OpenAI's Next Big Leap: Humanoid Robots on the Horizon?

Introduction to OpenAI's Humanoid Robot Exploration

OpenAI has been at the forefront of artificial intelligence (AI) development, most famously for its creation of ChatGPT. However, recent reports suggest that OpenAI is venturing into unexplored territory with its interest in developing humanoid robots. These robots would serve as a physical manifestation of AI's potential, providing invaluable insight into how AI can operate within the physical world. This shift in focus marks a significant transition from OpenAI's previous dedication solely to AI software, with possible implications spanning various industries and applications.

Initially, OpenAI abandoned its robotics division in 2021, refocusing efforts on AI software due to challenges in achieving satisfactory intelligence levels in their robotic projects. Despite this, recent investments in robotics-related startups and the recruitment of specialized engineers suggest a resurgence of interest in humanoid robotics. OpenAI’s integration of AI and robotics could lead to innovations in areas like automated manufacturing, elder care, and logistics, by employing robots in environments traditionally dominated by humans.

Nonetheless, OpenAI’s humanoid robotics project is reportedly not a top priority compared to enhancing AI reasoning models and developing AI agents for automating software-centric tasks. This strategic prioritization suggests that while humanoid robotics is intriguing, OpenAI means to first solidify its dominant hold in AI capabilities before making more concrete moves into the robotics sphere. The renewed grassroots investments indicate a readiness to explore, albeit cautiously.

The potential applications for humanoid robots are vast. In environments such as warehouses and factories, these robots could automate repetitive and laborious tasks, thus enhancing operational efficiency. Additionally, they offer a novel platform for testing sophisticated AI in real-world scenarios. Introducing AI-driven robots into human-centric environments empowers industries to enhance productivity and redefine conventional roles within the workforce, helping industries transition smoothly into the era of advanced automation.

History of OpenAI in Robotics

OpenAI, the renowned AI research lab known for developing ChatGPT, is reportedly exploring the development of humanoid robots, marking a potential new direction for the company. Despite shutting down its robotics division in 2021 due to challenges in achieving desired intelligence in robotics and to focus on AI software, there are signs of renewed interest in the field. Investment in robotics startups and hiring of robotics engineers indicate OpenAI's re-entry into the robotics arena. This strategic shift could allow OpenAI to test AI in physical applications and automate environments that require human-like interaction.

OpenAI initially closed its robotics division to prioritize the development of AI software. The decision in 2021 was influenced by the then-prevailing inability to achieve advanced intelligence levels in its robotics projects. The focus shifted towards enhancing AI models like ChatGPT, known for its advanced language processing capabilities. However, with the hiring of robotics engineers and investments in startups such as Figure AI, 1X, and Physical Intelligence, OpenAI is showing signs of rejuvenated interest in merging AI with robotics, potentially paving the way for innovative robotic applications.

Recent developments indicate OpenAI's commitment to robotics, though advancing reasoning models and developing an AI agent for software automation remain top priorities. This renewed focus on humanoid robotics offers promising applications ranging from AI capabilities testing to automating repetitive tasks in sectors like warehousing and manufacturing. Notable humanoid robots, such as Tesla Bot, Atlas, and CyberOne, illustrate the technological strides being made in this domain. As OpenAI invests in research, its AI expertise may enable breakthroughs in creating robots capable of more complex tasks.

The potential applications for humanoid robots are vast and diverse. They can be used to physically test and embody AI capabilities, enhancing the interaction between humans and software. Robots could also revolutionize automation by performing repetitive or hazardous tasks, thereby improving efficiency. In human-centric environments like factories and warehouses, these robots hold the promise of transforming operations by optimizing workflows and reducing human intervention in routine tasks. Moreover, in sectors such as elder care and logistics, humanoid robots could significantly alter service delivery models.

The public's reaction to OpenAI's potential venture into humanoid robotics has been varied. While many express excitement about the technological advancements and their potential applications, concerns over job displacement and economic inequality are prevalent. The ethical implications surrounding AI-driven robots, including biases and data privacy issues, are also a significant point of discussion. Moreover, the possibility of their misuse in surveillance or as autonomous weapons raises additional ethical and security concerns. Nonetheless, the responsible development of such technologies is of paramount importance to address these issues effectively.

