traditional roles, thus sparking the modern feminist movement.

IGCSE History - USA: A Divided Union 1945-74 │ 2 effects of EVERYTHING! Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 Right. So, I'm going to be going over the history IGCSC uh divided union civil rights in the USA 1945 to 74. And I've got two effects on every single point in the specification. So, here we go starting with the red scare and McCarthyism. So, two effects of the H case. Firstly, it increased public fear of internal communist infiltration. The accusation that Algahis, Al Jahis, a high-ranking
• 00:30 - 01:00 State Department official, was a Soviet spy, made Americans fear that communism had infiltrated the highest levels of government. And this was a particular issue because the US and the Soviet Union were not getting along very well at the time. Of course, there was also the war in Korea, which um America was a part of and that led to anti- um communist sentiments and it also boosted Richard Nixon's political career. So Nixon, who was a congressman at the time, gained national recognition for
• 01:00 - 01:30 his role in exposing H, which led to his election as vice president in 1952 with Dwight D. Eisenhower. Now Nixon comes up later uh in the course much later. Um anyway, two effects of the Rosenberg case. It heightened the sense of paranoia in the US. The execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for allegedly passing atomic secrets to the USSR intensified fears that any citizen could be a traitor. Now you see um what happened was Julius
• 01:30 - 02:00 and Ethel they worked at Los Alamos on the creation of the atomic bomb and they were trial in 1951 and then killed um after they found out that they were allegedly uh communists. Um, it also led to growing criticism over the fairness of anti-communist trials because many believed that the Rosenbergs were scapegoats due to anti-semitism and cold war hysteria which sparked a debate about justice and the due process. Two effects of the FBI and Huak. They helped institutionalize anti-communist
• 02:00 - 02:30 investigations. So the FBI under Jay Edgar Hoover and HUAC that is the House of unamerican activities played major roles in targeting suspected communists creating a climate of fear. They also undermined civil liberties as individuals were often interrogated without solid evidence leading to job losses and ruined reputations especially in the arts and education. For instance, the Hollywood 10 who we will get on to now. So two effects of the Hollywood 10 case. It contributed to the blacklisting of hundreds in the film industry because
• 02:30 - 03:00 after refusing to testify the Hollywood 10, they were 10 directors, producers, actors from Hollywood. Uh they were jailed and many lost work for suspected communist ties. It also symbolized the tensions between national security and the freedom of speech. So the case sparked a debate over the first amendment and whether political beliefs should cost someone their career because these people were obviously blacklisted. They couldn't go back to acting or directing in Hollywood. Now two effects of McCarthy's methods. So firstly they
• 03:00 - 03:30 spread fear and false accusations. Senator Joseph McCarthy was um a senator and his aggressive tactics included unsubstantiated claims and public trials which ruined lives without proof. For instance, tidings in 1949, they also increased media attention and political drama. So his televised hearings, Ed Mororrow, see it now, for instance, um gave him a platform, but they also led to his downfall once the public saw the baselessness of his claims and the fact that he essentially bullied um the
• 03:30 - 04:00 people. And yeah, there we go. So, two effects of McCarthy's downfall. It marked the end of the Red Scare. End is in quotation marks because it didn't really because he had the Cold War afterwards. Um, but you know, less people were put on trial um and things like that. So, McCarthy censure by the Senate in 1954 discredited extreme anti-communist tactics and led to more cautious politics. That's because obviously um they found out that McCarthy had been faking photos, making up evidence against people um coming up
• 04:00 - 04:30 with fake numbers which was obviously very bad. Um and uh there we go. Uh secondly, it uh restored some civil liberties. So after his fall, public support for blacklisting and loyalty tests declined, helping to preserve constitutional rights. Now, two effects of McCarthyism overall, it damaged the USA's international image because the persecutions of citizens for political beliefs contradicted the American ideal of liberty. It also caused longlasting
