Learning Environments and Curriculum

Summary

Highlights

• Children are natural scientists, exploring their world through play and interaction 🔎
• The learning environment should allow for new discoveries and challenges 🚀
• Curriculum processes are cyclical, involving observation, reflection, and adaptation 🔄
• Educators facilitate learning by setting up enriching contexts and observing role-play 📚
• Diverse cultural and linguistic contexts inform a more inclusive curriculum 🌐

Key Takeaways

• Children as explorers: Emphasizing each child's potential to guide their learning journey 🚀
• Dynamic curriculum: Reformulating programs based on continuous observation and reflection 🔄
• Environment as a teacher: Treat the surroundings as an active participant in a child's learning 🤹
• Interactivity is key: Dialogue-driven engagement between children and educators enhances learning 🌟
• Embracing diversity: Creating inclusive environments that honor cultural and linguistic diversity 🌍

Overview

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction to Educational Programs The chapter titled 'Introduction to Educational Programs' discusses viewing young children as scientists or investigators on a quest for knowledge. The focus is on setting up educational programs that cater to this exploratory and inquisitive nature of children, implying an approach that encourages curiosity and learning.
• 00:30 - 01:30: Preparing Context for Learning The chapter focuses on the concept of preparing contexts for learning, particularly for young children. It emphasizes creating environments where children can use their existing knowledge to encounter new situations in surprising or challenging ways. This approach facilitates learning by encouraging children to apply what they know to new and stimulating contexts.
• 01:30 - 02:30: Cyclical Process of Curriculum Planning The chapter titled 'Cyclical Process of Curriculum Planning' discusses the non-linear and diverse nature of curriculum development. It argues against a universal curriculum, emphasizing that there are multiple successful pathways for transitioning children from preschool to later school years. The curriculum planning process is depicted as cyclical, involving stages such as observation, reflection, documentation, and interpretation, each stage informing the next to explore various educational possibilities.
• 02:30 - 03:00: Observation and Reflection in Teaching This chapter discusses the cyclical nature of teaching through observation and reflection. It emphasizes the importance of offering opportunities for children to deepen their thinking and explore possibilities. The process involves creating new contexts for exploration, then observing, documenting, interpreting, and sharing the results with others.
• 03:00 - 04:30: Documentation and Sharing in Education The chapter discusses the importance of observation and reflection in teaching. Teachers are encouraged to watch the children closely to understand their interests, existing knowledge, and how they can build upon it. This reflective practice helps teachers tailor their educational approach based on the children's needs and interests.
• 04:30 - 05:30: Curriculum Planning and Teacher Dialogue The chapter 'Curriculum Planning and Teacher Dialogue' discusses the importance of teachers attentively observing and listening to students to understand how they make sense of their experiences. This observation helps teachers identify significant moments to remember and record, which is referred to as documentation. The documentation process may involve taking notes, photos, or video clips to capture these important learning moments.
• 05:30 - 06:30: Individualized and Group Learning Contexts The chapter emphasizes the importance of documenting moments of play to better understand children's learning. It includes capturing photos of children using materials and interacting with peers. These documents are useful for reflection, sharing with colleagues, and discussing in meetings. Furthermore, these collected portfolios can be shared with the children to enhance the learning experience.
• 06:30 - 07:30: Incorporating Diverse Cultural Contexts This chapter focuses on the importance of integrating diverse cultural contexts into educational settings. It emphasizes the use of work samples and anecdotal records to better understand children's learning processes. Educators are encouraged to document these observations through boards that display learning goals, objectives, photographs, and work samples, making it easier for parents to see how children are meeting educational concepts and skills.
• 07:30 - 10:00: Project-Based Curriculum The chapter titled 'Project-Based Curriculum' emphasizes the importance of observation, documentation, and reflection in educational settings. It discusses how educators should engage in reflective dialogue to understand children's thinking and progress. This understanding is pivotal in planning the curriculum and deciding on activities that aid in children's development, such as fine-motor activities like Play-Doh. The chapter underlines the significance of creating dedicated time for teachers to discuss and interpret children's learning behaviors as part of the curriculum planning process.
• 10:00 - 14:00: Role of the Environment in Education The chapter discusses the importance of scheduling in the educational environment, emphasizing the need to allocate time for teachers to reflect on and discuss documentation of children's thinking. It acknowledges that each child's educational journey is unique and highlights the need for organizing a context conducive to learning.
• 14:00 - 18:30: Play-Based and Integrated Learning The chapter discusses the concept of working with children by planning at two levels: individualized planning and group planning. Individualized planning is crucial as it focuses on tailoring the learning experience for each child, ensuring they receive the necessary support to learn effectively alongside their peers. This approach highlights the importance of understanding and meeting the unique learning needs of each child while also considering the dynamics of group learning.
• 18:30 - 21:00: Engaging Children in Meaningful Conversations This chapter discusses strategies for engaging children in meaningful conversations within play environments, particularly in the context of diverse classrooms with multiple languages and cultural backgrounds. It emphasizes the importance of considering these factors when planning curriculum and creating learning environments for young children.
• 21:00 - 22:30: Guidance, Discipline, and Curriculum The chapter "Guidance, Discipline, and Curriculum" discusses the integration of cultural diversity into educational curricula. It highlights the significance of an inclusive approach that values the diverse backgrounds of communities involved in education. The dialogue exemplifies collaboration among educators and the incorporation of diverse student needs and cultural practices, such as using chopsticks or choosing between different traditional foods like noodles and jook. Educator Mary Jane Maguire-Fong questions how educational frameworks can effectively utilize diverse cultural inputs to enhance learning experiences.

