EMT Chapter 6

Summary

In this engaging and informative lecture by EMS Instructor Ken, Chapter 6 dives into the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology crucial for EMTs. He emphasizes the importance of understanding both the structure and function of the body, using tools like the anatomy coloring book to aid learning. The session covers major body systems including musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and respiratory, underscoring the significance of bones, muscles, and organs. Ken simplifies complex ideas with memorable analogies and mnemonics, preparing EMT students to effectively identify and understand various body parts and their functions crucial for patient care and diagnosis.

Highlights

• Anatomy and physiology: understanding structure and function.🏥
• The anatomy coloring book as a learning aid.🎨
• Exploration of the musculoskeletal system's role in protection and movement.🛡️
• The importance of understanding body topography.🗺️
• The respiratory system's function: inhalation and exhalation.🌬️
• The cardiovascular system: heart, vessels, and blood.💓
• Memorable mnemonics for remembering bone structures.🎶

Key Takeaways

• Anatomy is about structure; physiology is about function.🧠
• The Anatomy Coloring Book is a top tool for learning.📚
• Understanding body systems helps in diagnosing injuries.🩺
• Musculoskeletal system protects organs and allows movement.🏃‍♂️
• Respiratory system facilitates vital gas exchanges.💨
• The heart is essential for pumping blood throughout the body.❤️
• Knowledge of the skeletal system aids in assessing trauma.🦴

Overview

In this chapter, EMS Instructor Ken leads an insightful journey into the world of anatomy and physiology, essential for any EMT. He starts with a clear distinction between anatomy, the study of body's structure, and physiology, the study of its functions. One standout learning aid is the anatomy coloring book, which Ken dubs as one of the most valuable tools for mastering the intricacies of the human body.

Ken dives into the musculoskeletal system, illustrating how it supports, protects, and facilitates movement. He explains the skeletal structure, from the skull to the pelvic bone, emphasizing their protective roles over vital organs. The overview also touches on critical aspects like understanding body topography, which aids EMTs in quickly locating injuries and assessing trauma.

The session covers the synchronized dance of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Ken explains how the respiratory system's mechanics of breathing support life by exchanging gases, while the heart tirelessly pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. Understanding these systems not only aids in diagnosing conditions but also in anticipating patient needs effectively.

Chapters

• 00:00 - 01:00: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Chapter Six of anatomy and physiology introduces the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy focuses on the study of the body's structure, while physiology is about understanding how these structures function together. The chapter highlights a valuable resource for learning anatomy: the anatomy coloring book. This practical tool, often used in educational settings like paramedic schools, is highly praised for its effectiveness despite its simplicity, making it a popular choice among students. The book is accessible in various versions, typically priced between ten to fifteen dollars, depending on the features offered.
• 01:00 - 25:00: Body Systems Overview The chapter 'Body Systems Overview' recommends utilizing coloring books as an engaging and stress-relieving method to enhance understanding of anatomy and physiology. It suggests that such tools can aid in effectively learning the localization of body parts, emphasizing the importance of interactive and enjoyable learning techniques to grasp the concepts better.
• 25:00 - 45:00: Skeletal System This chapter covers the basics of human anatomy, focusing on topographical anatomy to understand the locations and relationships of various body parts. It discusses using the body's quadrants and the arrangement of ribs to help identify where internal issues might originate, particularly in the context of diagnosing pain and predicting potential medical outcomes.
• 45:00 - 60:00: Muscular System The chapter discusses the musculoskeletal system, which is an integration of the muscle and skeletal systems. These two systems collaborate to provide structural shape, protection to vital organs, and facilitate movement. For example, the skull supports the head and protects the brain, the chest wall safeguards the heart, liver, and lungs, and the pelvis shields major blood vessels.
• 60:00 - 57:30: Respiratory System The chapter discusses the role and components of the skeletal system, emphasizing its importance in providing structure and movement. Key parts mentioned include the skull, spine, ribs, sternum, shoulders, upper extremities, pelvis, and lower extremities. The chapter highlights how these components work together to enable movement and protect the body's vital organs.
