Lecture 03 : Basics and Sustainability Concepts and Evolution

Summary

This lecture from NPTEL IIT Kharagpur delves into the basics and evolution of sustainability concepts, underscoring the critical intersections of environment, economy, and society. The discussion starts by emphasizing the Supreme Court's mandate for environmental education and addressing the environmental footprint including air, water, and land issues. It sihlight s approaches like the Circular Economy and Sustainable Engineering that integrate three pillars of sustainability. Highlighted issues such as virtual water waste, disease from dirty water, and the historical events that shaped sustainability policies globally add depth to the conversation. Embracing a more proactive approach, the lecture emphasizes the importance of technological advances and sustainable practices to manage resources effectively, advocating for a shift from 'tragedy of the commons' scenarios to sustainable solutions.

Highlights

• Exploration of the water-energy-food nexus highlights the interconnectedness of resources. 💧⚡🍏
• Sustainability pillars: a balance of environment, economy, and society. 🎋
• Virtual water is the unseen water used in food production - minimizing waste is key! 🚰
• Role of environmental disasters in shaping modern sustainability regulations: a look at key historical events. 🗓️
• Technological advancement is pivotal in extending the earth's carrying capacity sustainably. 🚀

Key Takeaways

• Sustainability is a must-have, blending environmental care with economic and social necessities! 🌍
• India's environmental challenges are dire but provide numerous career opportunities for environmental engineers. 🛠️
• Historical environmental disasters have significantly steered sustainability policies worldwide. 📚
• Advancing technological solutions can counteract resource depletion and promote sustainability. 🌱
• Embracing a circular economy is crucial to prevent 'tragedy of commons' situations, ensuring long-term prosperity. 🔄

Overview

The lecture opens with an introduction to the course format and the essential rationale behind understanding environmental science. This includes highlighting environmental impacts like air, water, and soil pollution. The Supreme Court of India’s mandate for environmental education underlines the importance of integrating sustainability into various professional fields, emphasizing an individual’s role in addressing these issues.

Moving deeper, the lecture explores complex interactions within the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus, portraying how changes in one sphere impact the others. This ties back to sustainability and how countries like India, facing severe environmental pollution, can view these challenges as career opportunities for budding environmental engineers. Historical environmental incidents have influenced current policies, stressing the importance of learning from past mistakes.

The concept of sustainability is unpacked, describing the 'tragedy of the commons' and the need for a paradigm shift towards sustainable practices. The session advocates for innovative solutions driven by technological advancement to counteract resource depletion. By emphasizing sustainable development goals and integrating practices like Circular Economy and responsible waste management, a path towards future stability and prosperity is charted.

