Blood analysis

Summary

In this video, Yama takes us on a journey into the intricate world of blood analysis, elucidating core concepts essential for clinical practice. He covers the analysis of cellular components, electrolytes, and waste products, and provides insight into what can be inferred from these measurements, like kidney function and types of anemia. The breakdown extends to understanding acute phase reactants during inflammation and assessing drug levels in blood. Key points include the crucial roles of sodium and potassium in maintaining heart function and the implications of different blood cell counts in identifying infections and other health conditions. This understanding is pivotal for both student clinicians and graduates looking to enhance their diagnostic skills.

Highlights

• Blood analysis helps in interpreting clinical results, crucial for practice and exams! 🎓💉
• Cell counts from full blood analysis can indicate anemia, infections, or clotting disorders. 🩸🔍
• Electrolytes like sodium and potassium are crucial for muscle and heart function. ⚡❤
• Waste products like creatinine indicate kidney function; rising levels can be a red flag! 🚨👀
• Acute phase reactants signal inflammation or tissue damage, vital for diagnosing! 🔎🔥
• Drug levels in blood ensure medications are in the therapeutic range and not toxic. 💊🩺

Key Takeaways

• Always carry extra sodium and potassium for muscle function and heart health checks 🧂⚡.
• Remember: lots of white cells doesn't always spell trouble, it could be a clue! 🔬🧩.
• B12 and folic acid aren't just fancy vitamins; they're the difference between energetic or anemic! 🍊💊.
• Potassium imbalance is a big 'hearty' business - keep it in check! 🍌🔋.
• White cell count: one stop shop for infection type diagnoses! 🦠🔍
• The liver speaks enzyme - elevated enzymes can mean organ SOS! ⚖️📈

Overview

Dive into the complex yet fascinating world of blood analysis with Yama. Suitable for both budding clinicians and seasoned professionals, understanding these red rivers can tremendously enhance diagnostic acumen. Blood analysis isn’t just about numbers; it’s the secret speaker, whispering about our bodily woes and wellbeing.

The cellular wonders of blood cells, stem from stem cells within our bone marrow. These cellular components, like red blood cells and platelets, play crucial roles in combating anemia and achieving clotting balance. Meanwhile, white blood cells keep vigilant watch for infections and recruit the immune system’s forces when needed.

Electrolytes and waste products tell tales of muscular and kidney functionalities. Sodium and potassium hold the keys to nerve impulses and heartbeats, while others like creatinine flag alert about renal conditions. Ensuring the right balance isn’t just textbook; it’s lifeline critical. Reactants and enzymes, though minute, can paint a canvas of inflammation or tissue health, guiding therapeutic decisions.

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction to Blood Analysis The chapter titled 'Introduction to Blood Analysis' covers fundamental concepts in blood analysis, emphasizing its importance for both clinical practice and medical education. It explores three primary areas: cellular components, electrolytes focusing on sodium and potassium, and waste products, notably urea (UA) and creatinine, which are essential for renal assessments.
• 00:30 - 01:30: Renal Function and Cell Injury The chapter titled 'Renal Function and Cell Injury' discusses how renal function tests can provide insight into renal function by examining the products of cell injury. It covers various markers including acute phase reactants, which typically increase during inflammation or damage. Additionally, the chapter touches upon measuring drug levels in blood as part of assessing renal and cellular functions. The beginning of the discussion also hints at exploring the cellular components in relation to these tests and markers.
• 01:30 - 02:30: Cellular Components of Blood The chapter titled 'Cellular Components of Blood' discusses the origin of all blood cells. It explains that these cells originate from a single source, specifically from the bone marrow. The origin begins with multi-potential cells, also referred to as stem cells, which are responsible for generating all blood cells.
• 02:30 - 04:30: Cell Production and Differentiation The chapter discusses the process of cell production and differentiation, focusing on the role of growth factors in stimulating cell growth. It mentions colon stimulating factors that determine the differentiation path of cells. When stimulated by specific factors, certain cells can become myoid cells, which have the potential to develop into Mega Cario sites. These large cells eventually break down into smaller components, forming platelets.
• 04:30 - 09:00: Immune System and Blood Cells The chapter discusses thrombocytes, also known as platelets, which are crucial for blood clotting. It explains that low platelet levels can lead to clotting diseases, a condition known as thrombocytopenia. Conversely, having too many platelets can also cause health issues.
• 11:00 - 14:00: Electrolytes and Their Importance This chapter discusses the importance of electrolytes and their roles in the body. It introduces terms like thrombocytosis and thrombopenia, which relate to platelet counts in blood. The chapter also talks about myocytes and their stimulation by hormones such as erythropoietin, which is produced by the kidneys. It highlights the connection between kidney failure and anemia due to the lack of erythropoietin production.
• 14:30 - 16:00: Renal Function and Waste Products This chapter focuses on the renal function and its role in dealing with waste products. It delves into the process of erythropoiesis, emphasizing the hormone responsible for stimulating red blood cell growth. The stem cells, upon stimulation, transform into reticulocytes which then mature into erythroblasts and eventually become erythrocytes, commonly known as red blood cells. An important condition related to red blood cells is anemia, characterized by a low count of red blood cells. However, it's noted that sometimes the number of red blood cells may appear normal in the bloodstream, which could lead to different implications.
• 16:00 - 18:00: Cell Injury and Acute Phase Reactants The chapter discusses cell injury and acute phase reactants, focusing on anemia. It describes a type of anemia where the quantity of red blood cells is normal, but the hemoglobin, responsible for oxygen transport, is low. The chapter highlights that anemia can be influenced by various factors.
• 18:00 - 19:30: Measuring Drug Levels and Therapeutic Monitoring Chapter Title: Measuring Drug Levels and Therapeutic Monitoring This chapter discusses the impact of various vitamin deficiencies on health. It emphasizes the role of vitamin B12 and folic acid, as well as iron, in preventing different types of anemia. For instance, a deficiency in iron can lead to microcytic anemia, while a lack of vitamin B12 can result in pernicious anemia. The chapter highlights the importance of monitoring these elements to ensure therapeutic efficacy and adequate health maintenance.

