Introduction to Nucleic Acid Biochemistry I

Summary

Highlights

• Discover the trio of components that make up nucleotides: a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group! 🎲
• Unravel the mystery of DNA vs. RNA: deoxyribose vs. ribose sugars, and thymine vs. uracil bases! 🔍
• Delve into the world of nitrogenous bases, dividing them into purines and pyrimidines! 📚
• Explore the magical molecular bonds that bring nucleotides together into long chains! 🌐
• Understand how DNA and RNA serve as monumental information carriers across generations! 🧠

Key Takeaways

• Nucleic acids are polymers made up of nucleotide monomers. 🧬
• DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose sugar. 🍭
• Nitrogenous bases include purines (adenine, guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil). 🌟
• DNA's major distinction from RNA is the presence of thymine instead of uracil. 🔄
• Nucleotides bind via phosphodiester bonds, forming the backbone of nucleic acid structures. 🔗

Overview

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction The chapter titled 'Introduction' begins with a welcome message to the viewers of the YouTube channel. It sets the stage for a discussion on 'Introduction to Nucleic Acids Biochemistry'. The lecture promises to cover topics such as nucleic acids, nucleotides, and their types, providing foundational knowledge in these areas.
• 00:30 - 01:00: Overview of Learning Objectives The chapter 'Overview of Learning Objectives' focuses on understanding the fundamental components and structures of nucleic acids. By the end of the lecture, students should be able to describe the chemical components of nucleic acids, the formation process of nucleosides and nucleotides, and have a good understanding of DNA and RNA.
• 01:00 - 01:30: What are Nucleic Acids? Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides, meaning that nucleotides are the monomeric units or building blocks of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide consists of three components.
• 01:30 - 03:00: Components of Nucleotides The chapter discusses the components of nucleotides, specifically focusing on the five-carbon monosaccharide sugars known as pentoses. These sugars can either be deoxyribose, which is found in DNA, or ribose, found in RNA. The chapter indicates an intention to use images of deoxyribose and ribose to highlight the structural differences between these two types of sugars.
• 03:00 - 06:30: Nitrogenous Bases This chapter introduces the concept of nitrogenous bases, which are components of nucleotides. It explains that nucleotides have three parts: a carbon monosaccharide, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. Nitrogenous bases are nitrogen-containing cyclic compounds and can be classified as either purines or pyrimidines.
• 06:30 - 07:30: Phosphate Group in Nucleic Acids The chapter discusses the structure of nucleotides, which are essential components of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. Each nucleotide consists of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. The chapter highlights the difference between deoxyribose and ribose sugars. Deoxyribose is found in DNA while ribose is found in RNA. A specific emphasis is placed on comparing the carbon structures of these sugars, particularly the distinction at carbon 2.
• 07:30 - 10:30: Nucleosides vs Nucleotides This chapter discusses the structural differences between nucleosides and nucleotides, specifically focusing on the sugar components in DNA and RNA. In DNA, the sugar is deoxyribose, which lacks an oxygen atom at carbon 2, whereas in RNA, the sugar is ribose which has a hydroxyl group (OH) at the same position. These differences in sugar structure are crucial in distinguishing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from ribonucleic acid (RNA).
• 10:30 - 12:00: Types of Nucleotides The chapter 'Types of Nucleotides' explains the structure of a nucleotide, highlighting its three fundamental components: a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
• 12:00 - 15:00: Structure of Nucleic Acids The chapter 'Structure of Nucleic Acids' discusses the components that make up nucleotides, which are crucial building blocks of nucleic acids. It introduces nitrogenous bases, emphasizing their division into two categories: purine and pyrimidine bases. Purine bases are identified as having two rings, with adenine (A) and guanine (G) as examples in this category.
• 15:00 - 16:30: Summary and Conclusion The chapter explains the abbreviations used in nucleic acids, focusing on the reasons for using letters instead of full names due to complexity. 'A' stands for adenine, and 'G' stands for guanine. Both adenine and guanine are purine bases, characterized by having two rings. The chapter also introduces another group of nitrogenous bases called pyrimidines, although it doesn't detail them in the given excerpt. The summary likely aims to provide clarity on nucleic acid terminology.