Chapters

• 00:00 - 01:00: Introduction and Week Overview Welcome back to the course.
• 01:00 - 03:00: Environmental Impact and Course Importance In this chapter, the course structure is introduced, highlighting that each week consists of five modules, each lasting around 30 minutes, totaling 2.5 hours of video material per week. Additionally, slides and reading materials are provided to support learning. A discussion forum is available for students to post questions, which are addressed regularly, typically within 24 hours. The chapter promises continued discourse on previously mentioned topics.
• 03:00 - 05:00: Overview of Environmental Issues The chapter titled 'Overview of Environmental Issues' discusses the environmental impacts and the importance of understanding these issues. The course's inception traces back to the Supreme Court of India's decision, highlighting the necessity for every graduating student, regardless of their discipline, to be sensitized towards environmental concerns. This week, the focus is on the overarching concept of sustainability.
• 05:00 - 07:00: Interrelation of Water, Energy, and Food This chapter explores the interconnection between water, energy, and food, stressing the importance of understanding environmental footprints. It emphasizes the role of engineering in achieving sustainability, and discusses methods for measuring sustainability. The discussion predominantly covers the three major environmental areas: air, land, and water. Each area is further broken down into specific concerns, such as air pollution; soil, solid, and hazardous waste for land; and water quality, including water treatment, wastewater treatment, and the impact of industrial wastewater discharge. The chapter concludes with a detailed analysis of wastewater-related challenges and solutions.
• 07:00 - 10:00: Water and Health Issues The chapter "Water and Health Issues" discusses the ongoing activities in monitoring industries that are major polluters. It highlights efforts to ensure these industries do not discharge waste into the surface water, particularly in rivers like Ganga. Despite these efforts, water remains contaminated and air quality issues, particularly evident during winter months, are also mentioned.
• 10:00 - 13:00: Improper Waste Management The chapter discusses the ongoing issues related to improper waste management in the country. It highlights that solid waste management is a significant problem, with the media frequently reporting on these issues. There are several challenges associated with managing waste effectively, including hazardous waste concerns. The speaker, an environmental engineer, humorously notes that due to the vast waste management problems, individuals in their profession will never be out of work in India.
• 13:00 - 15:00: Importance of Environmental Maintenance The chapter titled 'Importance of Environmental Maintenance' discusses the multitude of environmental issues that require attention in the country. While the current focus might be elsewhere, the impact on both the environment and human health will demand future attention. The Sucha Bharat Mission, which began with initiatives like building toilets, marks only the beginning of the endeavor to clean up the country. The chapter emphasizes that numerous other aspects still need to be addressed to improve the country's environmental condition.
• 15:00 - 18:00: Sustainability and its Three Pillars The chapter titled 'Sustainability and its Three Pillars' discusses the intricate connections between living and non-living elements in the ecosystem. It emphasizes the interdependence within the environment, highlighting how air, land, and water serve as life supports. The chapter touches upon the concept of ecosystems, which is often introduced in primary and secondary education, underscoring the relationships among plants, animals, water, air, atmosphere, and soil. It also links key components such as water, energy, environment, and food, suggesting their integral roles in sustainability.
• 18:00 - 21:00: Concept of Tragedy of the Commons The chapter discusses the interconnectedness of the environment, food, and energy. It emphasizes the cyclical dependency where water is essential for producing food and energy, energy is needed to clean and supply water, and food provides the necessary energy for human consumption and further production processes. The narrative ties into the broader concept of the 'Tragedy of the Commons,' illustrating how these interdependencies can lead to overuse and depletion of shared resources if not managed sustainably.
• 21:00 - 23:00: Limit to Growth and Carrying Capacity The chapter explores the interconnectedness of water, energy, food, and the environment, often referred to as the water-energy-food nexus. It emphasizes how these areas are dependent on each other and highlights the impact of food waste as both a food and water waste. This concept involves 'virtual water,' which is the water embedded in the production of food, such as how an apple contains a significant amount of water.
• 23:00 - 30:00: Historical Environmental Events and Legislation This chapter discusses the concept of 'virtual water,' emphasizing the significant water content in food items like cucumbers and watermelons. It highlights the indirect water consumption through food and stresses the importance of minimizing food waste as it equates to water wastage. The chapter also touches upon the relationship between water, health, and diseases, noting that 80% of diseases are related to poor water quality.
• 30:00 - 31:00: Sustainable Development Goals The chapter emphasizes the severe impact of inadequate access to clean water and basic sanitation on global health, highlighting its role as a leading cause of mortality. It reveals that poor sanitation and contaminated water result in more deaths annually than violence and war. The narrative provides stark statistics: 80% of diseases in developing countries originate from water issues, causing 25 million deaths annually from illnesses like amoebic dysentery, cholera, and typhoid. Among these, nearly 4,000 children die daily, with 90% of the 2.2 million deaths occurring in children under five years old, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable solutions.
• 31:00 - 31:30: Conclusion and Feedback Invitation The chapter discusses the most effective management intervention, which focuses on providing safe drinking water and ensuring the proper disposal of human waste. The rationale behind building toilets is rooted in the need for proper waste disposal, which is highlighted as crucial from an environmental standpoint. Additionally, there are social issues associated with this intervention. However, there is uncertainty regarding whether the disposal efforts are indeed proper.