• 57:30 - 90:00: Cardiovascular System The chapter on the Cardiovascular System was meant to cover specific topics, however, the available transcript instead discusses general information about bones, specifically the importance of being familiar with different bones and their locations. It mentions that songs by Hannah Montana can be a helpful tool for memorizing bone parts. Additionally, it briefly explains the function of the skull in protecting the brain while highlighting the potential issue of increased pressure if the brain swells within its enclosed space.
• 90:00 - 100:00: Nervous System The chapter discusses the nervous system, focusing on the structural components that protect it, particularly in cases of external trauma. It highlights the role of the cranium, which includes the top, back, sides, and facial front, comprised of bones like the mandible, maxilla, nasal bones, orbits, and zygomatic arches. These bones are crucial for identifying and assessing different injury types as they form and protect the airway.
• 100:00 - 106:30: Digestive System The chapter discusses the risks and complications associated with fractures to the facial bones including the mandible, maxilla, and nasal bones. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the anatomy and function of these bones to comprehend potential dangers such as airway protection issues, breathing difficulties, and eye injuries. A visual representation is mentioned as a helpful tool for learning, suggesting to cover the names to test one's knowledge of the facial bone structures.
• 106:30 - 116:00: Integumentary System The transcript touches upon how the spine consists of 33 vertebrae, which provide protection for the spinal cord running down its center. The vertebrae also enable a range of motions including bending sideways and twisting. The speaker hints at using an image with the accompanying information as a quiz, emphasizing understanding and recollection of such anatomical concepts.
• 116:00 - 125:00: Endocrine System The chapter delves into the endocrine system, a crucial component of human physiology, focusing on its interaction and relationship with the nervous and skeletal systems. The narrative emphasizes the significance of understanding the 33 vertebrae of the spine, especially in relation to nerve protection. Additionally, the chapter touches upon the anatomy of the thorax, comprising the sternum and twelve ribs, highlighting the anatomical positions of the clavicle and specific ribs.
• 125:00 - 135:00: Renal System The chapter begins with a brief description of the location and protective role of the kidneys, situated in the lower back and aiding in the protection of the liver and major blood vessels. It transitions into details about the spinal column, indicating the presence of seven cervical vertebrae, specifically C1 (Atlas) and C2 (Axis), which are positioned just beneath the skull and are well protected. The chapter highlights the vulnerability of the C3, C4, and C5 vertebrae.
• 135:00 - 149:30: Reproductive System The chapter discusses the vulnerabilities and critical functions of certain parts of the human spine, particularly highlighting the role of the diaphragm in breathing. It notes the danger of damaging certain spinal vertebrae because they control diaphragm function. It also provides mnemonic aids for remembering the number of vertebrae in different sections of the spine, such as the cervical vertebrae, which number seven, analogous to eating breakfast at seven.
• 149:30 - 155:00: Review and Conclusion This chapter reviews the structure of the human spine and pelvis. It describes the thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic regions, including the sacrum and coccyx at the base of the spine. The thoracic region consists of 12 parts, while the lumbar region has five. The pelvis is formed by several bones including the ilium, ischium, and pubis. A mnemonic to remember the spinal structure is mentioned: seven, twelve, five, five, and four, reflecting the number of vertebrae in each section from cervical through to sacral.