Blood analysis Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 hello everybody this is Yama I'm your body in this video I'm going to be talking about analysis of blood just so you can interpret blood results if you can understand this this will be really good for your clinical practice as well as when you graduate as is necess so on blood analysis what is that you can look at you can look at the cellular components uh you can look at the electrolytes of which are Focus mainly on sodium and pottassium uh and you can look at the waste products UA and creatin which are used in uh Reno
• 00:30 - 01:00 function test so Reno function they can give you an idea of Reno function uh Reno function test and you can look at some products of cell injury I've put a few of them here but I'll tell you what some of them mean you can also look at what we call acute phase reactants and these usually okay during inflammation or or damage uh so and you can also look at drug levels uh in blood so this let's start with um uh the cellular components
• 01:00 - 01:30 uh so here uh what we have here is uh we have got all cells of that you find in blood uh they originate from a single Source uh they originate from the bone Mar uh and uh they originate from multi potential cells or multi poent cells uh which we also call stem cells and from these stem cells uh when the are
• 01:30 - 02:00 triggered by growth factors uh some of them are called colon stimulating factors colon stimulating when they are triggered to grow depending on which colon stimulating factor is stimulated if it's a myoid type then these cells turn into myoid cells and from these myoid cells some of them will become Mega Cario sites that's a huge huge cell uh and this huge cell just breaks into small components and this small component become platelets or
• 02:00 - 02:30 thrombocytes so thrombocytes means the same as platelets and these platelets here are involved in cloting so which means if a patient has got low platelet levels they will struggle to uh be able to clo uh and they will be have a cloting disease uh so they will be they'll be decreased so we call that thrombocytopenia uh if we have got um two much platelets they it means that
• 02:30 - 03:00 the potential for clothing is huge and we call that thrombocytosis so thrombopenia and thrombocytosis right now some of these myo cells can be stimulated uh if there's a hormone called arthrite sorry arthr potin uh which comes from the kidneys uh if that hormone is available so that's why people with kidney faila can develop anemia because they don't produce arthr
• 03:00 - 03:30 pootin which is supposed to stimulate red blood cell growth so if this hormone is available these stem cells become retico sites which become erth blast and there are various mechanisms that are in here but eventually they'll become athy and the arthy is the same as red blood cells uh so if the red blood cells are low in count we call that anemia uh sometimes we can have uh the number of red blood cells in blood is normal but
• 03:30 - 04:00 the component that's responsible for transporting um oxygen which is hemoglobin is low uh that again is anemia so it's mathematical anemia in the sense that the number of red blood cells is is usual but we don't have enough so uh so you can have that type of um anemia uh so here uh that's and the other thing to know about anemia is that it's influenced uh by um
• 04:00 - 04:30 vitamin B12 and folic acid as well as ion present so if if if you don't have enough um ion for example you will suffer from a type of anemia called microtic if you don't have vitamin B12 for example you suffer from anemia called penous anemia uh so that's they just different types of anemia but in essence
• 04:30 - 05:00 your ability to transport if you have got any type of anemia your ability to transport oxygen is decreased so we analyze red blood full blood count to be able to tell us uh which type of um anemia you have how many red blood cells do you have and then we analyze hemoglobin to be able to tell whether this type of anemia is due to decrease in ion for example if you like ion you have got your hemoglobin quantity is low so
• 05:00 - 05:30 you have got microtic anemia now some of these cells can be stimulated to become M cells I have talked a lot about M cells uh and these are related to uh to they are they mainly cause must cells are responsible for triggering the immune system they get embedded in tissues and they activate the inflammatory response I've talked about musel in anemia I've talked about musel in um uh in in various rheumatoid
• 05:30 - 06:00 arthritis and all these other conditions that are due to inflammation they are responsible for that so they get inserted in tissues uh so um only only just a general red blood strip you rarely measure them because they are tissue type uh stuff then some of these are stimulated to be myoblast uh this myoblast can become neutres neutres are responsible for attacking bacteria if you see these ones elevated in blood the patient might have
• 06:00 - 06:30 a bacterial type infection then we have got bopes these Bops here are responsible for targeting allergic type cells so it's actually thought they can also become if they get embedded in tissues they become M cells so if you see a rising Bas ofuse you can be sure that there's an allergic reaction going on thenes mainly attack parasitic type infections if you see a r in EOP maybe a parasitic infection