• 04:30 - 05:00 distrust in the government because the fear-driven culture made Americans weary of political leaders and it fostered cynicism. Uh that is of course because McCarthy was a high-ranking official and the public listened to him, believed him and now they found out that he was making all of this up and uh obviously that led to distrust. Now unit two, civil rights in the 1950s. So we've got two effects of segregation and discrimination. Firstly, it reinforced economic and social inequalities uh
• 05:00 - 05:30 because African-Americans were denied quality education, health care, and housing which limited opportunities. Secondly, it provoked organized resistance. For instance, groups like the NAACP. So NAACP stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Um they grew in strength, advocated for legal challenges to segregation and racial discrimination. Now two effects of the influence of the Supreme Court and Congress. So firstly, it helped to overturn segregation laws. um as you
• 05:30 - 06:00 could see with landmark rulings like the Brown versus Board of Education or Brown versus Topeka as it provided a legal basis for interrogation. Secondly, it exposed the limits of federal authority as the court decisions often met resistance from southern states showing that laws alone couldn't ensure compliance. So two effects of the Brown versus the Board of Education in 1954. So firstly, it provided a legal foundation to challenge segregation across the USA. The Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal education was
• 06:00 - 06:30 inherently unequal and they overturned PI versus Ferguson of 1896. It also established the NAACP's legal campaign strategy as a powerful tool for change as they helped um with the Supreme Court ruling. It also triggered massive resistance in the South for uh despite its importance many southern states resisted the ruling through legal delays and violence. For example, in 1957, Arkansas Governor Orville Forbus used the National Guard to block black
• 06:30 - 07:00 students from entering Little Rock High School, which required federal in in intervention. And we'll get on to that in a minute. So, next up, two effects of the death of EMTT Till in 1955. Firstly, it shocked the nation and galvanized the civil rights movement. The open casket funeral and media coverage showed the brutality of southern racism after 14-year-old Emtt Till was brutally murdered in Money, Mississippi after being accused of whistling at a woman. He walked into a shop um allegedly whistled at a woman and then was just
• 07:00 - 07:30 brutally murdered um by uh the shop owners, I believe. Um, and it also inspired youth activism and activism in general. Um, as young African-Americans like Rosa Parks and future members of the SNCC, that's SNICK were motivated to take a stand against justice. Now, two effects of the Montgomery bus boycott 1955 to 56. Firstly, it demonstrated the economic power of African-Americans. So, the bus company lost a large amount of income,
• 07:30 - 08:00 proving the effectiveness of nonviolent protests. Um and this came as a result of Rosa Parks who did not um give up her seat on a bus. Um and secondly, it propelled Martin Luther King Jr. into national leadership. So his role in the boycott launched his career as the face of the civil rights movement which obviously led to his um famous speeches, the march on Washington and everything of that sort. Now, two effects of the
• 08:00 - 08:30 little um of the Little Rock crisis, which I mentioned a minute ago. It forced federal intervention to uphold desegregation. As President Eisenhower sent troops to protect the Little Rock 9, asserting federal authority over state defiance. This is because following the Brown versus Board of Education ruling, Little Rock school district planned to desegregate Central High School, starting with the Little Rock 9 in September of 1957. and they face significant resistance when trying to enter the school. It also highlighted
• 08:30 - 09:00 ongoing resistance to integration. So this is because the hostile crowds and violence showed from white segregationists. Um it demonstrated how deeply rooted racism was in southern society and two effects of the civil rights act 1957. This is not the later one. This is the 1950s one. So it was the first federal civil rights legislation since reconstruction and that was in the time of Lincoln, not on the spec. Um and the act aimed to provide voting rights um and created the civil rights commission to investigate
• 09:00 - 09:30 violations. Uh it also had a limited immediate impact as southern states often ignored its provisions. Um and that showed the need for stronger enforcement which came around uh later and you could see the southern states and the issues with that here with two effects of the revival of the Ku Klux Clan in the 1950s. So it increased violence against civil rights activists. The KKK used bombings, lynching lynchings and intimidation to resist desegregation. It also provoked national