Experts, including Dr. Rana el Kaliouby and Dr. Stefano Nolfi, highlight OpenAI's unique position to advance human-robot communication and tackle the technical challenges of humanoid robotics. While OpenAI's expertise in AI offers a solid foundation for success, the path involves overcoming motor control complexities, achieving balance, and ensuring safe real-world interactions. To successfully integrate humanoid robots into society, significant efforts are needed to address technological, ethical, and regulatory challenges, as well as market viability factors, including cost and reliability.

Looking ahead, OpenAI's exploration into humanoid robotics could have substantial economic, social, and political implications. On the economic front, automation of manufacturing, logistics, and service industries could disrupt job markets but could also lead to the creation of new roles in robot maintenance and human-robot interaction design. Socially, the relationship between humans and AI-powered robots could evolve, requiring careful consideration of ethical issues and privacy concerns. Politically, establishing regulations and addressing international competition will be key challenges. Technologically, this venture could drive further advancements across various domains, including AI reasoning, materials science, and battery technology.

Renewed Interest in Robotics: Investments and Hiring

OpenAI, a pioneer in artificial intelligence, is considering re-entering the robotics domain with a focus on humanoid robots. This potential pivot is noteworthy because the company previously closed its robotics division in 2021 to concentrate on AI software development. However, recent developments suggest a shift in strategy, as evidenced by significant investments in robotics startups and the recruitment of robotics engineers. Such moves indicate a renewed interest in leveraging AI's potential in physical, human-like machines.

Humanoid robots present a unique opportunity for testing artificial intelligence in real-world environments, where they can perform tasks traditionally handled by humans. This technology holds promise for automating repetitive and hazardous tasks in various settings, including manufacturing and logistics. Despite these potential benefits, OpenAI reportedly prioritizes advancements in its AI reasoning model and the development of an AI agent for software-related tasks. This suggests that while humanoid robot development is on the agenda, it may not be the company's immediate focus.

Current Priorities Versus Humanoid Development

OpenAI, renowned for its development of AI models such as ChatGPT, is considering a venture into the realm of humanoid robotics. This marks a significant shift, as the company had previously shuttered its robotics division in 2021 to concentrate efforts on advancing AI software. The renewed interest in robotics is evidenced by OpenAI's investments in robotics startups and the recruitment of specialized engineers. While this field presents opportunities for testing AI capabilities in practical and human-centric environments, the initiative remains secondary to OpenAI's core agenda of enhancing AI's reasoning abilities and its application in software automation tasks.

The decision to close OpenAI's robotics division in 2021 was driven by the need to focus on the burgeoning field of AI software, which promised more immediate advances in intelligence. At that time, robotics projects had failed to reach the levels of sophistication required. Recent developments, however, point to a rekindled interest, spearheaded by strategic investments and the assembly of a dedicated team to explore this avenue. The envisioned humanoid robots could serve crucial roles in environments where human-like interaction and decision-making capabilities are desirable, but this pursuit does not yet eclipse OpenAI's predominant focus on developing its reasoning model and AI systems for software tasks.

Despite the allure of humanoid robotics, OpenAI's strategic focus remains primarily on advancing its reasoning models and developing AI agents capable of handling complex software tasks. This aligns with the company's broader mission to push the boundaries of artificial intelligence by creating more sophisticated and autonomous systems. Consequently, while humanoid robots offer intriguing possibilities for the physical embodiment of AI and automation in human-centric settings, they are currently regarded as a secondary priority for OpenAI.

OpenAI's exploration into humanoid robotics suggests numerous potential applications, from testing AI capabilities in a physical form to automating tasks within environments traditionally designed for human interaction, such as factories and warehouses. This technological leap positions OpenAI to venture beyond creating digital AI solutions to actually embedding intelligence within machines capable of performing complex and varied tasks. However, this line of development is currently being approached with moderation and is significantly overshadowed by OpenAI's immediate interests in refining AI's reasoning models and automating software engineering and analysis.

Humanoid robots, though a compelling field, rank lower on OpenAI's priority scale compared to its primary mission of advancing AI software applications. As such, investments in robotics startups and recruitment of robotics experts are viewed more as exploratory measures than a definitive pivot in OpenAI's strategic roadmap. This approach allows OpenAI to remain agile and responsive to rapid technological progress and emerging opportunities in AI, keeping humanoid robotics as an option for future, more integrated AI advancements.