Learning Environments and Curriculum Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 ♪♪♪ ♪♪♪ (female #1) If we regard the young child as a scientist, as an investigator going in search of knowledge, our job, then, if we're to set up the educational program
• 00:30 - 01:00 for young children, is to really think in terms of how do we prepare context for learning? How do we prepare a setting that allows the children to encounter something new? To take what they already know, but then encounter it in a surprising new way, for example. Or to take what they already know, and then have the opportunity to be challenged by using it
• 01:00 - 01:30 with a different set of materials. So there should be no universal curriculum that everyone follows, because there are many, many possible routes that one could take to effectively, successfully travel with the children from the preschool years into the next years of school. Curriculum planning has stages. We observe, we reflect, we document, we interpret, and that leads us to what possibilities do we
• 01:30 - 02:00 offer next for the children to continue their work, to go deeper in their thinking, to explore more possibilities? So the process is almost cyclical, because then we're going to create a new context, and then from that context, we're going to observe, we're gonna document, we're going to interpret what we see and share that with others.
• 02:00 - 02:30 (female #2) The only way that you can really teach is through your observation and taking time to reflect upon that, watching the children. They're telling us what they want to learn, what they already know, how we can build upon what they know. (female #3) Do you want me to open it? - Am I the sun? - Yeah. - Then what planet are you? - I'm Mercury. You're Mercury? (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) Preparing ourselves as teachers to truly focus our
• 02:30 - 03:00 attention and to listen with care to how children are making sense of an experience is the first step. And when we do that, then we hold memory of significant things that we see, and it's that holding in memory that is the step that we call documentation. How do I keep a note? How do I take a photo, maybe take a video clip of a few
• 03:00 - 03:30 moments of play that allows me to document or hold in memory what children are doing, so that I can look at it, think about it, reflect on it later, but also so that I can share it with others. And sometimes those others are my colleagues, but also sometimes it's the children in my classroom. To be able to create assessment portfolios that we can discuss in staff meetings, we'll take a lot of photographs of children using materials, interacting with their peers.
• 03:30 - 04:00 We'll collect work samples and anecdotal records so that we can really ascertain the pieces of the puzzle. We will use a lot of those observations, the work samples, to create documentation boards, so parents can see the learning goals and objectives and the actual photographs and work samples. (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) How are children showing us that they are achieving the concepts and skills, and the best way for us to do
• 04:00 - 04:30 that is to make sure that when we observe, document, and we reflect, we also create time for teachers to be in conversation around how are children revealing their thinking? How are children progressing? And then what we could do with him in the class is offer more fine-motor activities, like you said. The Play-Doh and maybe we'll offer him the adaptive-- (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) The reflective dialogue is part of the curriculum planning process, and we need to be mindful of how do we make room
• 04:30 - 05:00 for that time? How do we value that time? And look at the way we schedule the day for teachers, how do we schedule the workweek for teachers, so that there is an opportunity for teachers to be in discussion around the documentation that we have of children revealing their thinking. Each child's curriculum journey will be different. Having said that, then, I'm organizing context for learning
• 05:00 - 05:30 for my whole group of children. So I'm also planning for the group of children. So I'm always working at two levels. With respect to the individualized planning for a child, I think it's most relevant when we think of what are those aspects of learning that I can offer that child that will support that child in learning alongside
• 05:30 - 06:00 other children within the play environment? (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) As we approach the idea of how do we think about curriculum, how do we think about learning environments for young children, and we add in the fact that we have multiple languages in our classrooms spoken by the families as their home language, and we have multiple cultural contexts
• 06:00 - 06:30 that they're working with. It's an invitation to then begin to ask, "So how does that inform our curriculum?" - Can I have chopsticks? - Yes, you can use chopsticks. Yoonsang, do you want some noodles or jook? Jook. I'm really good at these chopsticks. Watch me. (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) How do we give value to the fact that we have this rich pool of diverse communities to pull from in order to chart
• 06:30 - 07:00 what the course of curriculum is going to look like in our program? In a few weeks, we're gonna have a pumpkin patch right over there. Do you see where the gate is? So I figured we could use hay on the ground over there, and then it won't be dirty. But we gotta move this bale of hay from here to over there. I know how we can move it. We have to push it all the way from here.