• 06:30 - 07:00 monocytes can become macres we call this cells antigen presenting cells what they do is that they get bacteria uh they uh digest it they look for the vent part or the dangerous part of that bacteria and they present it to white blood cells so we call them antigen they present that antigen so that the antibodies can produce uh can sorry the the the the
• 07:00 - 07:30 lymphocytes can Target specifically can produce cells that can Target that antigen uh and so so so so we call them antien antibody generating presenting cells so they present this to this uh immune cells I will talk about them in a second but um then they just Target specifical because this type of immunity here is nons specific just kill any type of bacteria any type of allergic
• 07:30 - 08:00 reaction any type of parasite any type of bacteria but this type of immunity is basically specific so it's specific immunity so you have to recognize what type of bacteria it is or what type of a virus it is and then you can attack it so uh uh then some of these stem cells can become lymphoid tissue uh and they can separate to become natural killer cells uh we don't normally
• 08:00 - 08:30 measure natural kill cells in in a blood cellular cell count or they can become lymphoblast and lymphoblast can become t- cells and B cells t- cells can become cytotoxic yela supress and memory these are all involved in specific immunity and what they do is that they target cells that are carrying that antigen and they insert little proteins called peines and then destroy the cell so
• 08:30 - 09:00 perforin they perforate bacteria infected cells they can also perforate virus infected cells so rise in lymphocytes without a rise in neutres and stuff May mean that you might have a a viral type infection so I can put here viruses viral type infections if there's no also rise in in in the other type of cells so other cells that are produced are called B cells and these produce antibodies and we measure antibodies
• 09:00 - 09:30 levels to determine how much immunity you have in your body so if we know the type of antibody for example for TB which exist you can go and get a measure and they say oh your antibodies levels show that you've got immunity it's because you develop these memory cells and these memory cells continuously produce antibodies and the antibodies stay in your system and be able to actually uh do that so uh so this tells you what is measured uh in blood however
• 09:30 - 10:00 is global measurement we know that you can measure full blood count uh just tells us how much blood is uh is is is is in your in your system and then uh here white cell count white cell count just the total number of white cells that are in your system so it's everything every white blood cell uh so from here uh from here all this white blood cell so a white blood cell cont just measures everything but in order to
• 10:00 - 10:30 understand what type of an infection it is or maybe to get an idea we now do white cell differential count tells you what type of uh infection it is so just depends on what has risen in blood uh uh in the blood cells uh so here so neutropenia is less uh neutr uh which is not a good thing means you can't defend yourself from
• 10:30 - 11:00 bacteria uh neutrophilia is more uh so basophilia uh uh um is you have got more of these Bops so that's how you just tell them high or low high or however I will just maybe emphasize a little bit about neutral Pia because that's a common condition that you find in patients who are on cancer uh treatment uh and who are being treated with
• 11:00 - 11:30 radiation therapy or anything like that and and if anybody has got a reduced white so count it means that they're susceptible to infection it means that you got to protect them a bit more it means that you must have strict hand wash you might need to wear a gown if you're sick you don't enter their their rooms so the next thing that we measure uh is electrolytes in blood uh so in blood there's a component of blood called serum which doesn't have cells in it and that we can measure we can take
• 11:30 - 12:00 it out and measure the electrolytes so two of the electrolytes that you should know about is sodium and potassium and this you should know the quantities as well uh so the quantities for sodium and potassium uh so the the the basic premise for espe they are critical for electrolyte imbalance uh for for transmission of electrical fibers in the body and and they affect they affect a lot of things so musle function uh
• 12:00 - 12:30 neurological function and if a patient LS any of this there might be a problem potassium is actually critical in the sense that any low potassium or very high potassium can affect heart function uh in fact very low pottassium can cause the heart arhythmia and very high potassium can actually stop the heart completely uh this is not to say that magnesium is not important it's also called membrane stability and it's
• 12:30 - 13:00 responsible can it's it's uh abnormal quantities can be problematic calcium as well is responsible for muscle contraction and chloride is also responsible but you should know sodium and potassium so the relationship between sodium and potassium what you need to remember is that uh sodium the quantities are higher in blood vessels so this is here is a blood vessel uh so blood vessel this here is your blood vessel here which is the lining here and