Lecture 03 : Basics and Sustainability Concepts and Evolution Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 [Music] so hello and welcome back so we'll continue our discussion on week now this
• 00:30 - 01:00 is week 1 module number 3 so as you know every week will have five module each module is around half an hour each so you have 2.5 hours of video material and then you will have these slides will be provided to you as well as some way some other reading material could be provided as well and then you have discussion forum for putting your questions up which will be looking at very very regular interval and as I said earlier will try to respond back to you within 24 hours so continuing the discussion that we were having in terms of the
• 01:00 - 01:30 environmental impact and all and why this course is important why this course came into existence where supreme court was vulnerable supreme court of india wanted this course to be taken by each and every student graduating from whichever profession they are whichever discipline they are so that they can sensitize towards environmental issues so when we talk about environment again just to recap this week we are focusing on overall sustainability concept the
• 01:30 - 02:00 whole concept of environmental footprint which we have been discussing we will talk about engineering for sustainability and then how to measure sustainability so we talked about environment essentially we are looking at air land and water so those are the three major areas when we try to focus here air pollutions land is your soil pollution solid waste hazardous waste water water treatment waste water treatment and water quality waste water impact industrial wastewater discharge
• 02:00 - 02:30 right now there is a lot of activities are going on in the country in terms of looking at gross polluting industries monitoring of gross polluting industries which are discharging affluent in the surface water in river Ganga and other rivers and how make sure they are not polluting the water body so there is a lot of activities are going around but it's still our water is contaminated our air is of course you see that towards the every year during the winter months
• 02:30 - 03:00 you we see that all those issues coming up in in the newspapers our solid waste is an MS right now in the country for most part and we are having several hydrogen West issues as well so one in a in a like sometimes I joke which is not a I don't like I would I would be happy not to make that joke but I say that as an environmental engineer in India we have lots of jobs so we don't unless there every black person like me will never be without job because we have lot
• 03:00 - 03:30 of issues to handle we have lot of issues that we need to handle in this particular country yes the focus is a bit off for right now but today or tomorrow the focus will have to come on the way the environment is getting affected the way the human health is getting affected the focus will come back and we have to start cleaning up the country which we kind of the sucha bharat mission is started that with toilet but that's just the beginning it all it is just one aspect there's many many many more aspect that needs to be
• 03:30 - 04:00 done so environment air land water our life supports an environment and when we talk about the ecosystem this picture you must have seen in your primary school then maybe again in secondary school so I'll not to spend too much time on it so essentially we are talking about living and non-living their dependence on each other they affect each other and they are water or air atmosphere conditioned plants animal soil all are interlinked to each other now when we talk about this water energy environment and food water energy
• 04:00 - 04:30 environment and food is also related to each other we need water water is a sincere part of environment we need water to produce food we need water to produce energy we need energy to clean the water we need energy to supply the water and we need food to get the liquor we need the energy to grow the food we need to eat food to have energy in our body so it's all kind of
• 04:30 - 05:00 interrelated to each other that's also called water energy food Nexus or water energy environment and food Nexus so that's the next me they're all connected to each other one is dependent on the other and that's the beauty of these four areas and so we so when we talk about food like a food waste is also a water waste because there is lot of inbuilt there is a lot of what is known as lettuce we'll call it virtual water when you are eating Apple your there is lot of water in there so you're when
• 05:00 - 05:30 you're eating koo kumba actually has lots and lots of water there watermelon of course is called watermelon because it's all essentially water so I need food item you consume you are also consuming water indirectly with that food item and at the same time if you refuse wasted food you are also wasting the water which is there which is known as the virtual water which is the present in that in the in in the food itself so water in Health has a long in talega interrelation 80% dirty disease
• 05:30 - 06:00 from dirty water and lack of basis and basic sanitation actually is killing more people every year then all the forms of violence including war 80% of disease in developing countries are due to lack of access to clean water it has killed 25 million people every year by amoeba linked diarrhea cholera typhoid nearly four thousand children die every day ninety percent of 2.2 million deaths of children is under age of five and the
