Cellular Standards - CompTIA A+ 220-1101 - 1.4

Summary

In this engaging session, Professor Messer dives into the world of cellular networks, explaining the transition from early 2G technologies like GSM and CDMA to the more advanced 3G, 4G LTE, and 5G networks. He highlights how each technological advancement brought increased data capabilities and speed, paving the way for enhanced mobile device functionalities. With 5G, the potential for Internet of Things (IoT) applications expands significantly, offering exciting new possibilities for connectivity.

Highlights

• 2G networks used GSM and CDMA for early mobile communications 📞.
• 3G ushered in faster data, bringing mobile features like GPS and streaming 🎥.
• LTE merged GSM and CDMA into a single high-speed standard, reaching 150 Mbps 🔄.
• 5G networks are expected to reach phenomenal speeds up to 10 Gbps, enhancing IoT applications 🌐.
• Wi-Fi hotspots let phones share their cellular data as a wireless router 📡.

Key Takeaways

• Mobile phones operate on cellular networks divided into cells for connectivity 📱.
• 2G networks, featuring GSM and CDMA, primarily supported voice communication with limited data capabilities 📞.
• 3G technology introduced in 1998 allowed faster data speeds, enabling services like GPS and streaming 📡.
• 4G LTE unified GSM and CDMA under one standard, providing up to 150 Mbps speeds 📶.
• 5G promises speeds up to 10 Gbps, revolutionizing IoT with faster data transfer 🌐.
• Wi-Fi hotspot feature enables devices to share cellular internet connections, though limitations may apply 📡.

Overview

Professor Messer kicks things off by discussing the foundational 2G networks; these early mobile networks, which included GSM and CDMA, laid the groundwork with basic voice communication capabilities but were limited in data transmission. GSM was particularly notable, taking up a massive 90% of the global market.

The lecture transitions into an examination of 3G, which marked a substantial leap in technology by integrating faster data speeds that made features like GPS and streaming possible. This was the first hint at the potential of mobile devices beyond simple voice calls.

With the advent of 4G LTE, there was a unification of existing technologies, allowing both GSM and CDMA networks to harmonize under a single standard. This not only increased the speed to 150 Mbps and beyond but paved the way for the future with the introduction of 5G networks, which promise unprecedented speeds and open up new horizons for IoT and mobile connectivity.

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction to Cellular Networks The chapter titled 'Introduction to Cellular Networks' begins by highlighting the pervasive use of mobile phones in our daily lives, which operate on cellular networks. It explains that these networks are called 'cellular' because they divide geographic areas into sections, or 'cells,' with antennas placed at the edges of these cells. This arrangement allows users to maintain connectivity while traveling. Additionally, the chapter references some of the original cellular networks.
• 00:30 - 01:00: 2G Networks: GSM and CDMA The chapter discusses 2G networks, focusing on two global standards: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). While both standards were effective for voice communication, they offered limited data transmission capabilities. Originally designed as circuit-switched networks, they required upgrades to support any form of data connectivity.
• 01:00 - 02:00: GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, was a major player in the early cellular network era, holding about 90% of the global market share. It was standardized in the European Union and provided worldwide coverage, including in the United States on networks like AT&T and T-Mobile. A key feature of GSM was the ability to store phone configurations on a SIM card, allowing easy transfer of user settings between devices.
• 02:00 - 03:00: CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access The chapter discusses the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology and its role in telecommunications. It explains the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) standard, which uses a type of multiplexing allowing multiple users to communicate simultaneously over the same frequency band. Each user is given a time slice to send information, enabling concurrent voice and data communication among many users on the same network. This technology allows seamless transfer of phone numbers between devices via SIM cards, facilitating mobile connectivity.
• 03:00 - 04:00: The Evolution to 3G and New Capabilities This chapter discusses the transition to 3G technology, focusing on the code division multiple access (CDMA) system. It explains how CDMA allows multiple users to communicate over the same network by utilizing unique codes for each conversation. This enables devices to filter and focus on specific communications. CDMA was widely adopted in the United States.
• 04:00 - 05:00: LTE: The Convergence of Standards The chapter discusses the limitations of CDMA technology, which was primarily used by Verizon and Sprint and had restricted handset compatibility with other networks globally. As a result, the demand for more advanced mobile network standards increased, leading to the development of third-generation (3G) technologies in 1998. These new standards introduced enhanced data capabilities, marking a significant step forward in mobile network evolution.
• 05:00 - 06:30: 5G: The Future of Mobile Networks The chapter discusses the evolution of mobile networks leading to the development of 5G as the future of mobile connectivity. It highlights how enhanced speeds from previous network generations allowed the introduction of new mobile capabilities like GPS, mobile television, streaming video, and audio on demand. Additionally, it notes the challenges faced due to the separation of GSM and CDMA technologies.
• 06:30 - 07:30: Enhancements and Updates in Mobile Devices The chapter discusses the challenges faced by users who wanted to switch between different mobile service providers or use various available networks in their region. To address these issues, LTE (Long-Term Evolution) was introduced, representing 4G technology in the cellular industry. LTE serves as a converged standard, allowing companies previously reliant on differing technologies such as GSM or CDMA to utilize a single standard for transmitting data wirelessly.
• 07:30 - 09:00: Combining Cellular and Wi-Fi Networks The chapter discusses the evolution of cellular networks, highlighting the transition from GSM and EDGE technologies to LTE, which significantly increased data throughput to up to 150 Mbps. It also mentions an upgraded version, LTE Advanced (LTE-A), which further improves the speed, achieving up to 300 Mbps in optimal conditions.