Introduction to Nucleic Acid Biochemistry I Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 good morning good afternoon good evening ladies and gentlemen you are welcome to my YouTube channel today we are going to be discussing about introduction to nucleic acids biochemistry in this lecture video you are expected to learn nucleic acid nucleotides and types of
• 00:30 - 01:00 nucleotides and at the end of this lecture you should be able to describe the chemical components of nucleic acid the formation of nucleosides formation of nucleotides and you should be able to describe DNA and RNA so what is a nucleic acid or what are nucleic acids generally nuclic acids
• 01:00 - 01:30 are polymers of nucleotides that is nucleotides are the monomeric unit of nucleic acids so nucleic acids they are polymers of nucleotides nucleotide being the monomeric or the building block of nucleic acid so what are these nucleotide each nucleotide has three components each nucleotide has three
• 01:30 - 02:00 components a five carbon monosaccharide which is uh a sugar five carbon Sugar pentos Sugar which can be either the oyibos if it is in DNA or ribos if it is in RNA we are going to use this two pictures of the oxy ribos and ribos to explain the differences between between the two and apart from the five
• 02:00 - 02:30 carbon monosaccharides the second thing a nucleotide has is a nitrogen nitrogen containing cyclic compound which is a nitrogenous base which can either be purine or pamine we are going to see in the subsequent slides and also last part of last component of the nucleotide uh is a phosphate group so
• 02:30 - 03:00 each nucleotide has five carbon monosaccharide five carbon fenos sugar nitrogen base and a phosphate group so what is the difference between ribos and the oyibos we said the oyibos is found in DNA and ribos is found in RNA if you look at the oyibos here if you start counting from this first carbon carbon one carbon 2 in carbon 2 you pay attention to Carbon 2 it has because
• 03:00 - 03:30 it's five carbon sugar carbon one carbon 2 carbon 3 carbon four and carbon 5 so in Carbon 2 you look at the H here look at it Carbon 2 has H in the oxos while in uh ribos Carbon 2 has oh so the oxy ribos in DNA the oxyon nuclic acid and ribonucleic acid has ribos sugar because it has o h at position two
• 03:30 - 04:00 so take note of this difference now so this is a typical structure or typical representation of a nucleotide we said it has how many components can you remember we just said it now three it has a pentos sugar a pentos sugar right it has a nitrogenous base and it has a F group so you have
• 04:00 - 04:30 one two three component this makes up a nucleotide okay so let's proceed now what are these nitrogenous bases these nitrogenous bases are divided into two we have the purine bases which contains two rings look at them we have adenine which is represented as a and guanine which is represented as G this l letters
• 04:30 - 05:00 a g c u t ADV once you will be encountering in the nucleic acids because it's going to be too ambiguous to too combersome to be writing the the the full names so A is for adinin G is for guanin so adinin and guanine are two member r two they have two rings and they are members of purine bases now the second nitrogenous bases group pyramidan
• 05:00 - 05:30 bases which consists or contains only one ring you can see we have cytoc represented as C uracil represented as U and tiamin represented as with represented as what T so they have what one ring one ring okay so adenine guanine and uh cyto they are both common
• 05:30 - 06:00 to DNA and RNA while uril is only found in RNA and taming is only found in DNA okay so in in RNA the timing that is found in DNA is being substituted with urin so instead of t t RNA has urin but they have this C
• 06:00 - 06:30 Adine Guan they have them in common the only difference is that in instead of T you have what uril while in DNA instead of uril you have whatam please take note of that so what is this phosphate group we said this phosphate group you know is part of the what three components of that nucleotide so it is very important component of nucleic acids it serves as the link between two sugar molecules or nucleotides in Pol
• 06:30 - 07:00 nucleotides when we say Pol nucleotides they are what polymer of nucleotide you know is lulic acid that's what we are referring to as so it serves as link between two sugar molecules or nucleotides so you take notes that this phosphate group is important in nuclic acid and it serves as link between two molecules of what nucleotide in nucleotides so later on we in