Potential Applications of Humanoid Robots

Humanoid robots, the futuristic vision of human-like machines navigating and assisting in our world, have piqued the interest of tech giants like OpenAI. With its rich background in artificial intelligence, notably through its ChatGPT, OpenAI is eying humanoid robots as a potential future endeavor. After pausing its robotics division in 2021 due to the inability to achieve desired levels of intelligence in robots and a shift in focus to AI software, the company’s recent investments in robotics startups and the recruitment of robotics engineers signal renewed interest. Humanoid robots present an intriguing opportunity to test AI's utility in physical contexts and enhance automation across various human-centric industries like warehousing and manufacturing.

The potential implications of humanoid robots extend across multiple dimensions. Economically, these robots could fundamentally alter job markets by automating repetitive tasks and creating new roles in robot maintenance and design. They also hold the promise to revamp industries ranging from healthcare to elder care, opening up fresh avenues for service delivery while posing challenges like economic inequality that may arise from automation-driven job displacement. Socially, humanoid robots could pave the way for advanced human-robot interactions, posing ethical questions about robot rights and societal roles, while also raising privacy concerns due to increased data collection in personal spaces. Moreover, their integration could enhance care for the elderly and disabled, showing a social benefit alongside regulation requirements and ethical debates. Politically, nations might find themselves in a "robot race," comparable to the AI arms race, as laws and policies evolve to keep pace with technological advancements. Lastly, technologically, humanoid robots could spur innovations in AI, materials science, and interactivity, offering exciting potentials for collaborative human-robot environments, though accompanied by complex challenges in AI reasoning, balance, and moral deployment.

Existing Examples of Humanoid Robots

Humanoid robots are one of the most fascinating advances in the field of robotics and have captured the public's imagination with their resemblance to humans. These robots are designed to mimic human motion and behavior, making them ideal for applications where human-like interaction is crucial. Over the years, several humanoid robots have been developed, significantly advancing both technology and public perception.

One of the most prominent examples is Boston Dynamics' Atlas. Known for its remarkable agility and balance, Atlas can perform complex movements such as running and jumping, showcasing the potential of humanoid robots in scenarios requiring dynamic motion. Initially designed for DARPA's Robotics Challenge, Atlas has evolved into a robust platform for testing new robotic technologies, representing a significant milestone in humanoid robot development.

Another noteworthy humanoid robot is Tesla's Optimus, previously referred to as the Tesla Bot. Announced by Tesla's CEO Elon Musk, Optimus is envisioned as a future general-purpose robot capable of performing various mundane or dangerous tasks. Tesla aims for Optimus to eventually assist with labor in industries like manufacturing and logistics, reflecting a key step towards integrating humanoid robots into the workforce.

Additionally, Xiaomi has introduced CyberOne, a humanoid robot that blends innovative design with advanced AI capabilities. CyberOne demonstrates impressive human-friendly features, such as the ability to understand vocal emotions, which could greatly enhance human-machine interaction. CyberOne's development highlights the expanding interest and investment in humanoid robots among tech companies worldwide.

Beyond these examples, the global push towards developing humanoid robots is further underscored by various companies entering the field. This includes traditional tech giants and newer startups alike, all exploring the possibilities that humanoid robots offer for future automation and interaction. These advancements indicate a growing trend towards robotic systems that not only perform tasks but also seamlessly integrate into human environments.

Key Related Events in Humanoid Robotics

The exploration of humanoid robots as a potential next step for OpenAI signifies a fascinating progression in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence. Humanoid robots, designed to resemble humans in form and function, open up vast opportunities for applying AI in physical realms—beyond virtual environments where it currently thrives. Such robots could play pivotal roles in transforming human-designed environments by automating mundane tasks in sectors like manufacturing, logistics, and even elder care. However, achieving success in this frontier entails overcoming substantial technical challenges, such as creating robots capable of sophisticated motor control, balance, and real-world interaction on par with human capabilities.

OpenAI's renewed interest in robotics comes after its previous decision to close down its robotics division in 2021 to concentrate on developing AI software. This pivot was influenced by the challenges faced in reaching a desirable level of intelligence in their robotics projects at the time. Recently, however, OpenAI has made significant strides indicating a rekindled interest—demonstrated through strategic investments in robotics startups such as Figure AI and 1X. Moreover, active recruitment of robotics engineers suggests a fortified commitment to exploring humanoid robots as a complement to its established AI systems. Humanoid robots, deemed potentially transformative in testing AI's physical applications, present a promising yet demanding frontier for OpenAI to pursue alongside its current advancements in AI reasoning models and automation agents.

