Psychological Disorders Summary (AP Psychology Review Unit 5 Topic 4)

Summary

In this comprehensive review of psychological disorders, Mr. Sinn dives into the intricacies of various disorders covered in AP Psychology, unit 5, topic 4. The video discusses neurodevelopmental disorders like ADHD and autism spectrum disorder, exploring their symptoms and potential causes. Mr. Sinn then explains schizophrenic spectrum disorders and bipolar disorders, detailing the differences between positive and negative symptoms and their complex causes. The review progresses through depressive, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders, shedding light on their impact on daily functioning and potential causes, such as genetic and environmental factors. Finally, the video covers dissociative, trauma-related, and personality disorders, emphasizing their profound effects on individuals' lives and underlying causes ranging from biological to cultural influences.

Highlights

• Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ADHD and autism, start in childhood. 🌟
• Schizophrenia involves complex symptoms with both positive (added) and negative (lacking) symptoms. 🧠
• Depressive disorders have different levels of severity but deeply impact life. 🌧
• Bipolar disorders feature alternating periods of manic and depressive episodes. 🌦
• Anxiety disorders trigger extreme worry or fear impacting daily life. 😰
• Obsessive-Compulsive disorder includes cycles of obsessions and compulsions. ♻️
• Dissociative disorders result from trauma, causing detachment from reality. 🌪
• Personality disorders are persistent and affect interpersonal relationships. 💔

Key Takeaways

• Understanding psychological disorders is crucial for AP Psychology success! 🚀
• Neurodevelopmental disorders emerge early and impact development. 📚
• Schizophrenic disorders feature unique positive and negative symptoms. 🔍
• Bipolar disorders involve dramatic emotional shifts. 🎭
• Anxiety and depressive disorders stem from multiple interacting factors. 🔄
• Obsessive-compulsive disorders combine intrusive thoughts and repetitive actions. ♻️
• Dissociative disorders involve disconnection from consciousness. 🔄
• Personality disorders are deeply ingrained and vary widely. 🔍

Overview

Mr. Sinn's video provides a detailed review of various psychological disorders relevant to AP Psychology students. Starting with neurodevelopmental disorders, he examines the early onset of ADHD and autism, highlighting their varied symptoms and causes. His engaging teaching style ensures students grasp the critical elements of these disorders easily.

The exploration of schizophrenic spectrum disorders emphasizes understanding the distinction between positive and negative symptoms, explaining how these add or detract from an individual's normal behavior. Similarly, the video dives into the complexities of bipolar disorders, showcasing how manic and depressive episodes vary amongst individuals.

Moving through anxiety, depressive, obsessive-compulsive, and dissociative disorders, Mr. Sinn delves into how these issues affect people's lives, touching on causative factors such as biology, genetics, and environmental influences. By breaking down each disorder into accessible sections, the video effectively aids in comprehension of this broad topic.

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction The introduction welcomes viewers to a review session on AP psychology, specifically focusing on unit 5, topic 4, which covers psychological disorders. The host encourages viewers to use guided notes as they go through the material. The video aims to discuss various symptoms and possible causes of different psychological disorders, beginning with neurodevelopmental disorders.
• 00:30 - 03:00: Neurodevelopmental Disorders Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by early onset, with signs and symptoms typically emerging in childhood. These disorders lead to functional impairments which manifest as difficulties in social relationships, communication, or learning. The severity of symptoms can vary from mild to severe, depending on individual and environmental factors. Important neurodevelopmental disorders to be aware of include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
• 03:00 - 08:30: Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders This chapter discusses Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders, beginning with an exploration of symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It highlights the challenges individuals face in maintaining focus, and the tendency to fidget or move constantly and act without thinking. The section explains how Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were once seen as distinct conditions, but are now understood in modern psychology, with ADD considered a subtype of ADHD. The chapter also introduces the second group of disorders, autism, setting the stage for further exploration in the context of the spectrum disorders.
