The brain benefits of deep sleep -- and how to get more of it | Dan Gartenberg

Summary

In this TED talk, sleep scientist Dan Gartenberg delves into the importance of deep sleep, the most regenerative stage of sleep, and its profound impact on our health and well-being. He outlines the challenges posed by modern life on sleep patterns, stressing the health risks associated with poor sleep. Highlighting a collaboration with Dr. Dmitry Gerashchenko, Dan discusses innovative research using sound stimulation during sleep to enhance deep sleep and improve memory performance, suggesting this as a promising avenue for achieving more restorative rest.

Highlights

• Insufficient sleep is a badge of honor for many, but it's a real health crisis. ⚠️
• Poor sleep impacts mental health, decision making, and empathy. 😴
• Deep sleep involves delta waves, essential for learning and recovery. 🌊
• Sound patterns can prime the brain for deeper sleep, improving memory. 🔈
• Ongoing research aims to create better sound environments for sleep enhancement. 🛌

Key Takeaways

• Deep sleep is crucial for memory consolidation and physical restoration. 🧠
• Modern lifestyle disrupts natural sleep patterns, posing significant health risks. ⚠️
• Sound can be used to enhance sleep quality by boosting deep sleep stages. 🎶
• Research collaboration has demonstrated the effectiveness of sound-induced deep sleep enhancement. 🔬
• Future technologies may offer more efficient sleep solutions through non-intrusive devices. 🌟

Overview

Dan Gartenberg explores how deep sleep is the key to better mental and physical health, emphasizing the challenges modern life poses on sleep quality. He notes that many people see lack of sleep as a mark of resilience, whereas it actually contributes to serious health conditions. The talk delves into specific sleep stages, particularly highlighting the regenerative power of deep sleep.

The lightbulb and 24/7 society have shifted sleep patterns, affecting the body’s circadian rhythm. Gartenberg discusses the negative impact of sleep deprivation on mental functions and overall well-being, connecting it to diseases like Alzheimer’s and heart conditions. His research focuses on enhancing the deep sleep stage, which is critical for memory and cellular recovery.

In a breakthrough collaboration, Gartenberg and Dr. Dmitry Gerashchenko explore sound stimulation's ability to deepen sleep. By syncing the sound's frequency with the brain's delta waves, they observed improvements in sleep depth and next-day cognitive performance. This innovative approach points towards future technologies that could help people achieve more efficient, restorative sleep.

The brain benefits of deep sleep -- and how to get more of it | Dan Gartenberg Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 What if you could make your sleep more efficient? As a sleep scientist, this is the question that has captivated me for the past 10 years. Because while the lightbulb and technology have brought about a world of 24-hour work and productivity,
• 00:30 - 01:00 it has come at the cost of our naturally occurring circadian rhythm and our body's need for sleep. The circadian rhythm dictates our energy level throughout the day, and only recently we've been conducting a global experiment on this rhythm, which is putting our sleep health and ultimately our life quality in jeopardy. Because of this, we aren't getting the sleep we need, with the average American sleeping a whole hour less
• 01:00 - 01:30 than they did in the 1940s. For some reason, we decided to wear it as a badge of honor that we can get by on not enough sleep. This all adds up to a real health crisis. Most of us know that poor sleep is linked to diseases like Alzheimer's, cardiovascular disease, stroke and diabetes. And if you go untreated with a sleep disorder like sleep apnea, you're more likely to get many of these illnesses.
• 01:30 - 02:00 But did you know about sleep's impact on your mental states? Poor sleep makes us make risky, rash decisions and is a drain on our capacity for empathy. When sleep deprivation literally makes us more sensitive to our own pain, it's not so surprising that we have a hard time relating to others and just generally being a good and healthy person when we're sleep-deprived.
• 02:00 - 02:30 Scientists are now starting to understand how not only the quantity but also the quality of sleep impacts our health and well-being. My research focuses on what many scientists believe is the most regenerative stage of sleep: deep sleep. We now know that generally speaking, there are three stages of sleep: light sleep, rapid eye movement or REM and deep sleep.
• 02:30 - 03:00 We measure these stages by connecting electrodes to the scalp, chin and chest. In light sleep and REM, our brain waves are very similar to our brain waves in waking life. But our brain waves in deep sleep have these long-burst brain waves that are very different from our waking life brain waves. These long-burst brain waves are called delta waves. When we don't get the deep sleep we need, it inhibits our ability to learn
• 03:00 - 03:30 and for our cells and bodies to recover. Deep sleep is how we convert all those interactions that we make during the day into our long-term memory and personalities. As we get older, we're more likely to lose these regenerative delta waves. So in way, deep sleep and delta waves are actually a marker for biological youth. So naturally, I wanted to get more deep sleep for myself and I literally tried almost every gadget, gizmo, device and hack out there --
• 03:30 - 04:00 consumer-grade, clinical-grade, what have you. I learned a lot, and I found I really do need, like most people, eight hours of sleep. I even shifted my circadian component by changing my meals, exercise and light exposure, but I still couldn't find a way to get a deeper night of sleep ... that is until I met Dr. Dmitry Gerashchenko from Harvard Medical School.
• 04:00 - 04:30 Dmitry told me about a new finding in the literature, where a lab out of Germany showed that if you could play certain sounds at the right time in people's sleep, you could actually make sleep deeper and more efficient. And what's more, is that this lab showed that you actually could improve next-day memory performance with this sound. Dmitry and I teamed up, and we began working on a way to build this technology. With our research lab collaborators at Penn State,
• 04:30 - 05:00 we designed experiments in order to validate our system. And we've since received grant funding from the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Health to develop this deep-sleep stimulating technology. Here's how it works. People came into the lab and we hooked them up to a number of devices, two of which I have on right here -- not a fashion statement. (Laughter) When we detected that people were in deep sleep, we played the deep-sleep stimulating sounds
• 05:00 - 05:30 that were shown to make them have deeper sleep. I'm going to demo this sound for you right now. (Repeating sound waves) Pretty weird, right? (Laughter) So that sound is actually at the same burst frequency as your brain waves when your brain is in deep sleep. That sound pattern actually primes your mind
• 05:30 - 06:00 to have more of these regenerative delta waves. When we asked participants the next day about the sounds, they were completely unaware that we played the sounds, yet their brains responded with more of these delta waves. Here's an image of someone's brain waves from the study that we conducted. See the bottom panel? This shows the sound being played at that burst frequency. Now look at the brain waves in the upper part of the graph. You can see from the graph that the sound is actually producing more of these regenerative delta waves.
• 06:00 - 06:30 We learned that we could accurately track sleep without hooking people up to electrodes and make people sleep deeper. We're continuing to develop the right sound environment and sleep habitat to improve people's sleep health. Our sleep isn't as regenerative as it could be, but maybe one day soon, we could wear a small device and get more out of our sleep.
• 06:30 - 07:00 Thank you. (Applause)