EMT Chapter 6 Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 chapter six anatomy and physiology remember anatomy is a study of the structure of the body and physically physiology is how it all works together one of the best tools i found for anatomy is the anatomy coloring book this is the book we used in my paramedic school it's probably the most valuable tool i had of all the books they gave us sounds simple it's ten to fifteen dollars depends on what features you want to get and what versions you get
• 00:30 - 01:00 by that the box of crayons and you will know your anatomy and physiology really good but by the time you're done so highly recommend you get something like this plus it's uh kind of distressing to color and try to stay in the lines so it's something good you can use to kind of help you understand anatomy and physiology better so locating the body parts we're looking uh
• 01:00 - 01:30 just kind of looking at the body you can see where different parts are and then you're using topography that's the quadrants of the body the abdominal cavity understanding where things are located in the chest based on the ribs and you'll be able to kind of identify where the different body parts are so when we have damage that goes inside the body you can understand where the pain is coming from and what could be the potential outcomes so let's talk about the major body systems
• 01:30 - 02:00 first we've got the musculoskeletal system it's actually two different systems muscles and skeleton they work together to give the body shape protect your vital organs and provide movement so it gives shape it holds a structure your head will just kind of be a glob sitting up on top of your shoulders if you didn't have a skull uh protect vital organs the skull protects the brain the chest wall protects the heart and the the liver and the lungs the pelvis protects major blood vessels
• 02:00 - 02:30 and your reproductive organs and then provides movement you couldn't move without your legs and arms so we've got the all three things are used uh our key functions the skeletons consist of the skull and spine the ribs sternum shoulders upper extremities pelvis lower extremities all coming together to form the structure to keep us moving upright and protected so you don't have to memorize all the
• 02:30 - 03:00 parts of every bone but you should be familiar with all the different bones and where they're located there's some great songs out there by hannah montana on how to memorize the different bone parts highly recommend those so the skull it's a bony structure that protects the head and it's also dangerous because it's a bony structure that protects the head it is an enclosed container so if the brain starts to swell then we create more pressure inside and causes problems
• 03:00 - 03:30 but it's also there to protect it in case we have any type of external trauma so the cranium the top back and sides and the faces up front that should be fairly easy to remember you've got all the bones in the face you've got the mandible maximal nasal bones orbits and zygomatic arches these are important to identify and check for different types of injuries because they form our airway
• 03:30 - 04:00 for the patient if you don't have mandible maxilla you don't have good protection of the airway the nasal bones causes breathing difficulties too orbits very dangerous for eye injury so lots of danger if we get any fractures to the facial bones and it's very important that we understand where they are and what they're supposed to be doing here's kind of the visual representation this is one i would just try to cover up all the names and
• 04:00 - 04:30 replace them with your own words it'd be real easy for me just to take this picture and cover up the the words and then hand it to as a quiz so something to think about there the spinal column it comes in 33 vertebrae and the spinal cord goes down the center that gives the spinal cord the protection the spinal the vertebrae also us the ability to move bend bend sideways twist
• 04:30 - 05:00 and gives us that protection we need for all the nerves coming in and out so it's important to understand the 33 vertebrae and where they are located as we get further into the the study we'll identify which vertebrae are located where the thorax has 12 ribs and a sternum the top ribs the number one gets right up underneath the clavicle and the 10th and 11th ribs
• 05:00 - 05:30 are kind of free floating in the low back they kind of protect the bottom of the liver and other major blood vessels in there so here's the spinal column you've got seven cervical vertebrae atlas one and axis ii or c1 and c2 sit right up underneath the base of the skull so they're fairly well protected the c3 4 and 5 are the ones that can get
• 05:30 - 06:00 damaged the easiest and they're the most dangerous because they control how your diaphragm works so they control whether you can breathe or not so people that have fractured have four a good way to remember how many parts are in which or how many vertebrae or in each part of your spine you've got seven in the cervical you eat breakfast at seven you eat lunch at 12