• 08:30 - 11:30: Depressive Disorders This chapter covers the concept of spectrum disorders, particularly relating to depressive disorders. It highlights that this is a spectrum with various disorders under this umbrella term, such as Asperger's, child disintegrative disorder, and Rett syndrome. Key symptoms associated with these disorders include challenges with social communication, repetitive behaviors, restricted movement, and heightened sensitivity to sensations like light or sound. The chapter emphasizes that each individual's experience with these disorders can be unique.
• 11:30 - 14:30: Bipolar Disorders This chapter discusses the causes of neurodevelopmental disorders, focusing particularly on bipolar disorders. It identifies three primary causes: genetic factors (including genetic mutations and inherited genes), physiological factors (including brain growth and neurotransmitter imbalances), and external influences. It emphasizes how these elements can impact a person's abilities and challenges.
• 14:30 - 18:00: Anxiety Disorders The chapter on Anxiety Disorders highlights the influence of environmental factors on brain development. These factors include toxins, infections, and teratogens, which can adversely affect a child's growth, learning, and behavior. It is emphasized that these are often not isolated causes but interact and accumulate over time, affecting the manifestation of anxiety disorders.
• 18:00 - 20:30: Obsessive Compulsive Disorders In this chapter, the instructor reminds viewers about practice quizzes available for various disorder groups, emphasizing their usefulness in reviewing and practicing concepts about disorders one at a time. The instructor has included explanations for each question to help understand the reasons behind each answer. Resources are accessible via the ultimate review packet link provided in the video. The chapter briefly mentions transitioning into discussing schizophrenic spectrum disorders.
• 20:30 - 23:00: Dissociative Disorders The chapter on Dissociative Disorders explains the distinction between positive and negative symptoms in the context of dissociation. Positive symptoms introduce new behaviors or experiences to an individual's behavior, adding to their current state. On the other hand, negative symptoms involve the absence or reduction of expected behaviors, effectively taking something away from the person's usual behavior. This framework of positive and negative symptoms is connected to earlier concepts covered in past units, particularly in relation to the mathematical analogy of addition and subtraction, highlighting the complex nature of dissociative disorders and their manifestations.
• 23:00 - 24:00: Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders This chapter discusses Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders, focusing on symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. Delusions are categorized as positive symptoms because they introduce false beliefs to the individual, despite contradictory evidence. Two types of delusions mentioned are persecution delusions, where an individual believes others intend to harm them, and grandeur delusions, where individuals believe in possessing exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame. The text implies the presence of hallucinations, considered false perceptions, though they are not elaborated upon in the available transcript.
• 24:00 - 27:00: Feeding and Eating Disorders The chapter discusses Feeding and Eating Disorders, focusing on their characteristics and symptoms. It mentions that perceptions can be distorted, leading to positive symptoms like hallucinations, which are sensory experiences occurring without external stimuli. Auditory hallucinations, where individuals hear nonexistent voices, are most common, but visual, tactile, and olfactory hallucinations can also occur. Furthermore, disorganized motor behavior is covered, which can be classified as both positive and negative symptoms, contingent on the individual's condition.
• 27:00 - 31:00: Personality Disorders This chapter discusses Personality Disorders, with a focus on catatonia, a condition that affects movement and behavior. Catatonia can manifest in two forms: excitement and stupor. In catatonic excitement, individuals experience sudden, uncontrolled movements, making it a positive symptom due to the addition of these movements to behavior. In contrast, catatonic stupor involves a state of near immobility or minimal responsiveness.
• 31:00 - 32:00: Conclusion In the Conclusion chapter, the text discusses symptoms classified as negative in the context of a specific condition. It focuses on unresponsiveness characterized by minimal movement or speech, emphasizing the loss associated with these symptoms. Further, it highlights two symptoms under disorganized motor behavior: flat affect, which involves reduced emotional expression and manifests as little to no facial expressions and speaking in a monotone voice. The chapter underscores these as negative symptoms due to the loss of emotional expression and movement.

