The SHIFTING of STATE Power After 1900 [AP World History Review—Unit 7 Topic 1]

Summary

In the early 20th century, global power dynamics underwent significant shifts as major empires like the Ottoman, Russian, Chinese, and Mexican faced transformations. While some empires disintegrated, others reshaped into modern states. The Ottoman Empire, weakened by internal nationalism and external pressures, ultimately dissolved post-World War I. Similarly, the Russian Empire succumbed to internal grievances and World War I's strain, leading to the rise of the Soviet Union under Lenin. China's imperial rule ended with the overthrowing of the Qing dynasty, setting the stage for its eventual emergence as a communist state. Meanwhile, Mexico underwent its own revolutionary change with the ouster of dictator Porfirio Díaz, leading to a new republican state with reforms addressing widespread grievances. These shifts marked the fading of traditional empires and the rise of new political ideologies and structures.

Highlights

• The Ottoman Empire, once a global power, faced decline due to internal pressures and failed reforms, ultimately dissolving post-WWI. 🕌
• The Russian Empire's authoritarian rule faced challenges from a growing middle class and working class, leading to its fall and the rise of the Soviet Union. 🌍
• China's dynastic rule ended after external defeats and internal rebellions, paving the way for a communist state. 🉐
• Mexico's unique revolution saw the removal of a dictator and the establishment of reforms in a new republic. 🇲🇽

Key Takeaways

• The Ottoman Empire's decline was due to internal nationalistic pressures and failures in modernization, ultimately leading to its dissolution post-WWI. 🕌
• Russia's internal dissatisfaction and the impact of WWI led to the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union. 🌍
• China's defeat in wars and internal strife paved the way for the end of imperial rule and the rise of a communist state. 🉐
• Mexico's revolution led to a republic with reforms tackling previous regime grievances, differentiating its unique revolutionary process. 🇲🇽

Overview

At the dawn of the 20th century, the stage was set for dramatic upheavals in global power structures. The West dominated, yet as the century progressed, many of its maritime and land-based empires began to crumble. A pivotal factor in this shift was the decline of once-mighty empires, setting the stage for new states and governments with different ideologies and principles.

The Ottoman Empire, often referred to unfavorably as the 'Sick Man of Europe,' struggled with nationalistic uprisings and ineffective modernization attempts. This, coupled with external pressures, expedited its disintegration after World War I. The Russian Empire, beset by a growing discontent among its middle and working classes and pressures from World War I, succumbed to revolutionary change, birthing the Soviet Union under Lenin's vision.

Meanwhile, in the East, China struggled against both foreign and internal conflicts, culminating in the end of its imperial dynasty. Alongside, Mexico's distinctive revolutionary path saw the overthrow of long-time dictator Porfirio Díaz and the creation of a republic addressing long-standing grievances. These monumental shifts reflect the broader theme of declining old empires and the rise of new political landscapes in the 20th century.

