Exploring Post-Civil War Oppression

Slavery by Another Name

Estimated read time: 1:20

Summary

This transcript delves into the grim reality faced by African-Americans in the post-Civil War South, highlighting how freedom was continually undermined by systems of oppression like convict leasing and debt peonage. Despite the abolition of slavery, black Southerners were ensnared in new forms of forced labor that perpetuated racial and economic inequalities. The systemic racism and brutality they faced laid the foundation for the persisting disparities evident in modern American society. The narrative is built around personal stories, historical context, and legal battles, portraying the harsh journey towards freedom and justice.

Highlights

Convict leasing and peonage served as tools to continue exploiting African-American labor post-slavery. 🔧
Southern industry's reliance on forced labor highlights the deep-rooted racial inequalities. ⚙️
The judicial system was weaponized against black individuals, perpetuating systemic racism. ⚖️
Efforts like the Roosevelt administration’s interventions were rare but pivotal in addressing racial injustices. 🔍
The narrative links historical injustices to modern societal inequalities, urging a reflection on progress. 🔗

Key Takeaways

Though slavery was abolished, oppressive systems like convict leasing kept African-Americans in bondage. 🔒
The 13th Amendment ended slavery, but its exception clause was exploited to continue forced labor. 🚨
Personal stories highlight the struggles and injustices faced by black Southerners attempting to live freely. 📖
Racial and economic injustices from the past have lingering effects on today's society. 🌍
The struggle for civil rights and economic equality continues, with history providing essential lessons. 📚

Overview

Although slavery was abolished after the Civil War, African-Americans in the South found themselves trapped in alternative systems of forced labor, such as convict leasing and debt peonage. These systems legally ensnared black individuals, keeping them in conditions comparable to slavery. The documentary illuminates these dark chapters of American history through personal accounts and expert analysis.

The narrative includes powerful stories of individuals like Ezekiel Archie and Green Cottingham, who experienced firsthand the brutality and inhumanity of these exploitative systems. It examines how Southern industries and economies benefited from forced black labor, revealing the extent to which racism was institutionalized and economically motivated.

Despite eventual legal interventions, such as those during Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency, the ramifications of these practices have had a long-lasting impact on African-American communities. The transcript serves as a reminder of the enduring struggle for true equality and justice in America, with history offering crucial insights for ongoing civil rights movements.

Chapters

00:00 - 01:00: Introduction: Lingering Shadows of Slavery In the introductory chapter titled 'Lingering Shadows of Slavery,' the narrative presents a poignant account of a family impacted by the aftermath of slavery. The author shares a personal story involving a younger brother, aged 14, who was hired out and subsequently sold without the family's consent. This young boy ended up working in a prison, highlighting the ongoing exploitation and lack of control faced by African Americans even after the abolition of slavery. The chapter sets the stage for examining the persistent shadows of slavery and their lasting impact on individuals and families.
01:00 - 03:00: The Exploitative System After the Civil War This chapter discusses the period between the Civil War and World War II, highlighting how Black Southerners, although technically free, were subjected to a new form of exploitation. Despite the abolition of slavery, they were coerced to work against their will in what is described as one of the most disgraceful and overlooked chapters in American history.
03:00 - 05:00: Convict Leasing: A Brutal System The chapter 'Convict Leasing: A Brutal System' explores how white Southerners attempted to re-establish a system similar to slavery for African-Americans even after the abolition of slavery. It highlights the reliance of the Southern economy on African-American labor and the reluctance to transition from a system of free labor to one that required payment.
05:00 - 09:00: Ezekiel Archie's Story and the Brutality of Convict Leasing The chapter discusses the exploitative nature of convict leasing, a system characterized by power, force, and brutality. It highlights the lack of widespread recognition or understanding among Americans about the severity of the events that took place during this period.
09:00 - 11:00: Racial Inequality and Legal Discrimination This chapter delves into the systemic racial inequality and legal discrimination faced by African-Americans, particularly highlighting the historical roots of these issues. The analysis focuses on how the deeply entrenched poverty and lack of access to wealth-building mechanisms among African-Americans stem from a regime of terror that historically pervaded many areas. It discusses the broader implications of these injustices, specifically how the quintessential 'American dream' has been systematically denied to African-Americans in the South. The narrative stresses the importance of acknowledging and understanding this legacy to address ongoing disparities.
11:00 - 15:00: Debt Peonage and Forced Labor The chapter titled 'Debt Peonage and Forced Labor' begins with Sharon Malone introducing herself and mentioning her family's origins in Willcox County. This sets the stage for a discussion on the historical context of debt peonage and forced labor, likely involving personal stories or historical examples that give a voice to the ancestors affected by these practices. The mention of [Music] suggests a pause or transition in the narrative, potentially leading into more detailed exploration or testimonials about the subject.
15:00 - 19:00: John Davis's Case and the Federal Response The chapter titled 'John Davis's Case and the Federal Response' begins by recounting the narrator's reflection on not knowing much about their family history, particularly their father's past. Their father was born in 1893 in rural Alabama, and growing up, he shared very few stories about those times. This lack of knowledge about the family lineage raises questions and a sense of curiosity in the narrator about their ancestors, especially as an African-American, triggering a desire to understand their identity and history better. The chapter sets a tone of exploration into personal and familial pasts and perhaps the larger socio-political context affecting African-American history.
19:00 - 23:00: Limited Justice and Continuing Exploitation This chapter discusses the complex emotions and experiences of being an adopted child, highlighting a lack of understanding about their past traumas and the journey to healing. It touches upon themes of survival, resilience, and the longing for freedom, conveying a deeper sense of liberation that comes with overcoming past adversities.
23:00 - 27:00: Legacy of Injustice The chapter explores the period following the Civil War and the passage of the 13th Amendment, granting freedom to 4 million former slaves. It highlights the aspirations of these newly freed individuals to lead lives of independence, free from the control of white owners.
27:00 - 31:00: The Long Arc of History The chapter 'The Long Arc of History' discusses the aspirations and actions of African-Americans following emancipation. It highlights their desire for autonomy in religious and educational institutions, as well as the freedom to move. The text emphasizes their strong commitment to not just gaining freedom on paper, but to living it fully, including a reaffirmation of marriage vows.