• 07:00 - 07:30 We push it all the way there, and then we go to the gate. Okay. (Louise Piper) Our curriculum tends to be project-based, and the way that we become informed about what to plan comes through the children and our families. And being observers, understanding that children's play renders valuable information for us. I know, idea.
• 07:30 - 08:00 We should get a bigger bike. A bigger bike? What big bike? It can be--have to be huge. How about this bike? Okay, bring it over. I know, I know, we have to cut some hay and then we put it on one bike. We can cut the hay? Yeah, we can put it on this bike and that bike. Now, that's an interesting idea.
• 08:00 - 08:30 If we cut it in half, it won't be as heavy. Now, Teacher Karen? Yeah, how we gonna cut this? I know, a knife. Help us solve this problem. I know, a knife. What kind of knife would be good? A sharp knife. Except you guys can't use sharp knives. Yeah, but teachers can. (Louise Piper) The way children see the world and the way the project unfolds, those experiences that we plan,
• 08:30 - 09:00 the learning that comes out of it, is very creative. Children make connections in ways we wouldn't even think of ourselves. [children chattering]
• 09:00 - 09:30 I need a plate. (female #6) You need a plate? I need a plate for my dinner. (female #7) The environment, the classroom environment is another teacher. So we put a huge amount of thinking behind what is the environment teaching here? Is there adequate materials? Is there too much?
• 09:30 - 10:00 Is it too distracting? Is it inviting? Some yellow blocks. It's getting bigger and bigger. (female #8) It is getting bigger and bigger. (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) It's important that in setting up these environments for learning for young children that we adopt an attitude of not knowing what the children are going to do precisely. Or not expecting one right way of playing in those play
• 10:00 - 10:30 spaces, because there is no one right way. But we know we've been successful as teachers if we have children who are deeply engaged in play and if they are using the materials well. - I'm gonna build a robot. - A robot? (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) The critical piece is how to create play spaces that hold materials that invite children to discover the relationships
• 10:30 - 11:00 among objects, to use materials in ways that even as teachers we may not have known that they might do. To open up possibilities for children to explore, investigate, to research the potential connections that exist between the organization of materials that the teachers have chosen to put in that play space. Boat in the rivers. (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) As we think about the learning environment,
• 11:00 - 11:30 I think we tend to just think about inside the walls of a classroom, but the reality is the learning environment that exists inside a classroom can actually be mirrored in the outdoor environment. How many gutters did it hit? (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) And whether we're talking about infants, toddlers, preschoolers, school age, the outdoor environment is more than just a yard
• 11:30 - 12:00 for large muscle development. It's a place where we can enjoy books. It's a place where we can have conversations around stories. Where should we hang our bird feeder, Serena? (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) It's a place where we can explore the creatures who live in the bushes and under the rocks. (female #9) Look. Look, he's eating off your bird feeder. (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) It's a place where we watch the world
• 12:00 - 12:30 of nature transform itself. It's important that we think about the schedule of the day, and that we give children ample time to work in those play spaces so that they can truly invent problems, go in search of solutions to those problems, develop scripts, play out those scripts,
• 12:30 - 13:00 and do so in an uninterrupted way. For us, curriculum is everything that happens in the day. It includes thinking about the daily schedule to make sure we have a balance of small-group times and large-group times. I can just lay down by myself. (Louise Piper) And blocks of uninterrupted time for children to explore and initiate their own activities. You each other killed the dragon. Okay, open the door.
• 13:00 - 13:30 (Louise Piper) We look at classroom routines as learning opportunities. (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) The daily rituals that happen around arrivals and departures and transitions and hand-washing and meals and naps and toileting or diapering, all of those routines become opportunities for children to use their emerging skills in an engaging way, inviting them to participate in the experience as active meaning-makers.
• 13:30 - 14:00 (Louise Piper) In thinking about planning and implementing a program that supports the development of children in all areas, we want to be sure we're looking at what's really developmentally appropriate, what's age-appropriate for the ages of the children enrolled, our older toddlers, our preschoolers that are 3,