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction to Unit 7 The chapter 'Introduction to Unit 7' highlights the period from 1900 to the present, setting the stage for discussions on world wars, depressions, and decolonization movements. The chapter focuses on the shift in state power from west-dominated global power at the start of the 20th century to the fragmentation of maritime and land-based empires by its end, resulting in the emergence of new states.
• 00:30 - 02:30: Decline of the Ottoman Empire The chapter discusses the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which was known as the 'sick man of Europe' during this period. Despite efforts at defensive industrialization through the Tanzimat reforms, the empire continued to decline. A group known as the Young Ottomans, educated in Western ideas, began advocating for substantial political changes to align the Ottoman Empire with democratic Western powers. Surprisingly, the authoritarian Sultan agreed to some of these demands.
• 02:30 - 04:00: Collapse of the Russian Empire The chapter "Collapse of the Russian Empire" discusses the return to authoritarian rule in the Ottoman Empire after initial reforms towards establishing a parliament and a constitution. When faced with the threat of war from Russia, the Sultan reasserted his autocratic powers. In response to this authoritarian resurgence, a reform-minded group known as The Young Turks emerged. They aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire along the lines of Western European nations and embraced nationalism, envisioning an ethnically Turkic state, marginalizing many ethnic minorities. This effort eventually led to the events of 1908.
• 04:00 - 05:30: Crisis in Qing China The chapter discusses the crisis in Qing China. It begins with the overthrow of the sultan and the reforms that ensued, including secularization of schools, changes to law codes, and political elections. The imposition of Turkish as the official language was supposed to unify the Ottoman Empire, but it backfired, alienating minorities like the Arabs. This led to a rise in nationalism among these groups, contributing to the Empire's eventual fracture. The chapter concludes with the implication that by the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire, often referred to as 'the sick man of Europe,' would ultimately collapse.
• 05:30 - 06:30: The Mexican Revolution The chapter titled "The Mexican Revolution" begins with a discussion on the division of European empires into independent states, reflecting the global pattern of collapsing empires. The content is interwoven with a promotional note about the AP World History review guide being offered, which includes exclusive videos, notes, practice questions, and exams aimed at helping students excel in their studies.
• 06:30 - 07:00: Conclusion and Additional Resources In the conclusion and additional resources chapter, the focus is on the continuation of authoritarian policies by Nicholas II, following the trend set by his predecessor. The industrialization era gave rise to a growing middle class dissatisfied with the lack of governmental representation. Their discontent was mirrored by the working class, who suffered from the harsh realities of state-sponsored industrialization. This collective unrest led to the Russian Revolution of 1905. Though the Tsar responded with force, he also conceded to some demands, such as introducing reforms to placate the populace.