• 06:00 - 06:30 so you've got 12 in your thoracic and you eat your dinner at five so you have five in the lumbar and then five and four so seven twelve five five and four one way to start memorizing it the pelvis is a grouping of several bones that kind of come together in form of ring down the base of the spine with the sacrum and coccyx kind of the back then you got the ilium ischium the and then the pubis around the front
• 06:30 - 07:00 hip joints is where the head of the femur comes in and connects with the pelvis that's another location we have injury sometimes lower extremities the femur is the upper leg bone really big bone hard to break but if it does break we have some serious issues we have some bleeding that we need to worry about and other issues patella is the kneecap tibias front bone in the leg fibula is the back the ankle
• 07:00 - 07:30 consists of the malleolus the medial mall or lateral malleolus and meteorologist those are the bottom of the tibia and then the tarsals which are the bones of the ankles the foots you've got metatarsals calcaneus the heel and the phalanges for the toes you like again you if you've had anatomy and physiology you don't have to memorize each part of the bone like you had to for those classes but understanding where the calcaneus and
• 07:30 - 08:00 the phalanges are compared to the metatarsals helps you understand where things are when we're talking about different injuries upper extremities you've got the clavicle and scapula form the shoulder girdle that's the a c joint then we've got the humerus is the upper bar bone of the arm and then you've got the radius and the ulna the radius is on the thumb side the ulna is on the other side
• 08:00 - 08:30 wrist you've got your carpals just remember carpal tunnel is in the wrists then you got your metacarpals and the phalanges for your finger bones there's a better drawing it's better in your book it's hard to see on the screen here but it shows all the different bones again easy easy test options for me joints that's where we connect bones uh unlike other things we call joints in colorado um they're forward when two
• 08:30 - 09:00 bones come together we have two main types of joints you got the ball and socket and the hinge you do have some other joints uh in the in the body but these are the two main we're concerned about for injuries uh ball and socket you'd have something that has more rotation than just up and down so it'd be like your hip your uh your shoulder joints the hinge joint would be like your fingers your knees
• 09:00 - 09:30 muscles divided up into three main categories here voluntary are your skeletal muscles the ones that you can use to move around by being saying they're voluntary it means they need some type of electrical stimulation to move whether it's a direct thought process that sends a signal out through your nerves or a spontaneous response like you touch put your hand on a hot stove and you pull it
• 09:30 - 10:00 back before you think about it involuntary would be like your esophagus your stomach your intestines the main digestive system the the way we process foods you don't have to think i i need to digest my food it just happens cardiac muscle strictly in the heart its main function or main uh the way it differentiates differentiates itself from other parts of the body in
• 10:00 - 10:30 the muscles is it has what's called automaticity it creates its own electrical impulses to make the heart that muscle contract so as we get further into cardiac we'll learn about the pacemaker and how it sends those signals out but automaticity is a term you need to be aware of the next system we want to talk about is our respiratory system it functions to bring air in so we can draw the oxygen off that air
• 10:30 - 11:00 and use it for our body to process and create energy and then we exhale to get rid of the carbon dioxide and other waste products that are created during the metabolism within our body so inhalation brings actually the end exhalation gets rid of carbon dioxide the respiratory anatomy you got the nose and mouth that's key to getting air into the body that's our preferred route to get air in and out if there's another route created
• 11:00 - 11:30 that causes problems for us so we need to be looking for those options we also call that the oral pharynx and nasal pharynx their oral means mouth nasal means nose so those are the pharynxes once the air goes through the trachea down into the lungs as it goes down it goes past the glottis the glottis is an opening that goes into the trachea we have what's called the
• 11:30 - 12:00 epiglottis epi means above so epiglottis sits on top of the the glottic opening which gives us some protection so when we swallow food it doesn't go down into our trachea the larynx is where our voice cords are there's a cartilage membrane that goes right around the larynx that's the top of the trachea is there's one cervical ring in the trachea it's called
• 12:00 - 12:30 the cricoid that's a complete round circle um all the rest of them have a space at the back they're more c-shaped and have a little muscle on the back so they can expand and contract as needed but you've got that cricoid membrane or cricoid cartilage which is one full circle that's when you work with a paramedic they will ask you sometimes to do cricoid pressure that means they want you to grab that little cricoid ring in the neck and push