Cellular Standards - CompTIA A+ 220-1101 - 1.4 Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 many of the things we do in our normal workday involve using our mobile phones these are our cell phones we call them cell phones because they are using a cellular network we call it cellular because we are separating up the geography of an area into sections or cells and we put antennas at the edges of those cells so that we're able to maintain connectivity wherever we might happen to travel some of the original cellular networks
• 00:30 - 01:00 were called 2g networks and they consisted of two global standards one of these standards was gsm or the global system for mobile communications and the other one is cdma or code division multiple access both of these standards were very good for voice communication but they had very limited support for sending data over these wireless networks they were originally circuit switched networks and really had to be upgraded to allow some type of data connectivity
• 01:00 - 01:30 gsm was a big part of that very early cellular network gsm being the global system for mobile communications gsm was about 90 percent of the worldwide market it was a standard in the european union and allowed you to have coverage wherever you happen to travel in the world in the united states common gsm networks were the atnt network and t-mobile network this gsm network allowed you to have all of your phone configurations on a subscriber identity module or a sim card and you can move
• 01:30 - 02:00 that card from phone to phone and your phone number would follow you depending on where that sim card happened to be this gsm standard used multiplexing to be able to have many people communicating at the same time over the same frequencies every user got a little slice of time and could send the information while other people were also conversing on that same network this allowed people to perform voice communication data communication and combine all of that across many people
• 02:00 - 02:30 in one single geographic area cdma is the code division multiple access and as the name implies you could have multiple people communicating over this network but as they were sending information they were sending it with a particular code each call used a different code to be able to communicate which meant that the handset that you were using could filter out codes that weren't important to your conversation and focused only on the code specific between you and who you're talking to in the united states cdma was commonly
• 02:30 - 03:00 used by verizon and sprint they controlled exactly what handsets you were able to use on those networks and unfortunately cdma wasn't popular in other parts of the world or with other providers as more people needed additional capabilities on these mobile networks we needed newer standards that provided additional features one of these newer standards was the third generation or 3g technologies that we introduced in 1998 this allowed us to have much more capabilities for the data that we were
• 03:00 - 03:30 sending from our mobile devices and we had additional speed so we could send more of that data much faster over these same networks usually we got about several megabits per second of speed over the best possible 3g connectivity with these enhanced speeds we were able to introduce new capabilities for our mobile handsets such as gps mobile television streaming video and streaming audio or video on demand it became very clear that the separation between gsm and cdma was creating a
• 03:30 - 04:00 number of challenges for users that wanted to move between different providers or use different networks that might be available in their area to be able to converge these together we introduced lte this is 4g technology in the cellular world and lte stands for long-term evolution this was a converge standard so companies that used to be gsm or cdma can now use one standard lte to be able to send data over a wireless
• 04:00 - 04:30 network it's based on gsm and what we call edge or the enhanced data rates for gsm evolution you combine all those together to create this newer lte standard and it increased the throughput up to 150 megabits per second on the best possible mobile connection in some areas you may find an upgraded version of lte called lte advanced or lte-a where it effectively doubled the throughput on these lte networks up to 300 megabits per second
• 04:30 - 05:00 in 2020 we introduced a newer generation of mobile communication called our 5g or 5th generation cellular networking these 5g networks introduce greatly enhanced speeds and we will eventually have 5g networks that can perform at around 10 gigabits per second these 5g networks greatly enhance the speeds that we can use for data over these mobile networks and in the best possible scenario we should eventually get to 10 gigabit per
• 05:00 - 05:30 second throughput from one single mobile device as these networks are rolling out you may find that you have speeds between 100 and 900 megabits per second which is still much faster than the older lte networks if we are able to greatly increase the speeds of the data going over these 5g networks then we may be able to extend the functionality of our mobile devices this could be especially useful for internet of things devices where you have many different devices on the network that need to have
• 05:30 - 06:00 some type of connectivity if bandwidth and speeds are suddenly not an issue you should be able to greatly increase the capabilities of these iot or internet of things devices this would allow us to have much larger file transfers we might increase the capabilities of the applications that we're using or you may be able to upload much more data into the cloud for additional processing many of the updates for our mobile devices occur in the operating system of
• 06:00 - 06:30 the device itself one of these updates is a prl update this is a preferred roaming list that allows your phone to understand where all of the appropriate towers are for the network that it happens to be using this can be updated over the air so you may see that your phone is performing an ota update and if that's occurring it may be because a preferred roaming list needs to be changed on your device on some mobile phones you can combine or merge together the cellular network with
• 06:30 - 07:00 an 802.11 network this is when you turn your phone into a wi-fi hotspot this is effectively your own personal data router that's using the cellular network to communicate to the internet so you can turn your phone into a hotspot and now any other device in your area that communicates over 802.11 can use the internet connectivity that's on your cellular network your phone may support wi-fi hotspot capabilities but your provider may limit what your phone is able to do there may be an additional
• 07:00 - 07:30 charge to enable that capability and there may be data costs associated with the information you're sending when you're in this wi-fi hotspot mode you want to check with your cellular provider to see what options may be available for your mobile phone