Moral behavior in animals | Frans de Waal

Summary

In his TED Talk, Frans de Waal delves into the intriguing question of moral behavior in animals, challenging the common perspective that morality is uniquely human. Drawing from his extensive research on primates and elephants, de Waal highlights how these animals exhibit empathy, cooperation, and even a sense of fairness, behaviors often considered foundational to human morality. Through various experiments, he demonstrates that these characteristics are not exclusive to humans, suggesting that morality may have deep evolutionary roots. By presenting surprising evidence of chimpanzees displaying altruism and empathy, de Waal opens the discussion about the origins and evolution of moral behavior, prompting us to reconsider the simplistic view of animals driven solely by competition and aggression.

Highlights

• Chimpanzees show power politics isn't all there is; they also kiss and make up. 💋
• Bonobos take a unique approach to reconciliation with, ahem, different methods. 😘
• Elephants know when to work together and when to let others do the heavy lifting. 🤓
• Chimpanzees exhibit not just empathy by comforting each other after fights, but display a rich tapestry of emotions. 🐵❤️
• In fairness games, monkeys show their dislike when they get cucumber while others get grapes – cue cucumber tantrums! 🥒💢

Key Takeaways

• Animals also have a moral compass that's a lot like ours – they care, share, and dare! 🐒
• Chimpanzees reconcile and make peace, proving that forgiveness isn't just a human trait. 🤝
• Elephants play the cooperation game with big brains and even bigger hearts. 🐘
• Chimps have been caught choosing to be generous over greedy – altruism is real! 🎁
• When it comes to fairness, even capuchin monkeys say 'not fair!' if rewards aren't equal. 🐒🍇
• Frans de Waal challenges us to rethink morality without the need for religion, taking lessons from the animal kingdom. 🌿

Overview

Frans de Waal's exploration into the moral behaviors of animals is both eye-opening and heartwarming, revealing that animals may possess social qualities we often consider unique to humans. By studying primates and elephants, de Waal illustrates that behaviors like cooperation and empathy stretch beyond our species, highlighting the evolutionary roots of morality.

The talk takes you through various fascinating experiments with chimpanzees and elephants, where these animals display a profound understanding of collaboration and fairness. Whether it's elephants cleverly figuring out how to cooperate or chimpanzees sharing empathy and consolation when one is distressed, these scenarios suggest that moral behavior has deep evolutionary threads.

Ultimately, de Waal invites us to rethink the foundation of morality, suggesting that it stems from natural evolution rather than religion or complex human processes. The evidence he presents from the animal world offers a fresh perspective on how we perceive ethics and social behavior, inviting a broader discussion on the origins of morality.