• 06:00 - 06:30 most effective management intervention would be providing safe drinking water and provide proper disposal of human waste so that proper disposal of human waste the human excreta is what is was the kind of rationale behind this toilet that is being built for and it also has social issues associated with that too but that's the from an environmental point of view that's what what what was the rationale behind it whether it is a proper disposal we are not really sure
• 06:30 - 07:00 yet because I'm not very much fan of the design of that particular toilet because it's it is but many times I feel like we are making Nonpoint swords which was only a non point source pollution to a point source pollution so rather than solving the problem we have just sifted the problem so this totally designs are not that it's not good enough and with twelve thousand eighteen thousand rupees you cannot really build a good toilet today with a cost that is out there so I mean
• 07:00 - 07:30 anyway so there's at least it's a beginning and it will raise it is raising certain awareness and hopefully things will improve in that area too so in another aspects thirty percent of water related deaths are due to diarrhea eighty percent of death is in the age of zero to fourteen years ninety eight percent of water related deaths occur in developing world so it's a lot of think about the situation so we need to have a probability problem needs to be solved
• 07:30 - 08:00 this is a picture which is depicting improper waste management scenario so this this is a e-waste a children sitting on top of the e-waste and the US has been dumped in his in a village in China and the see waste comes from all around the world mostly from developing countries and this waste improper management of this e-waste using these kind of practices which is basically very very rudimentary practice no
• 08:00 - 08:30 proportional protective only those gum boots and gloves where they're working with a co regia with these fumes going around and they are dumping though leftover waste along the side of the river side of the this very small River rock and the pH here was totally acidic the lead concentration was around two hundred times a degree water standard so this village lost its source of water for drinking so it has to truck in water from one more more than thirty thirty
• 08:30 - 09:00 five kilometer so that's if you don't manage the voice properly you have these kind of issues and this is the picture here is all is from China but it is not very uncommon to find these kind of pictures in Indian scenario too so you will find lots of pictures if you just go outside out like look you start looking for picture like this you will find lots and lots of pictures so recently I clicked one in Mumbai edge I probably should have replaced that with this photograph so why study this environmental science what is the importance because we have what we are
• 09:00 - 09:30 we're doing is we have fresh and clean resource like water layer land and minerals and we are creating a lot of pollution which is linked to severe impacts for our survival maintenance of the environment is essential we have to maintain the environment and as I keep on saying in different forums for healthy economy you need healthy workforce if your workforce is not healthy if whatever GDP numbers you may
• 09:30 - 10:00 have but if workers are not healthy if the engineer the person working on the field is not healthy if they have to go to doctor every every now and then if people cannot enjoy the money that they are earning then what's the point of having high GDP ultimately it's all should be what is known as the livable index or the Happiness index so this happiness a livable that does not only comes from money money is only a part of that but there is other all the even if you have money but you cannot buy
• 10:00 - 10:30 amenities even if you have money but you cannot have clean drinking water then what's the point of having that money so it's so that's why and people get sick so the for the healthy economy you really need healthy workforce and those are the reason why we are kind of looking at these kind of courses so in terms of fuss one of the major I'd concept these days is looking at sustainability if you defining sustainability so if you google this
• 10:30 - 11:00 term sustainability or sustainable development all of the definition refers to integrate the three elements of the triple bottom line so there are three elements of sustainability sometimes we call it three pillars of sustainability environment economy and society so there are the three elements the environment economy and society now in terms of environment when we talk about we say material biodiversity energy biophysical
• 11:00 - 11:30 interaction and all that when we say economy money and capital employment technological growth investment market forces society is you're human and human driven equity quality of life institutional structure and organization political structure so all these things are your societal issues so in if you look at the three interrelating with each other what we on
• 11:30 - 12:00 the top if you look at something as good for like it's okay for society and as well as okay for environment we call it be rebel if something is good for environment and then as well as for it for economy we call it viable like if something is good for society and something as well as for economy we call it equitable and which is good for all these three is called sustainable so sustainable is a subset of the issues
• 12:00 - 12:30 associated with environment economy and society so those are the environment economy and society these are the three pillars of sustainability so these are the three pillars on which you have things standing on so that's your so and there if you look at some other definition so medium Webster definition of relating to of being a method of