Slavery by Another Name Transcription

00:00 - 00:30 Mr President I have a brother about 14 years old a man hired him from me and I heard of him no more he went and sold him to McRee and they has been working him in prison for 12 months I asked him to let me have him but he he won't let him go for a period of nearly 80 years years
00:30 - 01:00 between the Civil War and World War II Black Southerners were no longer slaves but they were not yet [Music] [Applause] free in one of the most shameful and little known chapters of American History generations of black Southerners were forced to labor against their will
01:00 - 01:30 [Music] from almost the first moment white Southerners were responding to try to put African-Americans back into a position as close to slavery as they possibly [Music] could the Old South and what was quickly becoming the new South could not proceed without uh the work of African-Americans but if you had something for free in the past you don't don't necessarily want to pay for it
01:30 - 02:00 now it was a straight simple exploitative [Music] system there's only Power there's only force and there was only brutality what happened in that period of time was so much more terrible than anything most Americans recognize or understand
02:00 - 02:30 today the depth of poverty the inability of African-Americans to access any of the mechanisms of wealth achievement and growth they're all rooted in this terroristic kind of regime that that existed in so many places their ability to have what we call the American dream that is what has been stolen from black folks all through the South and that Legacy has to be understood so so that people will be
02:30 - 03:00 able to speak to it and give our ancestors [Music] voice my name is Sharon Malone and my family is originally from Willcox County
03:00 - 03:30 Alabama my father was born in 1893 as a child I never knew why dad didn't share many of the stories growing up in the rural South there was so little that I actually knew about you know the generations beyond my parents and I realized I said I don't why don't I know these stories and why don't I know who those people are African-Americans are innately wired to want to know who we are it's almost like
03:30 - 04:00 being an adopted child we have no understanding of not only what we have endured but what we have [Music] survived Freedom oh freedom Freedom must have felt glorious
04:00 - 04:30 to those who'd never known it with the end of the Civil War and the passage of the 13th Amendment 4 million former slaves could embark on new lives with no one in charge but [Music] themselves home to Lord and what they desired more than anything was Independence they wanted independent from White owners they
04:30 - 05:00 wanted their own churches they wanted their own schools they wanted freedom to move African-Americans after emancipation are looking at the potential not only to enjoy and receive freedom but to live it they're deeply committed to reaffirming marriage vows they're deeply committed
05:00 - 05:30 to reconstituting families Ezekiel Archie Born Into Slavery was six when Freedom came his mother moved the family Zeke his two brothers and a sister from Georgia to Alabama away from the old plantation and toward a new future [Music]
05:30 - 06:00 African-Americans were willing to work very hard and exploit themselves in the same way that immigrants who have come to this country have exploited themselves and their families with long work days they were willing to do that but they wanted to own their own land they wanted to control those hours they wanted to be the ones to decide John Davis was born a dozen years after the war he grew up in Freedom working hard on an Alabama Farm rented
06:00 - 06:30 by his parents there was a tremendous motivation and desire to integrate into American Life Green cottonham born in 1885 was also the son of an Alabama farmer he came of age in a nation that was increasingly Urban industrial and modern this is a photo of George Cottingham he's my great-grandfather he was is actually green cottingham's first
06:30 - 07:00 cousin how hopeful my Cottingham ancestors must have been about Bright Futures for their family these were hardworking honest people but Freedom had come at a tremendous cost the war devastated the Southern economy which had supported one of the wealthiest aristocracies in the world the cotton economy was in complete shambles the fields had been burned the
07:00 - 07:30 cotton gens had been destroyed equipment that was necessary for the production of cotton was didn't exist anymore uh but also the primary engine of the economy of the cotton economy that being the labor of slaves was lost in the five major Cotton States of the Deep South nearly half of all capital nearly half of all investment was in human beings so when those human beings were confiscated when the investment was transferred in
07:30 - 08:00 essence from slaveholders to the people themselves that meant a huge loss of capital to Southern slaveholders to the people who control the economy of the South a tiny slave holding Elite had owned the majority of the Region's 4 million slaves among them was Lucinda comr a widow after the war she and her sons oversaw