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction and Personal Background This chapter delves into the personal background of the author, who was born in Den Bosch, famously known as the place where painter Hieronymus Bosch derived his name. The author expresses a deep admiration for Bosch, a figure from the 15th century, highlighting his significance in the context of morality during a period when religious influence was declining.
• 00:30 - 01:00: Thoughts on Religion and Morality The chapter explores philosophical thoughts on the influence of religion and the concept of morality. It reflects on the potential impact on society if religion were absent or diminished. The analysis includes references to art, such as 'The Garden of Earthly Delights,' which evokes imagery of humanity either before the Fall or without a Fall, prompting reflection on morality in the absence of religious context. The narrative also touches on a personal experience visiting a zoological garden, evoking contrast and contemplation around natural versus constructed views of morality.
• 01:00 - 01:30: Early Research on Chimpanzees and Aggression In this chapter, the author reflects on their early experiences with chimpanzees, highlighting an encounter with a baby chimpanzee. They noted that chimpanzees exhibited power-hungry behavior, which led to an exploration of this trait through writing. The research climate at the time was heavily focused on aggression and competition among animals, including humans. This perspective painted a picture of the animal kingdom as being fundamentally competitive and self-interested.
• 01:30 - 02:00: Chimpanzee Reconciliation and Changing Views The chapter discusses the author's experience of publishing a book and humorously notes chimpanzees' interest in it. While researching power dynamics, dominance, and aggression, the author discovered that chimpanzees are capable of reconciliation after conflicts. A described scenario illustrates two male chimpanzees who, after a fight, make amends by reaching out to each other, leading to a kiss and embrace in a tree.
• 02:00 - 02:30: Shifting Perceptions on Human and Animal Behavior The chapter starts with a discussion on the prevailing beliefs of the time that centered around competition and aggression as the primary drivers of behavior in both humans and animals. This perspective implied that winning or losing were the only outcomes that mattered in any interaction. However, the text challenges this notion by exploring the behavior of bonobos, a primate species known for using sex as a means to reconcile after a conflict. This behavior illustrates that maintaining valuable social relationships takes precedence over the simplistic win-lose dichotomy. The principle behind this reconciliation strategy is emphasized: conflicts may damage relationships of high value, and it is crucial to take steps to repair them. This observation leads to a broader reconsideration and shift in understanding of behavior across the animal kingdom, including in human societies.
• 02:30 - 03:00: The Pillars of Morality The chapter 'The Pillars of Morality' challenges the traditional image that humans are inherently selfish and nasty by drawing a parallel between humans and wolves, suggesting that like wolves, humans are cooperative and empathetic by nature.
• 03:00 - 04:30: Chimpanzee Cooperation Experiment The chapter titled 'Chimpanzee Cooperation Experiment' explores the foundational elements of morality, which are reciprocity and empathy. The speaker discusses how these elements are crucial not only for human morality but also in understanding animal behavior, particularly in chimpanzees. It emphasizes the significance of a sense of justice, fairness, empathy, and compassion as the core pillars of moral behavior, suggesting that without these, morality would not hold much substance.
• 04:30 - 06:00: Elephant Cooperation Experiment The chapter discusses an early experiment on cooperation conducted at the Yerkes Primate Center, focusing on chimpanzees. The video footage from the experiment, over a hundred years old, shows two young chimpanzees collaborating to pull a heavy box laden with food, demonstrating synchronized efforts. This experiment highlights the early scientific interest in studying cooperative behaviors among primates.
• 06:00 - 07:30: Understanding Empathy in Animals The chapter, titled 'Understanding Empathy in Animals,' delves into the concept of empathy among animals, specifically focusing on chimpanzees. It highlights a scenario where one of two chimpanzees loses interest in a task after being fed, suggesting a level of cognitive understanding and emotional response. The chapter uses this observation to explore the depth of empathetic behaviors and cognitive functions in animals.
• 07:30 - 09:30: Yawn Contagion and Synchronization The chapter 'Yawn Contagion and Synchronization' seems to explore how gestures, including laughter and potentially yawning, play a role in conveying meanings and intentions. It suggests a connection between physical expressions and communication, although the context is not entirely clear due to the transcript not being fully provided.
• 09:30 - 10:00: Empathy and Consolation Among Chimpanzees The chapter explores the themes of empathy and cooperation among chimpanzees. It uses an example where one chimpanzee, aware of the need for teamwork, partners with another who is not particularly interested in the goal food. This behavior is attributed to reciprocity, suggesting that chimpanzees understand the need for cooperation and may engage in it expecting future benefits. The chapter highlights evidence of such social behaviors in primates and other animals.
• 10:00 - 11:30: Altruism Study on Chimpanzees The chapter explores the concept of altruism among chimpanzees, suggesting that these animals understand the idea of returning favors. This reciprocal behavior is observed as part of their interactions. The chapter also briefly touches upon similar studies conducted with elephants in Thailand, acknowledging the challenges involved in working with such large animals and the necessity of designing apparatuses that are not too cumbersome for a single elephant to manipulate. The study of both chimpanzees and elephants highlights the broader patterns of altruistic behaviors in the animal kingdom.
• 11:30 - 13:00: Fairness in Capuchin Monkeys The chapter discusses the concept of fairness in capuchin monkeys by illustrating an experiment involving cooperation between two elephants. The experiment requires both elephants to simultaneously pull on a rope to obtain food. The setup is such that if one elephant pulls without the other, the rope disappears and they receive nothing. The first part of the transcript describes a scene where two elephants arrive together at the apparatus, pick up the rope together, and successfully pull it simultaneously, demonstrating cooperative behavior necessary to achieve the goal.
• 13:00 - 16:00: Philosophical Implications and Conclusion In this chapter, the focus is on an experiment designed to test cooperation among elephants, comparing their understanding of cooperation to that of chimpanzees. The experiment becomes more challenging by releasing one elephant before the other, requiring the first to show patience and understanding in waiting, rather than pulling the rope prematurely and failing the test. This scenario highlights the philosophical implications of animal intelligence, patience, cooperation, and their comparison to human traits and those of other animals.