• 09:30 - 10:00 condemnation. uh media exposure of KKK brutality turned public opinion in favor of the civil rights movement of course which is uh good for the movement and of course bad for the KKK. Unit three here we go the impact of civil rights protests 1960 to74. So uh we've got the Aniston firebombing. Two effects of that. It created public sympathy for civil rights activists and that is because of the brutal firebombing of a bus carrying freedom riders in Aniston, Alabama was widely covered in the media
• 10:00 - 10:30 uh which garnered sympathy for the civil rights cause. It also led to the federal protection for future freedom riders. The federal government particularly under the Kennedy administration provided protection for future freedom riders after the violent events. sitins and voting rights to effect. The sitins, especially those in Greensbow in 1960, led to the desegregation of lunch counters and other public facilities in southern cities after um well civil rights campaigners went and sat down in uh sort of cafes and um restaurants and
• 10:30 - 11:00 refused to leave even when they were not allowed in. Uh so this also led to the formation of the SNCC. So they sparked the formation of the student non-violent coordinating committee, the SNCC. Uh good to remember that one uh for the exam. A group that played a central role in organizing direct action protests and um right um now two effects of the Meredith case. So it sparked riots and national attention on resistance to
• 11:00 - 11:30 integration. So James Meredith's enrollment at the University of Mississippi in 1962 as the first African-American student sparked violent protests and riots. This resistance highlighted the deep-seated racial animosity in the South and it also prompted federal enforcement of court rulings. So the violence surrounding Meredith's admission uh forced JFK to send federal marshals to enforce his enrollment. Martin Luther King. So uh he increased national awareness of civil
• 11:30 - 12:00 rights. So Dr. King's speeches, especially the I have a dream speech in August uh 28th, 1963, that's a key date there, helped elevate the civil rights movement into the national consciousness, making it a prominent issue in the 1960s. He also influenced the passing of the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act. So King's leadership and peaceful demonstrations were instrumental in creating public pressure, which ultimately led to the passage of the CRA of 1964 and the VRA of 1965.
• 12:00 - 12:30 Birmingham campaign. This is not the one in the UK. Uh it revealed violent enforcement of segregation. The brutal treatment of peaceful protesters including children by Birmingham police under Commissioner Bull Connor shock the public as images of police dogs and fire hoses were broadcast on national television and these were used to attack the protesters and it also led to desegregation in Birmingham and inspired further protests. So the campaign forced the city to desegregate public facilities and it also inspired similar civil rights campaigns. across the
• 12:30 - 13:00 country. Washington march and the I have a dream speech. Um so it demonstrated um mass peaceful support for civil rights. So the march on Washington in 1963 was one of the largest demonstrations in American history. It brought together a diverse group of people. So um not just civil rights campaigners who peacefully called for jobs, freedom, and equality. It also built momentum for the 1964 civil rights act. That's not the 1957 one. Uh so the event helped create the momentum necessary for the passing of
• 13:00 - 13:30 the civil rights act of 1964 which was a key legislative victory for the civil rights movement and Selma and voting rights. That's what's next. A national outrage over bloody Sunday increased support for civil rights. So the violent attack on marchers during the Selma to Montgomery march in 1965 particularly on Bloody Sunday outraged the public and led to widespread sympathy for the civil rights movement. So that obviously is um one effect and the other one is led it led directly to the 1965 voting rights
• 13:30 - 14:00 act. So the events in Selma were a key catalyst in the passage of the voting rights act of 1965 which outlawed discriminatory voting practices like literacy tests and pole taxes which were used to hinder um people from uh voting. Uh and now the Nation of Islam and Malcolm X. So uh the first effect is that it promoted racial pride and self-reliance among black Americans. So Malcolm X born in 1925 and was assassinated in ' 65 um as a spokesperson for the Nation of Islam