Several recent events highlight the growing momentum within the humanoid robotics landscape that OpenAI could further influence. For instance, Nvidia's launch of Project GR00T represents a strategic move to enhance the capabilities available to developers and companies interested in humanoid robotics, serving clients like XPeng and Boston Dynamics, who integrate these advancements into practical applications. Furthermore, OpenAI's investments in the robotics field mirror emergent trends where leading tech giants are engaging robustly in robotic explorations, potentially forecasting a competitive landscape where AI and robotics coalesce.

Expert opinions concerning OpenAI's ambitions in humanoid robotics are cautiously optimistic. Renowned personalities in robotics like Dr. Rana el Kaliouby emphasize the potential for OpenAI to refine human-robot interactions through its expertise in language models and machine learning. Meanwhile, technical challenges remain prominent, particularly in areas like motor control and environmental interaction—challenges that Dr. Stefano Nolfi points out as critical hurdles. Nevertheless, many experts agree that OpenAI's deep-rooted AI knowledge could catalyze breakthroughs in overcoming these hurdles, illustrating a blend of optimism and tempered realism in their assessments.

Public reactions to OpenAI’s potential move into humanoid robotic territory have been mixed, echoing broader societal debates about the intersection of artificial intelligence and physical automation. Enthusiasts express excitement over the possibilities of enhanced productivity across diverse domains, from industrial automation to novel domestic applications. On the flip side, concerns about job displacement, privacy, and ethical implications regarding robot rights and autonomy remain prevalent. This dichotomy in public sentiment underscores the imperative for careful and ethical advancement within the field, ensuring innovations align with societal values and norms.

Expert Opinions on OpenAI's Robotics Endeavor

OpenAI, a leader in artificial intelligence known for its groundbreaking work with ChatGPT, is reportedly exploring a new frontier: the development of humanoid robots. This marks a significant shift for the company, which previously shuttered its robotics division in 2021 to concentrate on AI software efforts. However, recent activities, including investments in robotics startups and the hiring of robotics engineers, suggest renewed interest in integrating their cutting-edge AI with physical robotic applications.

The envisioned humanoid robots could serve as ideal testbeds for OpenAI's artificial intelligence models, offering a platform for testing AI capabilities in real-world, human-centric tasks. While there is excitement about the practical applications such as automating repetitive tasks in environments like factories and warehouses, the initiative is reportedly lower on OpenAI's priority list compared to its other AI projects focused on software automation and enhancing reasoning models.

Expert opinions highlight both the potential and the challenges of OpenAI's robotics endeavor. Dr. Rana el Kaliouby points out the potential for OpenAI to enhance human-robot interactions, thanks to advancements in AI language models that could make robots communicate more naturally and intuitively with humans. Conversely, experts like Dr. Stefano Nolfi emphasize the significant technical hurdles involving motor control and real-world navigation that OpenAI will face as it attempts to bring humanoid robots to fruition.

Public reaction to OpenAI's potential robotics undertaking is mixed. On one side, there's palpable excitement about the technological advancements and the efficiency improvements such innovations might bring to sectors like manufacturing and eldercare. On the other side, concerns about job displacement, privacy issues, and ethical considerations loom large, with some apprehension over the implications of robots in human-like roles and the potential misuse of such technology.

The future implications of OpenAI's journey into humanoid robotics are vast and multifaceted. Economically, there could be significant shifts in job markets, with new opportunities possibly arising in robot maintenance and interaction design, even as traditional jobs face disruption. Socially, the initiative could redefine human-AI relationships and elevate discussions around ethical standards for robots in society. Politically, the introduction of humanoid robots might prompt fresh regulatory debates and stimulate international competition reminiscent of an AI arms race. Technologically, OpenAI's robotics push could expedite advancements in AI reasoning and interaction capabilities while inspiring cross-industry innovation across fields like materials science and battery technology.