• 12:30 - 13:00 harvesting or using a resource so that the resources not depleted or permanently damaged so that's what they've defined sustainability sustainable development which was the Brundtland Commission development which was one of the initial paper which came out modern Commission report on this whole concept of sustainable development which led to all this discussion on sustainability lifecycle analysis and all that so they come up with that that which is a classical definition that development which meets the need of
• 13:00 - 13:30 present without compromising the ability of the future to meets its need so that's definition came from the Brendan Commission in late 1980s which was there these days we have different kind of definitions coming up from different places like there is a concept of sustainable engineering which says the design human and industrial system to ensure that human human and human kinds use of natural resources and cycle do not lead to diminished quality of life due to
• 13:30 - 14:00 either two losses in future economic opportunities or two adverse impact on social conditions human health and environment so this is how the concept of sustainable engineering has been defined so begin bottom line if you look at for all these definition is how to prevent out or how to minimize environmental impact so that's the and I associated societal as well as economic issues so that's that's the bottom line in all this discussion so what happens
• 14:00 - 14:30 is what is what is happening today is mostly like we haven't been what we call tragedy of Commons now what is tragedy of comments there will be people it's like a there is a say if you if there is an example here this is a to start with oh this is a good place to put up your factory and
• 14:30 - 15:00 and so you put up a factory there and then you start making some money they say our business is great let's build some more factories so I say I will get right on it so then some more factories are been we can increase our profit by five percent if we just build couple of more factories okay so then we said sure sir are you sure we need to add more factories seppia so all these factors are hurting the atmosphere then the question you know it's not hurting anyone
• 15:00 - 15:30 build a bit more we have a space so a couple months later more factories are build up then the polluted air produced by I've actually made they are hard to breathe this is called tragedy of the Commons why is it so hard to breathe so first we start creating the problem and then we try to solve the problem sustainability concept says just try to avoid creating the problem so even if you look at most of these
• 15:30 - 16:00 allocate treatment systems and all we first contaminate something and then we try to treat it it's good for creating jobs like you create jobs or the process which is bring the contamination you also create jobs for process which where you will try to remediate we try to clean up but there is an of course a lot of money is involved and but we need jobs job is a big problem but this may
• 16:00 - 16:30 not be a good way to create the jobs so but that though I was trying to kind of have in a lighter way but what I was I'm trying to say here is first we create the problem then we don't appreciate the problem that yes the problem exists by the time we really acknowledge that the yes the problem exists we need to do something about it it more or less becomes too late many it already is too impacted many like water bodies or air pollution or solid waste and hazardous
• 16:30 - 17:00 waste issues land romania contamination so all those things comes in picture so that's how things are working have been working but with this concept of sustainability the concept of lifecycle analysis the thought process is let's avoid this let's avoid this happening from the first place why don't we design our system in such a way why don't we have a design our beneath it it's not that we don't need factories I'm not saying that we don't need factories and maybe I am against industry industrialization we need
• 17:00 - 17:30 industrialization but at the same time in a environmental responsible manner and it is possible to do that it's not that it's not possible in many European countries or North American countries they are doing it earlier they did the mistake but now they are coming back and they are trying to rectify the mistake and do it in a more environmentally responsible manner all right any activity you do will have some environmental impact the goal is to minimize the environmental impact as much as possible so that should be the
• 17:30 - 18:00 focus so tragedy of common is an economic theory by Garrett Hardin which states that individuals acting independently and rationally according to each self-interest behave contrary to the best interest of the whole group by depleting some common resources so it is this has that has led to the current situation in ocean fisheries the Amazon rainforest in a global climate change so it's the tragedy of Commons concept and if you
• 18:00 - 18:30 look at one there on the left this graph in which times this shows you the number of hurt number of arts required to provide the resources used by humanity and to absorb their emissions each year we have already crossed carrying capacity of art in nineteen in 1980s late nineteen seventies actually late nineteen seventies early eighties we have already crossed that so right now we are at one point to even more than one point two and things are even going up so the human demand is compared with