Psychological Disorders Summary (AP Psychology Review Unit 5 Topic 4) Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 Good morning, afternoon, evening, night, whenever you are watching this. Welcome back to the Mr. Sin channel. Today we are going to review unit 5, topic 4 of AP psychology. Now, I'm going to be honest with you, there is a lot in this video. So, make sure you take out your guided notes and follow along as we review psychological disorders. Throughout this video, we are going to talk about the different symptoms and possible causes for different disorders. Starting out with neurodedevelopmental disorders. Common features of
• 00:30 - 01:00 neurodedevelopmental disorders are early onset with signs and symptoms often emerging in childhood and functional impairments with difficulties manifesting in social relationships, communication or learning. Depending on the individual and other environmental factors, we can see the symptoms of these disorders can range from mild to severe. There are two neurodedevelopmental disorders that you want to be familiar with. The first is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• 01:00 - 01:30 which is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. This often results in an individual having a hard time maintaining focus, fidgeting or constantly moving and acting without thinking. Attention deficit disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were once considered two separate conditions. But in modern psychology, ADD is now classified as a subtype of ADHD. The second group of disorders that you want to be familiar with is autism
• 01:30 - 02:00 spectrum disorder. The key thing here is that this is a spectrum meaning there are a variety of disorders that fall under this umbrella term such as Asperers, child disintegrative disorder, or Rhett syndrome just to mention a few. Symptoms of ASD include challenges with social communication, repetitive behaviors, restricted movement, and increased sensitivity to certain sensations such as light or sound. However, remember each individual's
• 02:00 - 02:30 abilities and challenges will vary. Now, neurodedevelopmental disorders can be caused due to a variety of different factors, but we can generally break it down into three main causes. Genetic factors, which would include genetic mutations, inherited genes from parents, or the genetic makeup of a person. Physiological factors, which refers to things happening inside a person's body, such as how the brain is growing or functioning. For example, imbalances in neurotransmitters or unusual activity in certain brain areas. Then lastly, there
• 02:30 - 03:00 are environmental factors which can include a variety of external influences that impact how the brain develops such as environmental toxins, infections or terogens. One important thing to remember is that it is often the case that there are more than one cause. In fact, we can see that all of these factors often end up interacting and adding up over time leading to differences in how a child grows, learns, and behaves. The next group of disorders we are going to review is
• 03:00 - 03:30 selected schizophrenic spectrum disorders. But before we do that, I want to remind you to help break up the different disorders, I created a practice quiz for each group of disorders. That way, you can review and practice these concepts one at a time. I also added explanations for each question to help you better understand why an answer is right or wrong. You can find all of these resources inside my ultimate review packet. Just click the link down below. when you are done with this video. Now, schizophrenic spectrum disorders generally show up in an
• 03:30 - 04:00 individual in one or more five key areas with each symptom being either positive or negative, which remember back to past units connects back to math and not good or bad. Positive symptoms are behaviors or experiences that add to a person's behavior, while negative symptoms are behaviors or experiences that are absent from or reduced from an individual's behavior. So positive symptoms add something to the individual while negative symptoms take something away. All right. Now going back to the five
• 04:00 - 04:30 main symptoms we have delusions which are false beliefs. These are positive symptoms because the beliefs are being added to the individual despite clear or reasonable contradictory evidence. The two types of delusions that you want to remember is delusions of persecution which is believing that others are out to harm you and delusions of grandeur which is the belief that you have exceptional abilities, wealth, fame or are somehow famous. Next is hallucinations which are false
• 04:30 - 05:00 perceptions. This is a positive symptom since the sensory experience that is happening is occurring without any external stimulus. The most common hallucination is auditory which is when a person is hearing voices that aren't actually there. But some individuals will also have visual, tactile or alactory hallucinations as well. Then there is disorganized motor behavior which can actually be a positive and negative symptom depending on what is happening with the individual. This
• 05:00 - 05:30 includes catatonia which is a condition that affects a person's movement and behavior. This can take two forms, excitement or stuper. Individuals with catatonic excitement often experience sudden movements with the individual becoming very active with unusual almost out of control movements. Since the movements are being added to a person's behavior, it makes them a positive symptom. Individuals may also experience catatonic stuper which often results in the individual being in a state of near