Public Reactions and Concerns

The news about OpenAI potentially entering the humanoid robotics field has sparked diverse reactions from the public. On the one hand, there is significant excitement surrounding technological advancements and the practical benefits that humanoid robots may bring. Enthusiasts are eagerly anticipating increased efficiency in manufacturing, logistics, and domestic services, hoping these robots can handle hazardous tasks or assist elderly and disabled individuals. Tech forums are teeming with praise for OpenAI's ambition, reflecting a broader eagerness for progress and innovation in artificial intelligence and robotics.

On the other hand, there are notable concerns and negative reactions from various segments of the public. Many fear that the deployment of humanoid robots could lead to job displacement and exacerbate economic inequalities. There are worries about algorithmic biases and discrimination in AI-driven robots, as well as ethical questions regarding robot rights and agency. The potential misuse of humanoid robots for surveillance or as autonomous weapons adds another layer of anxiety. Privacy concerns are also at the forefront, with the possibility of these robots collecting personal data, thus invading individual privacy and altering societal norms on information protection. The discourse emphasizes the necessity for responsible development and ethical considerations to accompany technological strides.

Furthermore, discussions in the OpenAI Developer Forum reflect a strong call for responsible innovation. Participants stress the importance of ethical implications and the need to thoroughly examine the potential long-term impacts of integrating humanoid robots into everyday life. While acknowledging the numerous benefits that may arise, public conversations are concurrently urging caution and a balanced approach to avoid unforeseen societal consequences. Overall, this development heralds a pivotal moment in AI history, where the public's engagement is seen as crucial in steering the direction of future innovations in robotics.

Future Economic Implications

The potential for OpenAI to embark on the development of humanoid robots marks a significant shift in the economic landscape, encapsulating both challenges and opportunities. The automation of tasks traditionally performed by humans is poised to disrupt labor markets, particularly within the manufacturing and service sectors. This displacement could escalate unemployment and deepen economic disparities between those benefiting from robotic technologies and the workforce made redundant by these advancements.

However, it's not all daunting; the rise of humanoid robots is anticipated to birth new vocations centered around maintenance, programming, and the design of robot-human interfaces. This emerging job sector may cushion the initial impact of job losses, balancing out economic perturbations. Moreover, industries such as healthcare and elder care could experience considerable transformation, as humanoid robots may offer sophisticated care solutions that could revolutionize traditional practices, potentially making healthcare more efficient and accessible.

As humanoid robots become more prevalent, the economic implications extend to the possible widening of the wealth gap. Those invested in or controlling robotic industries are likely to see increased financial dominance, potentially exacerbating existing inequalities. These developments necessitate strategic policy interventions to ensure equitable wealth distribution and to harness the full potential of robotic innovation, promoting a balance between technological progress and social equity.

The financial dynamics of industries could see a dramatic reconfiguration, with the cost efficiencies gained from robotic automation likely leading to more competitive market landscapes. Smaller enterprises may find themselves needing to adapt rapidly, perhaps leading to a surge in mergers and acquisitions as companies strive to integrate robotic solutions seamlessly into their operations.

Social and Ethical Considerations

The exploration into humanoid robots by OpenAI represents a profound technological achievement that sits at the intersection of intricate social and ethical considerations. As these robots transition from experimental phases to being integrated into daily life, it compels us to examine the broader implications on human interaction, privacy, and societal norms.

Socially, the integration of humanoid robots could redefine human-robot relationships. Advances in AI communication and machine learning may lead to robots that not only perform tasks but also engage with humans in meaningful ways. This development raises questions about robot rights and their moral standing within society. While some experts suggest this could enhance human life, others warn of potential ethical dilemmas.

From an ethical standpoint, privacy issues loom large. Humanoid robots, designed to function in human spaces, may inadvertently collect sensitive personal data, prompting debates over data ownership and privacy protection. Furthermore, the potential for misuse, such as surveillance or deployment in military settings, intensifies these ethical concerns.

Moreover, the ongoing dialogue surrounding job displacement due to automation is highly pertinent. While these robots might take over mundane and hazardous tasks, they could simultaneously displace human workers, exacerbating economic disparities. Conversely, they might generate new employment in robot management and interaction design, underscoring a dynamic shift in workforce needs.

Lastly, the deployment and development of humanoid robots necessitate strict regulatory frameworks. Governments and industries must collaborate to create policies that ensure ethical use and mitigate potential misuse. This is particularly crucial in maintaining equitable and responsible advancements in this field, preserving human integrity while pursuing technological progress.