• 12:30 - 13:00 it backwards so that pushes the vocal cords for further further posterior so that they can get the endotracheal tube between the vocal cords it's a little trick they they like to use and you'll come in handy when you can actually find it for them once you get the past the trachea it gets us into the bronchi and the avioli the bronchi are the tubes that go down into the lungs and it branches down to the very end where you get aviolite the
• 13:00 - 13:30 avla or the little sacs that we have air transfer back and forth they're very they have very high blood flow which allows for the capillary transfer of the different gases back and forth what causes air to go in and out is pressure changes so we have the diaphragm at the very bottom the lungs it kind of sits up underneath the lungs it's a muscle and as it changes
• 13:30 - 14:00 expands and contracts it changes the pressure inside the chest cavity and the body will naturally try to equalize the pressure so if we decrease the pressure it's going to suck air in until the pressure is equalized if we increase the pressure it's going to push air out until the pressure is equalized with the outside there's a visual representation of the major parts of the respiratory system we've got the upper airway the pharynx and
• 14:00 - 14:30 oral fairness no nasal pharynx down to the larynx the dividing line between the upper airway and the lower airway is the epiglottis once it goes into the trachea past the epiglottis now we get into the bronchial tubes and down into the lung tissue itself inhalation is an active process it's it's not one of those that we have to think about but the body sends it a simulation to the muscles and says you need to contract
• 14:30 - 15:00 so the diaphragm contracts the intercostal muscles contract everything moves outward making that negative pressure inside the lungs typically most more times than not exhalation is a passive process so as the muscles relax the chest wall decreases in size and increases the pressure on the the air that's in the lungs and then it will try to push the air out to
• 15:00 - 15:30 equalize the pressure again you can forcefully forcefully exhale that's how we blow on our birthday candles but it's not necessary to have forceful exhalation it's usually just a passive process ventilation is a mechanical movement of air from the outside to the avioli respiration is when we have the gas exchange between the cells and the bloodstream
• 15:30 - 16:00 so we have blood cells coming into the the lungs into the capillaries that surround the avioli and we have gas exchange carbon monoxide and oxygen transfer between the two the cells through the membranes in the aviolite so that's respiration when the cell the red blood cell gets over to the in cell somewhere else in the body and it transfers the oxygen in
• 16:00 - 16:30 picks up the waste carbon dioxide that's respiration so ventilation was is mechanical respiration is the actual exchange of the gas oxidative blood goes away uh it's carried from the lungs to the heart then pump to the rest of the body so you pick up the oxygen and the avioli the blood stream pushes that back or this heart pulls that back in and then
• 16:30 - 17:00 pumps it out to the rest the body at the cellular level we have that gas exchange happening and the deoxygenated blood comes back to the lungs so that we can get rid of it here's a couple of little differences we're going to see as we talk about the anatomy and physiology of a child versus adult the nose is smaller so you see in here the nose and mouth is smaller but if you look at the the mouth the tongue
• 17:00 - 17:30 it's the same size so that's a problem for us get the smaller area by the same size tongue so it's more prone to get blockage the other thing we need to know about is the head is huge on the kid so you see that you have a nice curve of the trachea here if you've got an adult laying supine the trachea is flat so to fix this we need to raise the shoulders up a little bit
• 17:30 - 18:00 and then everything will be perfectly aligned again so thinking about that when the kids have difficulty breathing maybe it's as simple as lifting the shoulders up a little as the child matures these cartridges cartilage rings improve in quality and so they become more rigid and more able to protect the airway too so those are the things we're talking about we're concerned about the kids airways so cardiovascular system we have three
• 18:00 - 18:30 major components the pump the pipes the fluids so the hearts the pump the blood vessels are the pipes and you have the fluid is the blood so we're going to talk about each one of these individually here so the heart is four chambers it's two upper chain chambers called the atria and two ventricles which are the lower chambers we have left and right so we've got right atrium right ventricle
• 18:30 - 19:00 left atrium left ventricle the atriums are a little waiting rooms they draw the blood into the heart wait until they're actually filled up and then the ventricles suck in all that blood at once so they can pump it out much faster if there's not an atrium or the patient has what you see on tv advertisement sometimes atrial fibrillation the atrium aren't pumping and sucking the blood into the heart the way they're supposed to so the ventricles have a