• 05:30 - 06:00 unresponsiveness with minimal movement or speech. This is a negative symptom since the individual is losing movement and speech. Two other symptoms that fall under disorganized motor behavior is flat affect which is when an individual experiences reduced emotional expression often resulting in an individual showing little to no facial expressions and talking in a monotone voice. Since the individual is losing their emotional expression, this would be an example of a negative symptom. Now, don't get flat
• 06:00 - 06:30 affect confused with a loia. another negative symptom, but this is a condition that is characterized by diminished speech, not emotion. Speaking of speech, the last category is disorganized thinking or speech, which is often a positive symptom since it adds abnormal cognitive or linguistic functions to the individual. For example, some individuals may throw words together without any logical connections. This is known as a word salad. Individuals may also create loose associations with the individual jumping
• 06:30 - 07:00 from one topic to another with little to no connections between the topics. Or an individual may experience tangental speech, which is when a person's speech strays off topic and doesn't connect back to the original point. For example, responding to a question with an answer that is completely unrelated. Now, symptoms here are often either acute or chronic. Acute symptoms are often triggered by stress or a major life event. They appear suddenly and are more reactive to a situation. Whereas chronic
• 07:00 - 07:30 symptoms develop over time and remain persistent in a person's life. These can often lead to functional decline if not properly managed. Now the causes of schizophrenia are often looked at through the biological lens since the exact cause isn't fully known. But many research has pointed to causes that are rooted in an individual's genetics. Some research has shown that schizophrenia can run in families. If a close relative has the condition, the chances of it developing increase, suggesting a
• 07:30 - 08:00 heredity component. There's also evidence that has shown that infections during pregnancy could affect a developing fetus's brain in ways that might increase the risk of schizophrenia later in life. We can also look at the dopamine hypothesis which proposes that elevated levels of dopamine can contribute to the onset or intensity of schizophrenia symptoms. Too much dopamine activity in certain brain areas such as the lyic system is linked to positive symptoms like hallucinations
• 08:00 - 08:30 and delusions while too little dopamine in other areas like the prefrontal cortex is linked to negative symptoms such as lack of motivation or flat affect. So we can see that schizophrenia spectrum disorders are complex and involve a range of symptoms that can impact an individual. Now the next group of disorders that we are going to look at is depressive disorders which can consist of mood changes such as individuals feeling sadness or emptiness or becoming easily frustrated. physical
• 08:30 - 09:00 changes such as an individual feeling fatigue, experiencing changes in their sleeping patterns and change with their appetite or cognitive changes which may include trouble concentrating, remembering details and in severe cases thoughts of death or suicidal ideiation. There are two specific disorders that fall under depressive disorders that you want to be familiar with. The first is major depressive disorders which is characterized by periods of diminished interest in most activities. significant
• 09:00 - 09:30 sleep or appetite changes and negative thoughts, all of which can impact an individual's ability to perform their daily activities. To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks. The other disorder is persistent depressive disorder, which is characterized by symptoms that are less intense compared to those of major depressive disorder. However, the symptoms are longerlasting. Generally, individuals will likely be able to complete their daily activities, but will often feel down or sad.
• 09:30 - 10:00 Persistent depressive disorder is a chronic form of depression with symptoms lasting at least 2 years. Now, when it comes to causes for depressive disorders, we can see four main possible causes. There are biological and genetic factors which would include inherited vulnerabilities such as having family members with a history of depression and neurotransmitter imbalances such as low levels of serotonin or norepinephrine which may lead to depressive symptoms. Then there is social and cultural
• 10:00 - 10:30 influences such as major changes or traumatic life events such as divorce, family conflict or job loss. All of which can trigger depressive episodes, especially if the individual lacks a support system. Cultural norms and expectations around emotions or stigmas against mental health can also shape how depression can be experienced by an individual and what help they may get. Next, there are behavioral factors which include poor diet, lack of exercise,
• 10:30 - 11:00 inadequate coping mechanisms for dealing with stress, improper reinforcement patterns, learned helplessness, and substance abuse. And lastly, there are cognitive influences which consist of persistent pessimistic thoughts, self-criticism, and a person's attribution style. For instance, if an individual has a negative explanatory style, it may result in them viewing negative events as permanent. Just like the other disorders we have talked about so far, depressive disorders generally come from multiple factors, showing that