Political and Regulatory Challenges

OpenAI's exploration into humanoid robots opens up a Pandora's box of political and regulatory challenges that necessitate careful navigation to ensure the project's success. The intersection of AI-driven robotics with existing political frameworks and regulatory environments invites a myriad of complex issues. Governments across the globe are urged to consider the implications of robotics innovation on labor markets, privacy, and security, given the potential for both disruption and enhancement of public welfare.

Legislative bodies may face pressure to construct a new regulatory architecture capable of handling the intricacies associated with licensing humanoid robots, assessing their safety and ethical implications, and ensuring compliance with international labor and human rights standards. The slow nature of legislative processes poses a risk, potentially creating a regulatory lag that could hinder the fast-paced technological advancements spearheaded by companies like OpenAI.

Further, there's a looming threat of international competition precipitating a 'robot race,' akin to the historical AI arms race, prompting nations to engage competitively rather than collaboratively. This scenario necessitates international dialogue and cooperation to set common standards that mitigate risks and ensure that humanoid robots serve the greater good without compromising national and international security.

Moreover, the advent of humanoid robots provides an avenue for reevaluating existing labor policies. Policymakers are challenged to anticipate workforce transitions, predicting both potential job losses in traditional roles and job creation in new sectors related to robotics and AI maintenance and programming. The potential for economic displacement breeds significant concern, emphasizing the need for proactive policy measures such as retraining programs to reskill affected populations.

Security concerns present another layer of complexity. The prospect of deploying humanoid robots in sensitive areas such as law enforcement and military operations raises questions about the ethical use of AI and the risk of misuse or malfunction. Regulatory frameworks must evolve to address these challenges, ensuring that humanoid robots are utilized responsibly and ethically in various applications, thereby securing public trust and acceptance.

Technological Advancements and Innovation Opportunities

OpenAI's venture into humanoid robotics signifies a groundbreaking shift in the technological landscape. Having previously closed its robotics division in 2021 to prioritize artificial intelligence software, the company is now indicating a renewed interest through strategic hires and investments. The development of humanoid robots could allow OpenAI to test AI in physical applications, potentially revolutionizing automation in environments traditionally reliant on human effort, like manufacturing and logistics. Though currently a lower priority compared to advancing AI's reasoning models, the exploration poses significant opportunities for transformative innovation.

Key questions have arisen regarding OpenAI's past and present actions in the realm of robotics. OpenAI initially closed its robotics division due to challenges in achieving desired levels of intelligence and a strategic pivot towards AI software. However, recent moves suggest a reinvigorated approach to robotics, underscored by investments in startups and recruitment of engineers specializing in robotics technologies. These actions hint at new ambitions that align with the industry's overarching trends toward reimagining the potential roles of robots in daily human activities.

OpenAI's current focus remains on enhancing its AI models' reasoning capabilities and developing agents for software task automation. Despite this, humanoid robots present enticing prospects for future applications, including automated physical tasks and improved efficiency in settings like warehouses or elder care facilities. Existing examples of humanoid robots like Tesla Bot and Atlas illustrate the technological possibilities, with OpenAI's expertise potentially catalyzing further advancements. Nonetheless, these developments entail overcoming technical challenges in motor control and real-world interactions pivotal in robot design.

Public and professional reactions to OpenAI's humanoid robot endeavors are mixed, reflecting both enthusiasm and caution. On the one hand, there's excitement for advancements that promise efficiency boosts and new capabilities in sectors such as manufacturing and care services. On the other hand, concerns about job displacement, ethical considerations, and data privacy persist, highlighting the multifaceted impacts of such innovation. Analysts emphasize the importance of responsible development and proactive regulation to navigate these complexities effectively.

Future implications of OpenAI's humanoid robotics exploration span economic, social, political, and technological dimensions. Economically, robots could disrupt job markets while creating new roles in maintenance and programming. Socially, human-robot interaction could evolve, raising ethical questions about robots' rights and data use. Politically, new regulations might be required to handle the complexities of humanoid robot integration, while technological breakthroughs could usher in unprecedented advancements in AI, materials science, and cross-industry collaborations. These potential developments underline the necessity for a balanced approach to innovation, ensuring societal benefits while mitigating risks.