• 19:00 - 19:30 harder time pushing the blood out so they have to work together that it's a fine a fine dance they do atrium brings the blood in holds it a second pushes it into the ventricles ventricles push it out so it's it's important that we understand how the blood flows through the heart so when we have problems we can kind of tell where the problems are coming from here's kind of a better look at how the heart looks when you uh kind of break it down so we've got the
• 19:30 - 20:00 vena cava superior inferior bringing the blood into the heart it comes in through the right atrium comes into this chamber then when the heart beats it pushes it into the right ventricle you've got the valve here the tricuspid valve blood comes in once that valve closes the ventricle squeezes the blood back out and it goes
• 20:00 - 20:30 to the lungs it go goes to the pulmonary arteries blood vessels that leave the heart are called arteries blood vessels that come back to the heart are called veins this is the one blood vessel that's called an artery that has deoxygenated blood because it's come in through the vena cava into the right side of the heart and now it's being pushed to the lungs to go pick up some oxygen so it goes to the lungs then comes back
• 20:30 - 21:00 to the lungs in the pulmonary veins this is the opposite it's coming to the heart so it's a vein but it's coming from the lungs so it has oxygen this dumps into the left atrium holds it for half a second and then drops it into the right or the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve or mitral valve once it's filled valve close as it and it pushes it out through the
• 21:00 - 21:30 aorta and inferior and superior so it comes back down the back side of the heart and dumps into the abdominal cavity and down through the body so understanding how the blood flows through the heart it's very important understanding how our disease processes work the other thing we talked about the automaticity the heart sends out a signal from what's called the cyanoatrial node
• 21:30 - 22:00 that's the pacemaker of the heart that's a test question somewhere along the line is what is the pacemaker with heart sa node or cyanoatrial node it sends out a signal through the atrium and says contract so it squeezes the muscle here as it's filling up the ventricles the av junction holds a signal for a portion of a second long enough to fill this up and close the door
• 22:00 - 22:30 and then it releases it and sends it down the bundle of his of the purkinje fibers and makes the ventricles contract so you've got a sa node contracting these two the av node holding it while it fills up and then as soon as it fills it releases it and it makes the ventricles contract
• 22:30 - 23:00 so major blood vessels coronary arteries these are the arteries that come right off the aorta that feed blood into the car cardiac muscle the aorta is the blood vessel that comes off the back of the heart out of the right left foot left ventricle and feeds the body pulmonary artery goes the lungs carotid artery goes up the side of the neck there's an interior and exterior
• 23:00 - 23:30 carotid artery so and then right and left so you've got four carotid arteries going up through the neck must think the brain is kind of important because we have four arteries to make sure we keep it fed femoral artery runs down the inner thigh and provides blood to the lower extremities brachial artery goes down the upper extremities and runs down the inside of the humerus radial artery is where we take a pulse dorsalis tibial
• 23:30 - 24:00 or posterior tibial is behind the ankle bone the malleolus interior exterior malleolus ankle bone both sides you can feel the pulse and dorsalis penis is the pulse on top of the foot this is one if you find it i would mark it with a pen so you can find it next time here's a representation of the gas exchange that happens blood comes in
• 24:00 - 24:30 through the arteries goes down the capillary bed that's where you have the gas exchange the real thin walls they can exchange the oxygen and the carbon dioxide back and forth and it goes back into the venous system because the artery system has pressure behind it because it's it's got the pumping of the heart the venous system does not have it so you've got valves to keep backflow from happening so that's what something you'll learn
• 24:30 - 25:00 when you get into iv classes when you're putting ivs in you're running these valves sometimes but they're necessary in there they keep the blood from flowing backwards by mistake four major components of the blood we're going to talk about here you've got your plasma that's the liquid part of the blood that keeps everything lubed up and moving around red blood cells are the transports of the bloodstream they pick
• 25:00 - 25:30 up oxygen pick up carbon dioxide they they push glucose around the white blood cells are your security guards they're like the mall cops they walk around looking for things that don't belong sometimes they can get confused with regular tissue just like a mall cop sometimes uh makes mistakes so um this is also how the uh
• 25:30 - 26:00 uh vaccines work they show the wanted pollster poster to the white blood cells they start making plans and if they see that that bad guy running around the body they'll attack it the platelets are your road crews they patch up any holes that happen sometimes they get confused and patch up the wrong places or their patch breaks loose and it goes to a smaller artery and causes problems for us