Moral behavior in animals | Frans de Waal Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 I was born in Den Bosch, where the painter Hieronymus Bosch named himself after. And I've always been very fond of this painter who lived and worked in the 15th century. And what is interesting about him in relation to morality is that he lived at a time where religion's influence was waning,
• 00:30 - 01:00 and he was sort of wondering, I think, what would happen with society if there was no religion or if there was less religion. And so he painted this famous painting, "The Garden of Earthly Delights," which some have interpreted as being humanity before the Fall, or being humanity without any Fall at all. And so it makes you wonder, what would happen if we hadn't tasted the fruit of knowledge, so to speak, and what kind of morality would we have. Much later, as a student, I went to a very different garden, a zoological garden in Arnhem where we keep chimpanzees.
• 01:00 - 01:30 This is me at an early age with a baby chimpanzee. (Laughter) And I discovered there that the chimpanzees are very power-hungry and wrote a book about it. And at that time the focus in a lot of animal research was on aggression and competition. I painted a whole picture of the animal kingdom and humanity included, was that deep down we are competitors, we are aggressive, we are all out for our own profit, basically.
• 01:30 - 02:00 This is the launch of my book. I'm not sure how well the chimpanzees read it, but they surely seemed interested in the book. (Laughter) Now in the process of doing all this work on power and dominance and aggression and so on, I discovered that chimpanzees reconcile after fights. And so what you see here is two males who have had a fight. They ended up in a tree, and one of them holds out a hand to the other. And about a second after I took the picture, they came together in the fork of the tree and kissed and embraced each other.
• 02:00 - 02:30 And this is very interesting because at the time, everything was about competition and aggression, so it wouldn't make any sense. The only thing that matters is that you win or you lose. But why reconcile after a fight? That doesn't make any sense. This is the way bonobos do it. Bonobos do everything with sex. And so they also reconcile with sex. But the principle is exactly the same. The principle is that you have a valuable relationship that is damaged by conflict, so you need to do something about it. So my whole picture of the animal kingdom, and including humans also,
• 02:30 - 03:00 started to change at that time. So we have this image in political science, economics, the humanities, the philosophy for that matter, that man is a wolf to man. And so deep down, our nature is actually nasty. I think it's a very unfair image for the wolf. The wolf is, after all, a very cooperative animal. And that's why many of you have a dog at home, which has all these characteristics also. And it's really unfair to humanity, because humanity is actually much more cooperative and empathic
• 03:00 - 03:30 than given credit for. So I started getting interested in those issues and studying that in other animals. So these are the pillars of morality. If you ask anyone, "What is morality based on?" these are the two factors that always come out. One is reciprocity, and associated with it is a sense of justice and a sense of fairness. And the other one is empathy and compassion. And human morality is more than this, but if you would remove these two pillars, there would be not much remaining, I think. So they're absolutely essential.
• 03:30 - 04:00 So let me give you a few examples here. This is a very old video from the Yerkes Primate Center, where they trained chimpanzees to cooperate. So this is already about a hundred years ago that we were doing experiments on cooperation. What you have here is two young chimpanzees who have a box, and the box is too heavy for one chimp to pull in. And of course, there's food on the box. Otherwise they wouldn't be pulling so hard. And so they're bringing in the box. And you can see that they're synchronized. You can see that they work together, they pull at the same moment.
• 04:00 - 04:30 It's already a big advance over many other animals who wouldn't be able to do that. Now you're going to get a more interesting picture, because now one of the two chimps has been fed. So one of the two is not really interested in the task anymore. (Laughter) (Laughter)
• 04:30 - 05:00 (Laughter) [- and sometimes appears to convey its wishes and meanings by gestures.] Now look at what happens at the very end of this. (Laughter)
• 05:00 - 05:30 He takes basically everything. (Laughter) There are two interesting parts about this. One is that the chimp on the right has a full understanding he needs the partner -- so a full understanding of the need for cooperation. The second one is that the partner is willing to work even though he's not interested in the food. Why would that be? Well, that probably has to do with reciprocity. There's actually a lot of evidence in primates and other animals