• 14:00 - 14:30 preached self-defense, black pride and empowerment. He also advocated for a se separate black nation and encouraged African-Americans to take pride in their heritage. However, it also created tensions with non-violent civil rights groups. So Malcolm X's more militant stance on civil rights often put him at odds with more moderate figures like MLK and it also led to tensions between groups within the broader civil rights movement as well as alienating um some of the general public. Uh now the 1968
• 14:30 - 15:00 Olympics. So firstly uh they brought global attention to racial inequality in the US. The Black Power Salute by Tommy Smith and John Carlos during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City where they raised their fists in protest of racial injustice in the US brought global attention to the struggle for civil rights. However, it also resulted in punishment for the athletes. So the protest led to Smith and Carlos being expelled from the Olympics and their actions sparked a national debate about the role of athletes in political protests. Stokeley Carmichael two
• 15:00 - 15:30 effects of um him. So firstly, he encouraged radical activism. As the leader of the student non-violent coordinating committee, Carmichael popularized the phrase black power, advocating for racial pride, self-determination, and a more uh radical approach to achieving equality. Um so however, this also alienated moderate supporters of civil rights. So Carmichael's um embrace of more militant tactics and rhetoric distanced some civil rights organizations, particularly those who were committed to non-violent protests such as the
• 15:30 - 16:00 SCC from his vision. So this was similar to the um issues with um the Nation of Islam and race riots. Um so firstly they raised awareness of urban poverty and police brutality. uh the Watts riots in 1965. They were sparked by an incident of police brutality in a black neighborhood of Los Angeles and it showed the deep racial inequalities and systematic oppression faced by African-Americans in urban areas. However, it also reduced white support
• 16:00 - 16:30 for civil rights due to the fears of disorder. So, the violence were quite violent um and they spread across several cities. They led to many white Americans to associate the civil rights movement with social disorder uh which reduced their support for the civil rights movement. Um and now the Black Panther Party uh they improved local communities through social programs. The Black Panther Party founded in 1966 implemented programs like the free breakfast for children uh founded uh health clinics and education which
• 16:30 - 17:00 improved the lives of many in urban black communities. They also attracted the government surveillance and political clashes with the police. So, the Panthers militant stance and armed self-defense tactics made them targets of government surveillance by the FBI. This led to violent clashes between the party and law enforcement, including the 1969 killing of Fred Hampton. Unit four, other protest movements. So, here we go. Growth of protest movements. They um inspired widespread activism for various social
• 17:00 - 17:30 causes. The civil rights movement of the 1960s essentially inspired a range of other protest movements, including those for women's rights, environmentalism, and antivietnam war protests, which we'll have a look at in a minute. And it also deepened the generational divide in US society, as older Americans viewed the protests as a threat to the established order, while younger people felt that they were necessary to address inequality and injustice. Right. So the student movement and Vietnam uh it firstly increased pressure on the government to withdraw from Vietnam as
• 17:30 - 18:00 the studentled protests against the Vietnam war particularly after events like the Kent state shootings led to increased public pressure on the US government to end the war. It also led to clashes with authorities. So the violent crackdowns and student protests included the um National Guard shootings at Kent State in 1970 which alienated some supporters of the anti-war movement and tarnished its image a bit and the Berkeley free speech movement. Uh so firstly it encouraged students to
• 18:00 - 18:30 challenge university rules. So the Berkeley free speech movement of 1964 the FSM encouraged students to across the country to demand the right to free speech and political activism on college campuses. It also heightened campus unrest and media attention. So, uh the movement and the subsequent protests brought significant media attention to the growing student activism of the 60s uh which led to increased unrest on campuses and further demonstrations. And now the SDS and hippies. So, uh firstly they criticized