• 13:00 - 13:30 these are cells lining the blood cells so this is your tissue right what you have here is a reciprocal relationship there's more sodium uh than uh sodium in the blood than in cells uh and then in in cells there's more potassium reciprocal higher potassium and low potassium in blood so when we if there's an imbalance here let's say all of a sudden there's more sodium in cells it
• 13:30 - 14:00 means all water will flow and then you end up with no blood or if you have got more sodium in blood it means water will flow from the tissues into blood and then you've got water balance if the patient is dehydrated so they will end up dehydrating the cells around them and that's why if you dehydrate your brain for example it cause confusion uh and um and Lethy and all those other things so so there's this reciprocal uh relationship which is there which is which is very very important to know
• 14:00 - 14:30 that when we measure blood levels electrolytes we are not actually measuring the levels in the tissues but we can infer the balance depending on what we have in blood uh so the other important electrolytes are these ones here but sodium and pottassium you should know especially the levels of potassium and uh patients who are receiving anti-hypertensives uh such as um um such as FR for example or a
• 14:30 - 15:00 potassium sparing diuretic you may need to monitor their potassium levels quite a lot and these potassium and sodium levels they also give us an indication of Reno function if they are well balanced it means that your uh your your your renal systems are also working uh okay then we can measure uh waste products we can measure waste products creatin and Ura and they give us an indication of Ral function uh so you just look at the blood SLP and see the
• 15:00 - 15:30 levels then you can also measure the product of cell injury uh so under normal circumstances all these things here should not exist in blood but when you find them in blood it means some tissue somewhere has become damaged and has become necrotic and has been released in bloodstream uh so for example lactic acid can tell us if there's a lot of lactic acid in blood they can tell us that there's some esia damage so there's some tissue which is not receiving enough blood supply or
• 15:30 - 16:00 enough oxygen to be specific then if if you see some enzymes which are not supposed to be in Blood and you see them in blood such as Alan Amino transfer this is supposed to be in the liver you know that there has been liver damaged somewhere creatin and Kus this exist in all muscular tissue but you can Chas as as you know if you measure a certain type of iso enzyme so the specific enzyme and you know that this is this creatin kindness um ISO enzyme is found only in in let's say
• 16:00 - 16:30 heart tissue then you know that there's been damage in the liver troponine and again it's measuring this troponine one specifically which is found in the in the in the heart can tell us that there's been a heart problem Ames and lipus can tell us about pancreatic problems because these are enzymes found in the pancreas adess muscle damage so various enzymes I have especially for for liver function test
• 16:30 - 17:00 there are a lot more enzymes that you can check so for liver function test specifically there are a lot more enzy other than Alan um Alan there's alkaline phosph am transfer so and there are various other enzymes that you can check which are specific for liver function test then the other thing that you can measure in blood is what we call acute phase reactants this only okay there's a problem I've put D
• 17:00 - 17:30 di here but this could be a little bit um could be also showing a product of cell damage uh this just give us an indication of potential for embolism especially pulmonary embolism and DVT uh so this can give us a sense of that uh then CRP this is released during inflammation it's an OP opsonin what does it mean it CS bacteria and it makes bacteria very very
• 17:30 - 18:00 palatable so that it can be eaten by neutrophils uh so that's CRP so you can measure the levels so if they are very high there's presence of bacterial infection so they can monitor CRP levels to see response to antibiotic if the person responding to antibiotics the CRP levels should be going down then for autoimmunity antinuclear antibodies uh can be measured and that can show The Presence like rheumatoid arthritis for example or or any disease of autoimmunity then the last thing that
• 18:00 - 18:30 you can measure is drug levels uh they are not normally supposed to be in blood but if you are giving these antibiotics or these drugs for example vom and gent with a very narrow therapeutic index you got to monitor their levels and this can also cause damage of kidneys and you can see creatin and Ura Rising they can damage liver and you can see liver enzymes rising and you can use these things to be able to not give uh uh too much to just maintain drug levels which
• 18:30 - 19:00 are which are within therapeutic range you can also measure dexin levels for dein toxicity and you can measure fenin levels for Fen toxicity then waering or theraputic levels so Fon always measure it if a person has has had a conversions for example to see whether they've got the levels are really theraputic then waering uh we do an indirect measurement so we actually don't measure waering level in blood but we can measure
• 19:00 - 19:30 clothing and we can measure specifically INR so the the clothing levels and if the blood is not cloting as much we know that wering is the levels of wering are too high and then we reduce the dose uh in blood uh so gener that gives you an analysis of w of of of blood in a patient thank you