• 11:00 - 11:30 these causes often interact. For instance, someone with a genetic predisposition who faces significant social stress and engages in negative thinking may be more likely to develop depression. All right, before we move on to bipolar disorders, I just want to remind you about the 10 different practice quizzes inside the ultimate review packet, one for each group of disorders. Remember, the more that you actually practice and engage in your learning here, and the more active you are, the easier this class will be. So,
• 11:30 - 12:00 make sure to check them out once you're done with this video. Now, bipolar disorders involve shifts between two mood states. These mood swings often vary in intensity and duration from person to person. Mood swings are either manic episodes, which are moments of high energy, impulsitivity, and euphoria, and depressive episodes, which are moments of low energy, sadness, and hopelessness. When individuals experience alternating periods of mania and depression, it is known as bipolar cycling. The length of these cycles will
• 12:00 - 12:30 vary. Some individuals experience rapid shifts over days, while others will have fewer but longer episodes that may last weeks or months. For AP psychology, you want to be familiar with bipolar one disorder, which is characterized by at least one full manic episode that lasts at least 7 days, followed by depressive episodes that typically lasts around 2 weeks, and bipolar 2 disorder, which is characterized by hypomomanic episodes, which are less severe than full mania,
• 12:30 - 13:00 but still noticeable shifts from one person's typical behavior, followed by one or more major depressive episodes. Possible causes for bipolar disorders include biological and genetic factors. Oftentimes, bipolar disorders run in families, highlighting a possible heredity component. Imbalances in neurotransmitters can also be a factor. Imbalances with dopamine, serotonin, or norepinephrine all can contribute to mood swings and symptoms. There are also social and cultural influences such as
• 13:00 - 13:30 significant trauma or major loss which may trigger manic or depressive episodes, especially if someone is already genetically prone to bipolar disorder. Lastly, there are behavioral and cognitive factors such as substance misuse, irregular sleep schedules, and inconsistent routines which may exacerbate mood instability. While maladaptive thoughts and coping strategies can intensify depressive episodes, each of these causes can influence the severity and frequency of
• 13:30 - 14:00 episodes. But bipolar disorder likely stems from a combination of biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Shifting gears to our next group of disorders, we can see we have anxiety disorders, which often consists of excessive fear and/or worry. These feelings go beyond normal uneasiness and are strong enough to impact an individual's ability to perform their daily activities. Individuals with anxiety disorders will often engage in avoidance or safety seeeking behaviors,
• 14:00 - 14:30 avoiding certain places, people, or situations to help cope with their anxiety. For AP psychology, there are five anxiety disorders that you want to be familiar with. The first is specific phobia which is an intense irrational fear or anxiety that is directed at a particular object or situation. For example, there's acrophobia which is the fear of heights. And there is arachnophobia which is the fear of spiders. Now don't get these confused with our next type of anxiety disorder
• 14:30 - 15:00 which is agorophobia. This is the fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help might not be available. For example, individuals with agorophobia often will avoid using public transportation, going to movies, or standing in line, or being in a crowd. This often results in them avoiding many everyday activities. The third anxiety disorder is panic disorder, which is an intense unexpected episode of fear accompanied by a variety of physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, shortness of
• 15:00 - 15:30 breath, chest pain, and nausea, just to name a few. In some cultures, panic disorders can manifest with unique expressions such as attack day nervios, which is experienced by individuals of Caribbean or Iberian descent. It includes symptoms that are similar to panic attacks, but may also include screaming or aggressive behavior. This is an example of a culturalbound disorder, which is a psychological condition that is specific to a particular cultural group. Up next, we have social anxiety disorders, which are
• 15:30 - 16:00 characterized by intense fear or anxiety about social situations where one might be judged, criticized, or watched by others. Now, don't mix this up with agorophobia. Remember, social anxiety disorders primarily involve the fear of embarrassment or scrutiny. Whereas, agorophobia focuses on the fear of not being able to escape. Now, there's another culturalbound variant of social anxiety disorders that you want to be familiar with, and that is Taiin Kyusho, which is a form of social anxiety that
• 16:00 - 16:30 is mainly found in Japanese culture. Here, the fear focuses on offending or displeasing others rather than personal embarrassment. This results in individuals fearing that their body, actions, or appearance are offensive or displeasing to others. Lastly, there is generalized anxiety disorders which involves excessive uncontrollable worry about an individual's health, work, school, finances or other aspects of their life. The main factor here is the excessive worry is over a long period of