• 07:00 - 07:30 subsequence like we will see how this phosphate group is used to link between uh sugar molecules okay so the phosphate group is a strong acid in solution this explain why DNA and RNA are called what acids it's a strong acid in solution so that is why DNA and RNA are called acids it is responsible for the negative charges that are found in DNA and RNA at olical pH so these are the three or
• 07:30 - 08:00 four important notes that you take into consideration when we are talking about phosphate group in nucleic acid so you remember we talk about nucleotides right so now what are nucleotides you know nucleotides they have we explained that nucleotides have three component they have phosphate phosphate group they have pentos sugar and they have what
• 08:00 - 08:30 nitrogenous base so nucleotides the only difference between nucleoid and nucleotide is that nucleoid do not have phosphate group so they have nucleoside have ribos or the oous Sugar Plus the nitrogenous base so they don't have the phosphate group so if you have nucleotide I you remove the phosphate group you have what we call the nucleo side so the combin of ribos or the
• 08:30 - 09:00 oyibos and one of the five bases produces a nucleo they are linked via a calent beta n glycosidic bond take note this is what this is the type of bond that exists between them they are link via calent beta and gdic B so you can see we have here there are some nucleosides that are found in RNA and there are nucleosides that are found in DNA so this is uin
• 09:00 - 09:30 okay this is what urin you can see uh this is urine this is citadine this is adenosine this is guanosine okay so this is from urasil the nitrogenous base is what urasil without the phosphate group so you have what urine the nitrogenous base here is what
• 09:30 - 10:00 cyto without the phosph group you have what the cyen so also adenosine guos this they are found in RNA while the nucleotides that are found in DNA you have what the oxy because the fenos sugar here the O is absent you only have what hydrogen instead of what o so that is why it is the oyibos you remember so in DNA you have what the oxydine the oxydine the
• 10:00 - 10:30 oxy adenosine and the oxy guanosine so nucleotides now nucleotides are phosphorated nucleotides that is a nucleoid plus phosphate group you have what we call nucleotides or a sugar plus base plus phosphate group that is a nucleotide each nucleotide is a five monop
• 10:30 - 11:00 phosphate ester of a nucleo nucleoid so it is a five monophosphate ester of a nucleoside so the phosphate group is attached to the hydroxy group of pentos Sugar by an ester linkage usually o h group on carbon 5 3 or2 so for in this case uh you can see that the attachment of the phosphate group is at Carbon five so this is nitrogenous base
• 11:00 - 11:30 which can be either purine or pine this is carbon one carbon 2 carbon 3 carbon four this is carbon 5 you have one phosphate you can name it nucleoid uh if you have um uh from here without if you can see this is if you draw the line from here you don't have the O you don't have the phosphate group so it means you have only pentos sugar and the base which is nucleoside so a nucleoside
• 11:30 - 12:00 monophosphate it has one phosphate group nucleoside monophosphate right nucleoside d phosphat right and nucleoside tri phosphate nmp NDP and ntp so all these nucleoside monophosphate nucleoside diphosphate and nucleoside triphosphates they are all nucle es okay
• 12:00 - 12:30 now let's look at the types of nucleotides that we have number one we have monophosphate nucleotides this monophosphate nucle nucleotides containing only one phosphate Mo so you can have three examples here A B C you have which is adenosine monop phosphate look at the structure here monop phosphate guos mon phosphate D and you
• 12:30 - 13:00 have what urine mono phosphate so these are the the nucleotide that contain only one phosphate molecule from adenine guanine and Ur So you have Ur monop phosphate monophosphate and mon phosphate now second uh uh types of nucleotide we have the phosphate and triphosphate
• 13:00 - 13:30 nucleotide which they contain two for diphosphate and three for triphosphate they contain three molecules respectively D phosphate and triphosphate contain two and three molecules of phosphate respectively example of the phosphate includes example of the phosphate nucleotide includes a DP which is di phosphate GDP guanosine Dios phate
• 13:30 - 14:00 UDP urine D phosphate while ATP is adenosine triphosphate this is the energy currency that we're talking about for living organisms ATP GTP quos triphosphate and UTP triphosphate are examples of what triphosphate nucleotid the third category are cyclic nucleotides in cyclic nucleotides the phosphate group or phosphate molecule are fies to two they esterifies two o