• 18:30 - 19:00 the available supply so human demand exceeded nature's supply from 1980s onwards overshooting by two percent in 1999 so that's a similar concept that what we are talking about out overshoot days so in by August we are actually exceeding that by end of August so if you kind of more than twenty percent now actually but more than twenty percent so that's a kind of gives you the concept of that when we when we individuals when
• 19:00 - 19:30 they act they only looked at the self-interest the contrary to the best best interest to the whole group and it is this logic that led to the current situation in many places in the world and there is a limit to growth and carrying capacity this is where there will be certain issues of crisis and all that so these two graphs tied to give us a concept of population carrying
• 19:30 - 20:00 capacity where the resource depletion and all that so if you upper limit a population or community size that is biomass imposed through environmental resistance in nature this resistance is related to the availability of renewable resource such as food non-renewable resources of space as they have X biomass through reproduction growth and survival so if you look at the left hand curve which is which like point of crisis population and resource and so after the line where the two
• 20:00 - 20:30 curves meet after that we see that mostly now there is a more demand more it's in a critical situation on the right hand side it kind of goes you gives you an idea of growth of population it like a geometric growth of population over a period of time so that's the whole concept of this this kind of the whole purpose of having these slides is to kind of give you an idea that how this concept of
• 20:30 - 21:00 sustainability resource recovery and North Conservation and all is becoming very very relevant as of today so where we need to use this concept to help better the environment so here limit to growth and carrying capacity one so they are looking at different potential solution and different scenarios so if we don't do anything so if it's business as usual which it tries to still in the
• 21:00 - 21:30 first one it's a business as usual we'll see more and more kind of this is rise right there limits to growth órale and reality so if you kind of go to limit to growth you will start seeing drop over there sustainability or green consume communalism so you see more drop so it's right over there then world carrying capacity is given in purple which is in the middle over there
• 21:30 - 22:00 so we need to bring we cannot afford to have business as usual because business has used well because our goal is to come to this level our goal is to come to this level which is the sustainable carrying capacity level so if you can go for sustainability or green green communalism or if you go to limits to growth or or reality those are the two areas those are the two approaches which will take us to the sustainable level otherwise if you don't if you follow
• 22:00 - 22:30 business as usual we are basically going far far away from what is the carrying capacity and which is not good which is which can create a lot of problems later on so so one solution is to use technological advance to increase the amount of prosperity per unit of resource then however there is a risk that maintaining growth in a limited system by advances in technology can lead to overuse of the
• 22:30 - 23:00 finite resource efficiency alone is not an effective indicator of sustainability so so that's like it gives an idea of what is little growth and how much what should be the sustainable growth for us okay so and then this all in terms of the sustainability concept how there are lot of free events which happened over
• 23:00 - 23:30 last several decades so this is in 1948 so if you as you can see this is Dolores mock the smog that blanketed the small top of Donora Pennsylvania in October 1948 caused at least 21 deaths and Al and ultimately resulted in the passage of early version of Clean Air Act of 1963 so once there is see if like always as humans we have a reaiiy we are a
• 23:30 - 24:00 reaction based we mostly we most of the time we have like a reaction based rather than proactive so in this case in 1948 it leads to the air pollution issues 21 people died and then they'd lead to the early version of Clean Air Act and there are certain history associated with that which the links are being provided for you to read so that's it that's like one of the examples from
• 24:00 - 24:30 like different examples will you look at how series of events impact their sustainable development 1976 t2 marine biologist Rachel Carson published Silent Spring so this is a book if you have not read it I would encourage you to read that Silent Spring is calling attention to the threat of toxic chemicals especially pesticides to people in the environment so if you are a it might be there in your library in whatever library you - so if you are a like a but it doesn't
• 24:30 - 25:00 matter whether you are a civil engineer or whatever engineer you are this book will be helpful for you to get some idea on how things had actually walked in in a global scale or an aid it's on a country scale as well in terms of the priority of the government policies of the government and how your research fits in there so those things needs to be looked into as well so Carlson was widely credited
• 25:00 - 25:30 with banning DDT so he was she wrote this book and then she she was instrumental in banning the DDT and there is Silent Spring led lot of environmental movement so which again you can read this New York Times Magazine article to give you an idea on that aspect then there is another one shuya hoga River file which is helped to spur an avalanche of water pollution control activities Clean Water Act creation of federal environmental