• 16:30 - 17:00 time, not just for a day, generally lasting at least 6 months. All right. Now, with social anxiety disorders, there are three possible causes that you want to be familiar with. The first is behavioral factors such as learned association. People can develop anxiety by repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a frightening or traumatic experience which will end up reinforcing the anxious response. Or we can see that anxiety can be learned through observational learning such as when individuals see negative consequences
• 17:00 - 17:30 happen to others and then fear it happening to themselves. The second is cognitive factors such as maladaptive thinking or emotional responses. Individuals with persistent exaggerated worries can cause the individual to have heightened anxiety. We can also see that individuals who interpret ambiguous situations or information as possibly threatening can experience increased anxiety levels as well. Lastly, there is biological or genetic sources. Imbalances in hormones such as serotonin
• 17:30 - 18:00 norepinephrine or GABA can lead to heightened anxiety responses. Anxiety disorders can often run in families suggesting a genetic component. All right, we are halfway through the different disorders. We still have five more to go. Remember though, you can do this. I told you it's a long video, but I know you can do this. Just follow along with those guided notes and before you know it, you'll be done. If you do need a little stretch break, by all means, go for it. We are going to go on now to the next set of disorders, which is obsessivecompulsive disorders and
• 18:00 - 18:30 related disorders. Obsessivecompulsive disorders consists of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are intrusive, unwanted thoughts that repeatedly pop into a person's mind. Obsessions can be difficult for the individual to dismiss and can lead to constant worrying, fear, or cause an individual to doubt themselves. Compulsions, on the other hand, are repetitive behaviors that are done to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. These actions temporarily relieve stress, but are often timeconsuming and interfere with a
• 18:30 - 19:00 person's everyday life. So, obsessivecompulsive disorder is characterized by a cycle of obsessions and compulsions. For example, an individual may have an obsession about germs causing them to repeatedly wash their hands over and over again to the point where it actually may even damage their skin. The last disorder that is part of obsessivecompulsive disorders and related disorders that you need to know about is hoarding disorder, which is when an individual has difficulty discarding possessions regardless of their actual value. Individuals with
• 19:00 - 19:30 hoarding disorder often experience significant anxiety at the thought of getting rid of items, fearing that they may need them later on or that discarding them is a waste or a mistake. Over time, hoarding behavior can create clustered living conditions that may be unsafe or unsanitary. All right. Now, when it comes to causes for obsessivecompulsive and related disorders, you want to be familiar with three possible causes. The first is behavioral factors. Individuals may develop obsessions and compulsions
• 19:30 - 20:00 through conditioning. For example, a person who once felt relief after washing their hands to reduce anxiety about contamination might learn to repeat the handwashing whenever the anxiety arises. Over time, this behavior becomes reinforced because it eases distress, even if it's ultimately maladaptive. Next is cognitive factors with maladaptive thinking or emotional responses. Some maladaptive thoughts can turn into obsessions which can cause compulsion. We can see that a small risk
• 20:00 - 20:30 or intrusive thought can end up being magnified into a perceived threat which turns into an obsessive thought and a compulsive action. Lastly, there is biological or genetic sources such as imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin or certain inherited genes that may make an individual more susceptible. Changing gears now, we are going to talk about selected dissociative disorders which involve a disconnection or separation from a person's consciousness, memory, identity, emotions or perception. This
• 20:30 - 21:00 disconnection can cause an individual to feel detached from oneself. Now, there are two disorders that you want to be familiar with here. The first is dissociative amnesia, which involves a person's inability to recall important personal information, often due to a trauma or severe stressor. Dissociative amnesia can be localized. This is when an individual forgets specific events. It can be selective, which is when an individual will only forget specific aspects of an event. Or it can be
• 21:00 - 21:30 generalized, which often results in a complete loss of memory. Now, when it comes to dissociative amnesia, you also want to be familiar with dissociative fugue. This is where the individual not only forgets key details about themselves but also includes unexpected travel away from one's environment. Sometimes it can also include a complete loss of identity resulting in the individual taking on a new persona. If an individual has dissociative amnesia without fugue, they will still experience memory loss but won't