• 14:00 - 14:30 and our children that are pre-K age and going to enter kindergarten. You're not doing it? (Louise Piper) And the individualized piece where we are planning what excites children, what helps them, what engages them. You told me you didn't know how to do this? It's perfect. (Louise Piper) All that we do in the program to foster children's development across all domains. (female #10) We will use one-on-one interactions. We will use small-group types of lessons,
• 14:30 - 15:00 and large groups also. And it's important for a teacher to reflect upon herself and see how she needs to adapt the curriculum according to the needs of the child. It's important for her to recognize that there are all types of learners, all types of students. Every child is unique. When we think about curriculum, it makes sense to view curriculum in an integrated way.
• 15:00 - 15:30 So if I think about how do I create engaging learning environments for young children? Why do you have to connect them? Because I need to make two windows. Okay. I made two, one big and one small. (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) Indeed, I may have a block area, and in that block area, children are going to explore concepts of spatial relations, concepts of number. They're going to talk story.
• 15:30 - 16:00 This is gonna be the front, and he's going to go in the front for this man, too, right? He's gonna go with Keira and Ayla. (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) And they are going to negotiate who does what when, so in a moment of play, children have now taken us through a journey through each of the domains of learning. So play really is the vehicle that allows us to integrate
• 16:00 - 16:30 the curriculum, because children within play are going to effectively accomplish language, cognitive, social, emotional, physical development, all wrapped into one. We look for teachers who are really open and trusting in the play-based model, and really can follow children's lead and build upon the child's lead. And we really need the teacher to engage thoughtfully with the children in their play and actually enter into the play.
• 16:30 - 17:00 (female #11) Put the bib on the baby. Just like you wear a bib. (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) And so I'm going to create a context, rather than an activity, and then that context is a play-based context in which I can offer some possibilities. In the back of a teacher's mind are the concepts and skills that I know children are in the process of making sense of, with respect to science, with respect to math,
• 17:00 - 17:30 with respect to language, literacy, social understanding. So as I set up a meaningful context for children to engage in figuring something out, I'm aware of the possibility that children may reveal their thinking around some of these concepts and skills. [bell jingles] (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) And it is really up to me to then observe that,
• 17:30 - 18:00 and if I see an emerging concept or a concept that is making itself visible, or a skill that I think, "I hadn't seen that there before, that's significant to me as a teacher. Uninterrupted time... Want some tea? And pour some tea right here. Thanks. (Louise Piper) ...to explore and discover is a great time for us to be
• 18:00 - 18:30 actively involved as educators, to really seize those opportunities where children are engaging in child-initiated play, to promote learning, to really facilitate learning, to ask open-ended questions that will challenge their thinking. (female #12) What do you have in your restaurant? (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) I need to be able to really be with that child in a context
• 18:30 - 19:00 that allows me to truly listen and have a conversation, or be in conversation with a smaller group of children. (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) Only when we create a context for teachers to be in conversation with small groups of children, engaged in a meaningful project or a meaningful conversation, will children truly get a chance to reveal to us their ideas.
• 19:00 - 19:30 (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) How do we use our moments of conversation or interaction with children as opportunities to help them make meaning?
• 19:30 - 20:00 (female #13) We need more track. (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) For example, what happens when two children don't get along, when there's a conflict in an effort to get a coveted toy? No! Oh no, don't. Stop. I wanted the old track and make a new one.
• 20:00 - 20:30 (female #13) You want to break up the old track and make a new one? No! (female #13) Lucas is saying no. I'm gonna hold on to these pieces. What are we gonna do? You both want to build a track, but Lucas is wanting the old track and Joe's saying he wants a new track. How are we gonna solve our problem, Lucas? What can we do? Well, let me make that track again. You want to make that track again. And Joe, what do you think? Would you like to make that track again? I want to make a new track.
• 20:30 - 21:00 Joe's saying he'd like to make a new track. (Mary Jane Maguire-Fong) That is an opportunity for experiencing what does it mean to negotiate a solution with someone in a way that's not hurtful to someone else? So the conversations around guidance and discipline, then, become opportunities for curriculum. So those three components, the learning environments, the routines of the day, the conversations and interactions, those become a broad definition for curriculum and a broad
• 21:00 - 21:30 definition for teaching and learning that happens throughout the day. ♪♪♪ ♪♪♪