• 18:30 - 19:00 war through protests and alternative lifestyle. So the students for a democratic society, the SDS, and the counterculture of the 1960s, including hippies, criticized American consumerism, materialism, and the Vietnam War. They promoted an alternative lifestyle, or several of them, uh, and they focused on peace, love, and environmentalism. However, they also prompted backlash from mainstream America as the radicalism of the SDS and the lifestyle of the hippies, which often included experimentation with drugs and the
• 19:00 - 19:30 rejection of traditional societal norms uh and social norms, provoked backlash from mainstream American society, including older generations and more conservative groups. So, there wasn't as much support there. And now we're on to the uh women's rights movement. So, we've got Betty Fredan to effect. Uh she spurred the modern feminist movement. So um Fredan published a book called the feminine mystique in 1963 which exposed the dissatis dissatisfaction um that many women felt with their traditional roles as housewives and mothers sparking
• 19:30 - 20:00 the modern feminist movement and calling for women's liberation. It also helped found now along with other feminist leaders helped establish the national organization for women now in 1966 which pushed for gender equality in employment education and reproductive rights. And now two effects of the women's liberation and abortion. So firstly, it increased public discussion on women's rights. So the women's lib movement of the 1960s and '7s brought issues like birth control, reproductive rights, and
• 20:00 - 20:30 sexual equality into the public conversation. It also led to landmark rulings. So the movement's efforts led to significant legal victories, including the Supreme Court's rulings in Row versus Wade in 1973, which legalized abortion and granted women greater control over their reproductive rights. Now, Phyllis Schlafley, um, she successfully campaigned against the ERRA. So, Phyllis Schlafley, who is a conservative activist, led the campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment, the ERRA, which um, now and Fredan were
• 20:30 - 21:00 campaigning for as they argued that it would undermine traditional family structures and they actually succeeded in preventing its ratification. So, it did not get ratified, did not get passed. It also strengthened conservative opposition to feminism. So Schlafley's efforts were part of a broader movement that helped galvanize conservative opposition to feminist gains particularly in areas like the ERRA and gender equality which helped um it not get passed. And now unit five Nixon and Watergate nearing the end now.
• 21:00 - 21:30 So causes and features of Watergate um two effects of that. However, this is also useful in C questions. So, it exposed corruption and misuse of power in the Nixon administration as the Watergate scandal revealed that members of Nixon's administration had been involved in a break-in at the Democratic National Committee, the DNC headquarters, and then they tried to cover it up. And this also led to Nixon's resignation, the first in US history. So, with mounting pressure from the investigation and the threat of impeachment, um Nixon resigned on August
• 21:30 - 22:00 the 8th, 1974. and the impact of Nixon and the new laws. Um, two effects of that. Firstly, um, it undermined public trust in politicians. So, Watergate severely damaged the American public's trust in their political leaders, which led to cynicism and a sense of distrust in the government. It also resulted in reforms. So, in response to the scandal, Congress passed new laws to limit presidential powers, such as the War Powers Act 1973 and the Election Campaign Act 1974. And
• 22:00 - 22:30 essentially these sought to curb abuses of power and increase transparency in government. And finally, Gerald Ford and the pardon. So this is right at the very end of the course. Um it controversially ended the legal pursuit of Nixon. So President Gerald Ford's decision to pardon Richard Nixon for any crimes related to Watergate was very controversial and it hurts popularity and political credibility. However, it also helped the nation move forward and away from the Watergate scandal. So despite the controversy, the pardon
• 22:30 - 23:00 allowed the country to move past the scandal and focus on healing. But it also shifted political dynamics and affected Ford's ability to win the 1976 election. And there we go. That is effects on basically all of the spec points of um America uh the divided union civil rights in the USA 45 to 74. Um, of course you should do your own uh revision for this um if you want to get good grades. These are just um two
• 23:00 - 23:30 effects um on each thing. They're quite simple. Um and thank you very much to my teacher for history teacher for providing these um and uh allowing me to make this video um which hopefully should help all of you. So um there we go. Thank you for watching.