• 21:30 - 22:00 unexpectedly travel or wander. The last disorder here is dissociative identity disorder. This is formerly known as multiple personality disorder. This disorder is marked by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities. Generally, individuals with DID experience gaps in memory, changes in behavior or preferences and a sense of detachment from oneself. The idea is often associated with severe or repeated trauma generally occurring in
• 22:00 - 22:30 early childhood which results in the mind creating separate identity states as a coping strategy. When it comes to possible causes for selective dissociative disorders, you want to be familiar with two traumatic or highly stressful experiences. We can see that most dissociative disorders are linked to significant trauma with dissociation serving as a psychological defense disconnecting the person from the painful memories to temporarily shield themselves from the overwhelming emotional distress. Ongoing chronic
• 22:30 - 23:00 stress such as adverse experiences can make it more likely that a person's mind will develop dissociative responses over time as a way to cope with the traumatic experience. Even acute stress from a highly traumatic event such as a severe accident or disaster can trigger dissociative symptoms. So dissociation is the mind's attempt to manage unbearable experiences. Now up next we have selected trauma and stressor related disorders which often originate after experiencing or witnessing a
• 23:00 - 23:30 highly disturbing or dangerous event. Trauma and stressor related disorders often can include individuals experiencing hypervigilance, which is when the individual is always on the lookout for danger. It can also include severe anxiety, flashbacks, insomnia, which is when an individual cannot fall or stay asleep, emotional detachment, and possibly hostility. Now, for AP psychology, you only need to be familiar with post-traumatic stress disorder. Individuals with PTSD often reexperience the traumatic event they witnessed or
• 23:30 - 24:00 experienced through flashbacks or nightmare. People with PTSD may also experience intrusive thoughts, start avoiding different situations or items that remind them of the traumatic event, and withdraw from friends and family. Now up next we have selected feeding and eating disorders which involve disturbed eating behaviors such as restricting food, binging or purging which can damage a person's physical health and lead to psychological distress. There are two disorders here that you want to be familiar with. The first is anorexia
• 24:00 - 24:30 nervosa which is a disorder that is characterized by extreme food restriction and an intense fear of gaining weight and distorted body image. This can lead an individual to have nutritional deficiencies, organ damage, weakened bones, and in severe cases life-threatening complications. The next disorder is bulimia nervosa, which is characterized by a cycle of binge eating generally followed by purging, which takes the form of vomiting, using laxatives, excessive exercise, or
• 24:30 - 25:00 fasting. All of which can lead to damage to the digestive system, heart problems, and psychological distress. Causes of feeding and eating disorders can vary. There's biological and genetic factors such as imbalances in neurotransmitters such as serotonin or hormonal imbalances can also increase a person's susceptibility to abnormal eating behaviors. Some research has also shown that eating disorders can have a genetic factor, highlighting that it may run in families. Next, there's social and
• 25:00 - 25:30 cultural influences with societal pressures impacting a person's perception on what is physically appealing. We can see that societies that emphasize thinness can end up contributing to body dissatisfaction. High pressure family settings or negative comments about weight or appearance can also exacerbate distorted eating pattern. Lastly, we can look at behavioral and cognitive factors. For example, individuals who restrict their eating or purge after eating might initially feel better about themselves. If they receive positive reinforcement,
• 25:30 - 26:00 they may continue the unhealthy behavior. Individuals can also develop irrational beliefs about food, weight, or their body image through reinforcement, which may result in the continuation of the abnormal behavior. All right, we are on to our last group of disorders. I I told you there's a lot in this video. Again though, don't worry about the amount of content because I created those 10 different practice quizzes and honestly other resources as well, all to help you review these groups of disorders one at a time. You
• 26:00 - 26:30 can find them all in the ultimate review packet by clicking the link down below. So without further ado, let's go into the last group of disorders, which is selected personality disorders. Generally, these disorders start in late adolescence or early adulthood. Personality disorders involve enduring patterns that remain fixed over time. These patterns often lead to emotional suffering or problems with daily activities. They can cause an individual to have behaviors or internal experiences that significantly differ from the expectations of an individual's
• 26:30 - 27:00 culture. Now, personality disorders are commonly grouped into three clusters based on shared characteristics. Cluster A, which is characterized by social awkwardness, suspiciousness, and difficulty relating to others. Cluster B, which is characterized by intense emotions, impulsive behaviors, and or a strong need for attention or admiration. And lastly, cluster C, which is characterized by anxiety, fearfulness, and/or behaviors aimed at avoiding perceived harm or rejection. All right.