• 05:30 - 06:00 that they return favors. He will get a return favor at some point in the future. And so that's how this all operates. We do the same task with elephants. Now, it's very dangerous to work with elephants. Another problem with elephants is that you cannot make an apparatus that is too heavy for a single elephant. Now you can probably make it, but it's going to be a pretty clumsy apparatus, I think. And so what we did in that case -- we do these studies in Thailand for Josh Plotnik -- is we have an apparatus around which there is a rope, a single rope.
• 06:00 - 06:30 And if you pull on this side of the rope, the rope disappears on the other side. So two elephants need to pick it up at exactly the same time, and pull. Otherwise nothing is going to happen and the rope disappears. The first tape you're going to see is two elephants who are released together arrive at the apparatus. The apparatus is on the left, with food on it. And so they come together, they arrive together, they pick it up together, and they pull together. So it's actually fairly simple for them.
• 06:30 - 07:00 There they are. So that's how they bring it in. But now we're going to make it more difficult. Because the purpose of this experiment is to see how well they understand cooperation. Do they understand that as well as the chimps, for example? What we do in the next step is we release one elephant before the other and that elephant needs to be smart enough to stay there and wait and not pull at the rope -- because if he pulls at the rope, it disappears and the whole test is over.
• 07:00 - 07:30 Now this elephant does something illegal that we did not teach it. But it shows the understanding he has, because he puts his big foot on the rope, stands on the rope and waits there for the other, and then the other is going to do all the work for him. So it's what we call freeloading. (Laughter) But it shows the intelligence that the elephants have. They developed several of these alternative techniques that we did not approve of, necessarily. (Laughter) So the other elephant is now coming ...
• 07:30 - 08:00 and is going to pull it in. Now look at the other; it doesn't forget to eat, of course. (Laughter)
• 08:00 - 08:30 This was the cooperation and reciprocity part. Now something on empathy. Empathy is my main topic at the moment, of research. And empathy has two qualities: One is the understanding part of it. This is just a regular definition: the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. And the emotional part. Empathy has basically two channels: One is the body channel, If you talk with a sad person, you're going to adopt a sad expression and a sad posture, and before you know it, you feel sad. And that's sort of the body channel of emotional empathy,
• 08:30 - 09:00 which many animals have. Your average dog has that also. That's why people keep mammals in the home and not turtles or snakes or something like that, who don't have that kind of empathy. And then there's a cognitive channel, which is more that you can take the perspective of somebody else. And that's more limited. Very few animals, I think elephants and apes, can do that kind of thing. So synchronization, which is part of that whole empathy mechanism, is a very old one in the animal kingdom. In humans, of course, we can study that with yawn contagion.
• 09:00 - 09:30 Humans yawn when others yawn. And it's related to empathy. It activates the same areas in the brain. Also, we know that people who have a lot of yawn contagion are highly empathic. People who have problems with empathy, such as autistic children, they don't have yawn contagion. So it is connected. And we study that in our chimpanzees by presenting them with an animated head. So that's what you see on the upper-left, an animated head that yawns. And there's a chimpanzee watching, an actual real chimpanzee watching a computer screen on which we play these animations.
• 09:30 - 10:00 (Laughter) So yawn contagion that you're probably all familiar with -- and maybe you're going to start yawning soon now -- is something that we share with other animals. And that's related to that whole body channel of synchronization that underlies empathy, and that is universal in the mammals, basically. We also study more complex expressions -- This is consolation. This is a male chimpanzee who has lost a fight and he's screaming,
• 10:00 - 10:30 and a juvenile comes over and puts an arm around him and calms him down. That's consolation. It's very similar to human consolation. And consolation behavior -- (Laughter) it's empathy driven. Actually, the way to study empathy in human children is to instruct a family member to act distressed, and then to see what young children do. And so it is related to empathy, and that's the kind of expressions we look at. We also recently published an experiment you may have heard about. It's on altruism and chimpanzees,
• 10:30 - 11:00 where the question is: Do chimpanzees care about the welfare of somebody else? And for decades it had been assumed that only humans can do that, that only humans worry about the welfare of somebody else. Now we did a very simple experiment. We do that on chimpanzees that live in Lawrenceville, in the field station of Yerkes. And so that's how they live. And we call them into a room and do experiments with them. In this case, we put two chimpanzees side-by-side, and one has a bucket full of tokens, and the tokens have different meanings.