• 26:00 - 26:30 a pulse is what happens when the heart beats and pushes that wave of blood through the arteries a pulse is how you can feel it go through that artery if you put a little pressure on an artery anywhere you've got a bone behind it you will feel it pushing against your finger that you're putting the pressure on it with so that is the pulse wave going through the body
• 26:30 - 27:00 you can find it anywhere that's close to the bone we've got in the wrist the upper arm the neck the femoral artery behind the knee the popliteal you've got it in the posterior tibial dorsalis pedus we can find it in the forehead pretty much anywhere we have a blood vessel that's big enough we can get a good finger on it pulses uh that we've got we've got the peripheral pulses which are radial brachial posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis these are the
• 27:00 - 27:30 ones that tell us that the heart is pumping adequately if we get the blood all the way to the fingertips we know we've got a good uh circulatory system the central pulses would be the carotid femoral these are more uh interior they're closer to the heart the bigger blood vessels so we expect to find those even if we don't find the peripheral ones if you don't find a carotid pulse or
• 27:30 - 28:00 femoral pulse then we've got some other issues now like i said the central postals are the ones you feel if you're not getting good perfusion that just tells you your patient's sick blood pressure we can feel the pulse but we don't know how much pressure is behind it until we can actually listen to it go past our blood pressure cuff the as we re listen to the blood pressure we are going to hear a the pressure as it goes
• 28:00 - 28:30 through the blood vessel with some resistance on it and then we're going to have the pressure that's just residual in the blood vessel so we've got the systolic which is when it squeezes and diastolic is the resting between ventricle contractions so perfusion is measured at the cellular level if we've got good perfusion the cells are functioning normal we have poor perfusion or hypoperfusion it means they're not getting enough oxygen they're not
• 28:30 - 29:00 getting enough blood flow and they could be a problem what causes the poor perfusion can be anything that's wrong with the pump the pipes the fluids so the heart issue the blood vessels or the few the fluid itself life support chain we have to have everything working together in unison so if the respiratory system is not bringing oxygen in and taking carbon dioxide away then we're not going to have perfusion if the cardiovascular system is not
• 29:00 - 29:30 moving the blood around so we can transport that oxygen and the carbon dioxide back and forth then we're going to have problems so that's why we have the cardiopulmonary system kind of lumped together most of the time the lymphatic system kind of maintains our blood uh our fluid balance it helps us supply fluid into the bloodstream getting the plasma built up where we need it it brings fluid into the tissues so that's your lymphatic system
• 29:30 - 30:00 you have hormones that are transported through the lymphatic system these are located these are produced in the adenoids the tonsils the spleen the thymus the nodes they all part of the lymphatic system typically we don't have a lot of ems related issues with the lymph system it's just more one of those things that if you find a problem it means they need to get to the hospital
• 30:00 - 30:30 when somebody has a mastectomy they take out the lymph nodes on that side uh if they've had a bilateral it's as simple as asking the patient hey what size do they take blood pressures on there might be some differences for you but what we want to do is avoid taking it on the side they've had the lymph nodes removed just because it can cause more damage for them simple solution for every patient whether you they you don't even know if they have a
• 30:30 - 31:00 mastectomy or any other issues with their lymphatic system ask them if it's okay to take a blood pressure on the arm you've chosen typically we pick the one that's closest to us so we don't have to move back and forth but ask the patient they're the one that's in charge here can i take a blood pressure on this arm oh okay i'll use the other arm thank you here's another representation of the nervous system so key components of the nervous system the brain and the spinal cord that's your central nervous system
• 31:00 - 31:30 then you have all the peripheral nerves that come off their sensory nerves their motor nerves they provide every contact with the rest of the body into the central nervous system central nervous system is a brain in the spinal cord that's our thinking process the major control points peripheral our sensory and motor nerves we have the autonomic reserve nervous system which is our involuntary functions
• 31:30 - 32:00 if i scare you i don't have to tell you to get your heart rate up and start getting anxious your body automatically does that it's a fight or flight process i don't have to odd tell you to relax to go to bed once you go to sleep your body shuts down things and goes into a really slower pace to give your body time to rest so that's your autonomic system doing the parasympathetic and the