• 25:30 - 26:00 protection agencies EPA just then how a burning River helped create the Clean Water Act so again that's one one issue of which you can read about that over there Love Canal tragedy which is another big issue which happened a Love Canal is one of the place between US and Canada border on on the US side it's near Niagara Falls not too far in Agra Falls area so actually - pretty close to
• 26:00 - 26:30 Niagara Falls so this Love Canal incident if you don't know you better look at look it up there are several YouTube videos but I will just tell you a brief on that what happened is in this particular case this is the Love Canal small town of love Canal they they had a site which was being used by hooker chemicals earlier in 1940's or so so hooker chemical to produce a lot of hydras waste which was just dumped in in those in that
• 26:30 - 27:00 like a low-lying area there it was a ditch area then it got covered up and later on that bad his company became bankrupt so they didn't they didn't knew how to handle this garbage so they well as a part of bankruptcy they sold this particular land for just for $1 to the city and Sydney developed a subdivision there and a school so when they developed a subdivision they started saying a lot of problem some chemicals leaching into the
• 27:00 - 27:30 basement the smell issues children being born with birth defects and so that leads to a lot of hues and cries and then finally it was people were evacuated from there to other places and this place is still under government control is still under lock and key in a huge change area which is present so that's a that's kind of led to development of like a comprehensive Environmental Response compensation and Liability Act CERCLA
• 27:30 - 28:00 which is known as Superfund Act lop canal became the first entry on the list so that was in there then also resource conservation Recovery Act came up in Congress so this was like we talked about Indian Act as well this was when generation Recovery Act is for the waste management for solid waste and hazardous waste so ran in 83 the US Environmental Protection Agency's the release report that buildup of greenhouse gas so report Selina's gasps you know greenhouse warming potential for the first time co2
• 28:00 - 28:30 in global warming will be talked in data on co2 will talk about in later lectures as well 1984 10,000 people were killed when Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal leaves 40 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas into air and so it's a cloud of poison into the surrounding city of 1 million so that's that was that to go pop all gas tragedy if you if you are not aware you should better be aware because that's one of the major environmental disaster that happened in a country so then Montreal Protocol came
• 28:30 - 29:00 in 1987 which then berlin report based on that Montreal Protocol came convention on climate change came new and conversion environment the Rio summit was Earth Summit was there then IPCC released a report which looked at human influence on global climate change Kyoto Protocol came in which to cut the carbon emissions message to 8% those were there and then Millennium
• 29:00 - 29:30 Development Goals came out in 2015 we live in Development Goals were there but in 2015 then it was devised a further World Summit on sustainable development in Johannesburg South Africa so these are just gives you some example of different things that has happened over the last two three decades in terms of environmental issues so the sustainable development goals which has close like 17 goals or 18 goals which different
• 29:30 - 30:00 goals are there so it's replaced MGD the MDGs in 2016 and it is bids came out after the Paris agreement and it is more comprehensive goal as opposed to the previous one so that gives better idea in terms of different aspect and which we'll discuss this in more detail in in the coming video so when we start basically from here in the next video as well so sustainable development goals which is a very very important concept which just came in 2016 like two years
• 30:00 - 30:30 so slightly more than two years old and each one of them if you look at like from starting from one until the seventeen no property zero hunger good health quality education gender equality clean water and sanitation affordable and clean energy decent decent work and economic growth industry innovation required in aquire reduce inequality sustainable cities responsible consumption climate action light below water life on land peace justice and
• 30:30 - 31:00 partnering for the goals so as you can see more many of these goal has concept of environmental science and environmental engineering in will there so this that's again courses like this will be helpful to you get you a background information so that you can you can explain these rules and it is easy for you to understand these sustainable development goals like vision and mission vision mission as well as target so with that let's stop
• 31:00 - 31:30 here for the third video so will this is the week one week third video we just completed so in again I'll see you in the next video keep learning I hope you enjoying it any feedback feel free to put it on the discussion forum if there is any something you want us to in the lecture style and other stuff if you have some constructive feedback we are more than happy to put it there we'll try to see if we can incorporate that as soon as possible so thank you and see you again in the next video