• 14:00 - 14:30 molecule on carbon 5 and carbon 3 or carbon 3 and carbon 2 in RNA so you have small letter c that is usually added to den note the cyclic nucleotide ISD example three frame P Prime small letter c m it means three prime P Prime cycing osine monop phosphate you can have
• 14:30 - 15:00 threeee cyclic GMP it's called three prime p p Prime cyclic guanosine monophosphate and the fourth category are called poly nucleotides these Pol nucleotides are the DNA and the RNA that is the polymer of the nucleotides so here the three prime oad of the p to of
• 15:00 - 15:30 a mononucleotide esterifies the five Prime phosphor group of the second mononucleotide to form D nucleotide so the O three prime o of the penos of a mononucleotide esterifies the five Prime phosphor group of the second mononucleotide to form a dinucleotide so the bond between the two nucleotides in Pol nucleotide is known as the three prime P Prime phosphor
• 15:30 - 16:00 Diest the next nucleotide joins the existing po nucleotides through its free three prime o group okay so each end of the of a nucleotide polymer which is POL nucleotide is distinct one has a threee five Prime phosphate while the other n has a free three prime group so for each
• 16:00 - 16:30 of these polleo there is going to be a free five Prime and phosphate group in five Prime the phosphate group is what is free while in the three prime the O group is free so by convention nucleotides obas sequence is written in what five Prime three prime Direction so po nucleotides are called directional molecules so DNA and RNA are long linear
• 16:30 - 17:00 polymers called nucleic acids that carry information in a form that can be passed from one generation to the next so genetic information is stored in the sequence of bases along a nucleic acid chain so let's look at the uh this picture picture explaining how the the nuclic acid looks like this is the structure if you look at it it has this
• 17:00 - 17:30 nitrogenous bases you have the adenine thine Quine cyto so this is how it uh looks like it has the best paing we have adenine paing With Thine guanine is paing with cyto that is how letters are appearing thine with Adine CTO so a with t t with a right so G with c g c with G that's how they
• 17:30 - 18:00 appear okay the bond between adenine and thine Is two hydrogen bonds while the bond between guanine and cytosine is three hydrogen bond you should take note of that so it has sugar phosphate backbone and it has this groove major and minor group and you have the B pairs so if you look at this this is a more opening structure you have this direction which is look at it five Prime
• 18:00 - 18:30 three prime Direction You Remember at the five Prime you have what five Prime phospate Group which is free for joining right for chemical bond formation and at the three prime you have the the O the three Prime oh right available for Bond formation so adenine bonds With Thine with three hydrogen bonds you can see one 1 two while guanine and cytosine
• 18:30 - 19:00 bonds with three hydrogen bonds one 2 three you can see so that is how they are pairing is from five Prime three prime this is a single strand while the other single strand making it the double strand is from look at it five Prime three prime so that is how they appear okay so DNA is double stranded okay Mo now what is the
• 19:00 - 19:30 difference now let's look at the difference between now uh DNA and RNA okay you have uh in DNA in DNA you have what double stranded sugar phosphat this is double stranded okay and the pentos sugar in DNA is what the oyibos why in RNA you have a single
• 19:30 - 20:00 stranded molecule it's a single stranded sugar phosphate and the sugar pentos sugar is what is ribos double stranded in DNA single stranded in RNA sugar in RNA is ribos while the pentos sugar in DNA is the oxy ribos so what do they have in common they have cytoc guanine and adenine in common but in DNA you have time being being the
• 20:00 - 20:30 def atrous Bas while in AR you have uril replacing t Okay so these are the observable uh features uh between DNA and and RNA thank you very much this is the end of today's lecture I hope you have enjoyed it and you are free feel free please to
• 20:30 - 21:00 to to ask question in the comment section if you don't understand anything and please uh uh like and comment this video and also don't forget to subscribe if you have not done that thank you very much see you in the next class