The SHIFTING of STATE Power After 1900 [AP World History Review—Unit 7 Topic 1] Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 okay welcome to unit 7 and a brand spanking new time period 1900 to the present is and in order to set the stage for all the world wars and depressions and decolonization movements we're going to consider in this unit let's begin by talking about how state power was shifting after 1900 so if you're ready to get them brain cows milked let's get to it okay now at the opening of the 20th century the West dominated the global balance of power however by the end of the century many Maritime and land-based Empires would fall apart and give rise to new States and though there are metric buttloads of illustrations I could give you there are four that you absolutely are required to know and the
• 00:30 - 01:00 first is the decline of the Ottoman Empire now remember in the last period the Ottoman Empire had already gained itself the unflattering nickname the sick man of Europe and you know even though they had attempted a kind of defensive industrialization program under the tanzimat reforms even that didn't get the Empire out of the ICU and so a group emerged during that era known as the young Ottomans that had been educated in Western ideas and started calling for massive political change that would bring the Ottoman Empire into line with Democratic Western powers and to their great shock the authoritarian Sultan actually agreed to some of those
• 01:00 - 01:30 demands and allowed for the creation of a parliament and a constitution but you know Sultans be Sultans and as soon as they were threatened with war from Russia he went ahead and got his authoritarian pants back on and ruled like a proper dictator and so in response to the Revival of authoritarianism another reform-minded group arose namely The Young Turks they called for a complete modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the image of Western European nations and after chugging straight from the hose of nationalism envisioned the ottoman State as turkic to the exclusion of many ethnic minorities who lived there and in 1908 the The Young Turks went ahead and
• 01:30 - 02:00 overthrew the sultan plopped down in the seat of power and made their reforms these included the secularization of schools and law codes the establishment of political elections and the imposition of the Turkish language is the official language of the Empire and that's great right like the ottomans are back baby uh new you see by implementing these nationalistic policies they alienated many of the other minorities within the Empire not least the Arabs and as a result those groups experienced their own ways of nationalism which further fractured the Empire and after the end of World War I the sick man of Europe would become the dead man of
• 02:00 - 02:30 Europe as Victoria Powers carved up their empire into several independent states oh and by the way if you need help getting an A in your class and a five on your exam in May you might want to check out my AP World History heimler review guide which is the fastest way to study for this course got exclusive review videos note guides to follow along practice questions practice exams and answer keys for every dang bit of it so you know if that's something you're into check the link in the description okay next on the list for collapsing Empires is the Russian Empire now remember that Russia had made some progress in industrialization by the end of the 19th century under the heavy hand of an absolute AAR namely Alexander the
• 02:30 - 03:00 second and his successor Nicholas II continued that Trend but as it turns out the growing middle class that industrialization had created began to resent the Zar authoritarian policies and demanded more of a voice in government decisions and then right along with their grievances Rose the Grievances of the working class who had suffered the brutal effects of state sponsored industrialization and in the beginning of the 20th century all those grievances boiled over and we got the Russian Revolution of 1905 which the Zar Smackdown with brutal force however I guess Nicholas was kind of a softy because he did accommodate some of their demands like the introdu uction of a
• 03:00 - 03:30 constitution the legalization of labor unions and political parties but you know dictators be dictators and Nicholas largely ignored those reforms and carried on as he always had and therefore you might not be surprised to hear that all those tensions that had erupted in the 1905 Revolution began to boil yet again and then World War I came along and cranked up the heat all the way until that kettle was singing with discontent so the war and the continued difficulties of industrialization then led to the Russian Revolution of 1917 which was led by Marx's Visionary Vladimir lenen who was a leader of a political group known as the Bolsheviks and this time the Revolution was
• 03:30 - 04:00 successful lennin and the Bolshevik seized power established a communist state and the Soviet Union was born and then let's go visit our friends in Ching China and see how they're doing and spoiler alert it's not good now remember from the last unit that throughout the 19th century China had gotten its hind Parts handed to it due to a variety of internal and external factors internally the exceedingly destructive Tai ping Rebellion which though it was eventually put down by Ching authorities cost millions of lives and enormous amounts of money which left China depopulated and broke externally China lost both Opium Wars to Western powers and the
• 04:00 - 04:30 Sino Japanese war to Japan because the half-baked efforts in industrialization in China were no match for the fully baked industrial powers to their east and west and then things got even worse at the end of the 19th century a group known as the Society of righteous and harmonious fists LED an Insurrection known as the Boxer Rebellion against the Ching authorities whom they viewed as foreigners which you know they were and remember the ching were broke as a joke and so it was in fact the British and the French and the Japanese who sent troops to put down the rebellion and do you think they did that because they were like you know nice guys H don't be
• 04:30 - 05:00 crazy no because of their participation in restoring order in China these foreign powers imposed further demands on a weaken China to their own benefit and it was at that point that a revolutionary movement gained steam under the Western educated sunat sin which resulted in the abdication of the Ching Emperor and the end of 2,000 years of Imperial rule in China and if you wish you may pause and cry a single tear I ain't going to judge you but anyway a new provisional government was established under Suns leadership but it was shortlived after a series of power struggles and Civil War China emerged as a communist state under the leadership
• 05:00 - 05:30 of ma dong and more on that in a later unit and then finally we'll finish up our consideration of all these shifts in power by considering the Mexican Revolution and this one has all sorts of twists and turns but let me just give you the basics in the last part of the 19th century and into the first part of the 20th century Mexico is ruled by a dictator namely poerio Diaz and his policies angered nearly every social class that existed in Mexico and they largely banded together to OU him and so is Chief political rival Francisco Madero was elected in 1910 but he went ahead and got himself assassinated 2 years later what followed was a decade of Civil War which included massive
• 05:30 - 06:00 peasant armies led by charismatic figures like Poncho via and Amano Zapata but neither of them were successful in seizing any meaningful state power unlike say the Bolsheviks in Russia but by 1917 the Revolution was completed Mexico emerged as a republic with a newly drafted Constitution which enacted widespread reforms that addressed the Grievances that had led to the revolution in the first place some of these reforms included Universal male suffrage minimum wages for workers a decoupling of the Catholic Church from political and economic power this Revolution was largely confined to Mexico and didn't have the significant
• 06:00 - 06:30 International effects of the Chinese and Russian revolutions had Okay click here to keep reviewing for unit 7 and click here to grab my AP World he review guide which has everything you need to get an A in your class and a five on your exam in May and I'll catch you on the flipflop himler out