• 11:00 - 11:30 One kind of token feeds only the partner who chooses, the other one feeds both of them. So this is a study we did with Vicki Horner. And here, you have the two color tokens. So they have a whole bucket full of them. And they have to pick one of the two colors. You will see how that goes. So if this chimp makes the selfish choice, which is the red token in this case, he needs to give it to us, we pick it up, we put it on a table where there's two food rewards,
• 11:30 - 12:00 but in this case, only the one on the right gets food. The one on the left walks away because she knows already that this is not a good test for her. Then the next one is the pro-social token. So the one who makes the choices -- that's the interesting part here -- for the one who makes the choices, it doesn't really matter. So she gives us now a pro-social token and both chimps get fed. So the one who makes the choices always gets a reward. So it doesn't matter whatsoever. And she should actually be choosing blindly. But what we find is that they prefer the pro-social token.
• 12:00 - 12:30 So this is the 50 percent line, that's the random expectation. And especially if the partner draws attention to itself, they choose more. And if the partner puts pressure on them -- so if the partner starts spitting water and intimidating them -- then the choices go down. (Laughter) It's as if they're saying, "If you're not behaving, I'm not going to be pro-social today." And this is what happens without a partner, when there's no partner sitting there. So we found that the chimpanzees do care about the well-being of somebody else -- especially, these are other members of their own group.
• 12:30 - 13:00 So the final experiment that I want to mention to you is our fairness study. And so this became a very famous study. And there are now many more, because after we did this about 10 years ago, it became very well-known. And we did that originally with capuchin monkeys. And I'm going to show you the first experiment that we did. It has now been done with dogs and with birds and with chimpanzees. But with Sarah Brosnan, we started out with capuchin monkeys. So what we did is we put two capuchin monkeys side-by-side.
• 13:00 - 13:30 Again, these animals, live in a group, they know each other. We take them out of the group, put them in a test chamber. And there's a very simple task that they need to do. And if you give both of them cucumber for the task, the two monkeys side-by-side, they're perfectly willing to do this 25 times in a row. So cucumber, even though it's only really water in my opinion, but cucumber is perfectly fine for them. Now if you give the partner grapes -- the food preferences of my capuchin monkeys
• 13:30 - 14:00 correspond exactly with the prices in the supermarket -- and so if you give them grapes -- it's a far better food -- then you create inequity between them. So that's the experiment we did. Recently, we videotaped it with new monkeys who'd never done the task, thinking that maybe they would have a stronger reaction, and that turned out to be right. The one on the left is the monkey who gets cucumber. The one on the right is the one who gets grapes. The one who gets cucumber -- note that the first piece of cucumber is perfectly fine. The first piece she eats.
• 14:00 - 14:30 Then she sees the other one getting grape, and you will see what happens. So she gives a rock to us. That's the task. And we give her a piece of cucumber and she eats it. The other one needs to give a rock to us. And that's what she does. And she gets a grape ... and eats it. The other one sees that. She gives a rock to us now, gets, again, cucumber. (Laughter)
• 14:30 - 15:00 (Laughter ends) She tests a rock now against the wall. She needs to give it to us. And she gets cucumber again. (Laughter) So this is basically the Wall Street protest that you see here.
• 15:00 - 15:30 (Laughter) (Applause) I still have two minutes left -- let me tell you a funny story about this. This study became very famous and we got a lot of comments, especially anthropologists, economists, philosophers. They didn't like this at all. Because they had decided in their minds, I believe, that fairness is a very complex issue, and that animals cannot have it. And so one philosopher even wrote us
• 15:30 - 16:00 that it was impossible that monkeys had a sense of fairness because fairness was invented during the French Revolution. (Laughter) And another one wrote a whole chapter saying that he would believe it had something to do with fairness, if the one who got grapes would refuse the grapes. Now the funny thing is that Sarah Brosnan, who's been doing this with chimpanzees, had a couple of combinations of chimpanzees where, indeed, the one who would get the grape would refuse the grape until the other guy also got a grape.
• 16:00 - 16:30 So we're getting very close to the human sense of fairness. And I think philosophers need to rethink their philosophy for a while. So let me summarize. I believe there's an evolved morality. I think morality is much more than what I've been talking about, but it would be impossible without these ingredients that we find in other primates, which are empathy and consolation, pro-social tendencies and reciprocity and a sense of fairness. And so we work on these particular issues to see if we can create a morality from the bottom up, so to speak, without necessarily god and religion involved,
• 16:30 - 17:00 and to see how we can get to an evolved morality. And I thank you for your attention. (Applause)