• 32:00 - 32:30 sympathetic nervous system digestive system you've got the stomach the small intestine large intestine it breaks down food into smaller components and then dumps those into the bloodstream for you so they can take it out to the body to be used by the cells for energy and then brings the waste product back by drops it into the small intestine large intestine other things that help out with the digestive system the liver stores extra
• 32:30 - 33:00 glucose for us it also filters the blood uh trying to make sure it's safe for us to use the gallbladder gives us bile which helps us digest the fatty foods breaks those down a little bit better the pancreas gives us insulin major component to help get the sugar into the cells the spleen holds on to our extra blood cells so if we need a replacement blood cell
• 33:00 - 33:30 is right there and then we've got the appendix which no one really knows what it does except get infected occasionally and it's the large intestine and the small intestine meet in the lower right quadrant the integumentary system is their skin it gives us protection it keeps the bad stuff out it keeps the good stuff in it also provides a water balance you sweat out when you need to get rid of extra water it maintains your body temperature if
• 33:30 - 34:00 you get cold your skin tightens up and tries to keep you warmer if you get hot it opens up pores and starts sweating which causes evaporation which cools off the body it also does some uh shock absorption so if you do get hit it doesn't cause damage to the interior body as much three layers of your skin the epidermis is that outside that's the dead skin cells they kind of fall off all the time
• 34:00 - 34:30 the dermis is the tissue underneath that provides that the nerve endings the hair follicles there's capillaries throughout there and then you've got the subcutaneous this is where the major blood vessels kind of flow and has the fatty cells which gives you that cushioning here's the representation of what that looked like so you've got the epidermis at the top the dermis is where all the things happen and then down the subcutaneous
• 34:30 - 35:00 you've got the blood vessels taken everything back and forth and you've got the nerves and it sits right on top of the muscles endocrine system those are the hormones that regulate the body so we've got uh the pancreas dropping out insulin for us the adrenal glands epinephrine epinephrine helps us get excited when we have uh fight or flight
• 35:00 - 35:30 response it also helps as if we're having trouble maintaining a blood pressure or a uh pulse rate it increases those fours here's portions of the endocrine system uh got the pituitary gland up in the brain you've got the thyroid gland thymus then we've got the adrenal glands around the kidneys you've got the ovaries testes and
• 35:30 - 36:00 pancreas all different different hormone secretion systems typically not issues for us in ems but we need to be aware of them the renal system this helps maintain our fluid balance in our body helps maintain the right ph if the more you know about ph the it's the body likes to be in a fairly neutral posture so it raises or lowers the ph based on the needs
• 36:00 - 36:30 the kidneys are the organs that func that filter out the blood uh they filter the fluids as they come out if you've ever seen somebody's been on getting dialysis they have to go in every two or three days to get their blood filtered because their kidneys aren't doing the filtering for them so it is kind of like the fuel filter of the body the bladder holds the urine then it's drawn out waiting to go uh to excrete from the
• 36:30 - 37:00 body so they work together on a process it's kind of a picture of the renal system for you get the kidneys located about the mid at the midline of the abdominal cavity kidneys are technically retroperitoneal they're outside of the abdominal cavity but they sit on the back interesting thing is when they do surgery on the abdom on the kidneys they typically go in from the front if they have to implant a trans
• 37:00 - 37:30 transplanted kidney they'll put them in the front of the body too so they don't have to go in through the back and disrupt the spinal uh spinal column or the ribs it's interesting um your readers that's what moves the urine from the bladder to the kidneys or from the from the kidneys to the bladder and then urethra gets it out of the bladder into the exterior the external environment
• 37:30 - 38:00 so these typically don't have a lot of damage to them unless we have direct impact like a penetrating wound or some some pelvic trauma reproductive system the male genitalia is pretty well exposed to trauma so that's something we have to be aware of the testicles of the penis are easily damaged from some type of external trauma
• 38:00 - 38:30 be very supportive of your patient because they're very painful injuries there it's just a lot of visual representation to where the different uh reproductive organs are female reproductive organs are a little bit more protected in the pelvis get your ovaries your uterus and your vagina everything's interior so the dab damage you have to have some type of penetrating trauma
• 38:30 - 39:00 so as usual if you have any questions write them down and bring them to class so we can talk about them thanks