• 27:00 - 27:30 Now, there are a variety of disorders that you need to be familiar with for each cluster. Fair warning, this part of the video goes fast, so make sure you're following along in your guided notes, and feel free to pause the video if you need more time. Let's start by talking about disorders that fall under cluster A. This cluster consists of paranoid personality, skitsoid personality, and schizotypo personality disorder. Paranoid personality disorder causes an individual to often believe that others want to frame them or deceive them,
• 27:30 - 28:00 causing the individual to distrust other people and remain suspicious of their intent. While schizoid personality disorder is characterized by detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression, people with this disorder typically prefer solitude and rarely show strong emotions. Lastly, schizotypel personality disorder consists of an individual feeling discomfort in social settings, believing in odd beliefs, and exhibiting odd or eccentric behaviors or
• 28:00 - 28:30 speech. Individuals with this disorder may have unusual perceptual experiences such as sensing an event that is about to happen and often seem socially awkward. Now, for cluster B, you want to be familiar with antisocial, hysteric, narcissistic, and borderline personality disorder. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder disregard the rights of others. Often times, the individual is impulsive and lacks remorse for harmful actions they may do. Next is hysteric personality disorder
• 28:30 - 29:00 which consists of excessive emotionality and attention seeking behavior. Individuals with this disorder will often become uncomfortable when they are not the center of attention. Then there is narcissistic personality disorder which is defined by a need for admiration and a lack of empathy for others. Individuals with this disorder often have an inflated sense of self-importance and expects special treatment from others. Lastly, there is borderline personality disorder, which is characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions.
• 29:00 - 29:30 Individuals with borderline personality disorder may have a fear of abandonment, selfharming behaviors, and intense mood swings. All right, so we've made it to the last cluster, which is cluster C. This cluster consists of avoidant dependent, and obsessivecompulsive personality disorders. Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hyper sensitivity to negative evaluation. This causes an individual to often avoid social situations due to fear of rejection or
• 29:30 - 30:00 embarrassment. Dependent personality disorder, on the other hand, consists of an individual experiencing a strong need to be taken care of, resulting in them having a difficult time making decisions independently. Oftenimes people with this disorder will struggle with separation from those they depend on. Lastly, obsessivecompulsive personality disorder is characterized by individuals being perfectionists, constantly seeking control over aspects of their life and wanting things to be in a set order.
• 30:00 - 30:30 Now, one thing to remember with OCPD is that it's different from OCD. Remember, OCD is an anxiety disorder that's centered around obsessions and compulsions, whereas OCPD is characterized by an inflexibility and a need for control. Make sure you don't mix these terms up on a test. Now, causes of personality disorders can vary. There are biological and genetic factors such as abnormalities in brain function or neurotransmitter activity which can influence an individual's
• 30:30 - 31:00 behaviors, emotional reactions, and impulse control. There's also certain personality traits or predispositions to emotional dysregulation that can run in families, highlighting a heredity component. Social and cultural influences can be a factor as well. A history of abuse, neglect, or overcritical environment can lead to maladaptive coping styles or self-perceptions that involve interpersonality disorders. Lastly, we could look at behavioral and cognitive factors such as maladaptive learning
• 31:00 - 31:30 where individuals may learn through reinforcement that certain reactions or emotional expressions will result in certain consequences. Negative core beliefs about oneself or others can also impact how an individual views and interacts with the world, distorting an individual's thoughts and beliefs. All right. Now, I realize that we just talked about a ton of information, but before you go and check out the 10 practice quizzes and the other support resources inside my ultimate review
• 31:30 - 32:00 packet, go and get yourself a cookie or take a break. Seriously, you've earned it. As always, I'm Mr. Sin. Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you next time