08:00 - 08:30 the family's Enterprises in Cotton Lumber and corn I'm the great great granddaughter of BB comr who was the governor of Alabama and the great great niece of JW comr the things that I heard about the comr men especially BB comr were about their entrepreneurial spirit and being self-made men there was never
08:30 - 09:00 a fool or a coward it was said in um the comr family emancipation turned the former slaveholding world upside down the simple reality of people that they had once owned now were entitled to the same fruits of their labor the same ability to look a white person in the eye a man or a woman and to demand equal respect to be called by one's first and last names uh challenged everything to the to
09:00 - 09:30 the the bitter core of white people's Souls you have a group of people who are accustomed to have people serve them now suddenly these people are free they own guns you'd be as worried as hell uh because what you're worried is that uh people are going to take revenge you also are worried that people aren't going to do any work anymore
09:30 - 10:00 most of the South's 88 million whites had not owned slaves poverty was widespread and about a third of whites were illiterate those individuals see blacks moving around trying to get land trying to improve themselves as competitors they see a zero sum game in which they're going to lose the more that blacks gain these whites aligned with leaders of the former Confederates
10:00 - 10:30 aided by President Andrew Johnson Lincoln's successor they formed vigilante groups to attack and intimidate blacks the violence grew widespread in the spring of 1866 Congress intervened over the objections of the president it launched an era known as radical [Music] reconstruction at the begin beginning of reconstruction there was a tremendous
10:30 - 11:00 Federal will to both bring the South into submission but also to protect African-American civil rights passed in 1866 the 14th Amendment recognized the citizenship of all freed people in 1870 the 15th amendment was passed which upheld the right of black men to vote reconstruction was an attempt to create a country in which it would be possible to have a
11:00 - 11:30 biracial and equal citizenship reconstruction gave African-Americans for the first time across the South the opportunity to serve on juries to be Witnesses in trial to serve as judges it also made possible an entire generation of black politicians across the South almost as many as 1500 serving through the end of the 19th century reconstruction governments in many parts of the South succeeded in passing new
11:30 - 12:00 social legislation creating the South's first free public schools but white resistance to biracial government in the South intensified and National political support began to wne by 1874 voters had shifted the balance of power in Congress allowing for the
12:00 - 12:30 South's return to local control there is no sustained Federal presence in the South really after 1874 What They Come Away with is that a sense that this is a really violent situation and that there's not much we can do about it and there's not much perhaps we even should do about it African-Americans seeking Freedom could count on less and less help from the federal government less and less help from sympathetic Northerners and they could count on more and more
12:30 - 13:00 and more animosity and intact from Southern [Music] whites I grew up in a black part of Mississippi and I went to schools that were 60 75% black all all through my childhood that was in the 1970s what I learned about the Emancipation Proclamation was the most simplistic version of it that that it
13:00 - 13:30 brought an into to slavery I also was taught as most Americans were in some way that the end of slavery Unleashed this population of people who were ill equipped for freedom and that was all offered up in some respect as an explanation for the repressive things that were then done to African-Americans even the repressive things that I knew about what I came to realize was that that fundamentally didn't happen [Music] [Laughter]
13:30 - 14:00 with the end of reconstruction the nature of both crime and punishment in the South changed dramatically in state after State and County after County new laws targeted African-Americans and effectively criminalized black life it was a crime in the South for a
14:00 - 14:30 farm worker to walk beside a railroad it was a crime in the South to speak loudly in the company of white women it was a crime to sell the products of your farm after dark anything from spitting or drinking or being found to be uh drunk in public or loitering in public spaces could result um in confinement so uh there was an OV exaggeration um of African-American criminality
14:30 - 15:00 during this time period it's not to absolve all prisoners from having committed crimes but there were many trumped up charges one of the most infamous set of laws to come out of this period where the pig laws passed in Mississippi Georgia Florida Alabama enhancing penalties for what had been previously misdemeanor offenses um to now felony offenses in Mississippi theft of a pig
15:00 - 15:30 worth as little as a dollar could mean 5 years in prison in Tennessee hard labor might result from stealing an 8 cent fence Ram but the most powerful the most damaging of all of these laws were the vagrancy statutes in every Southern State you became a criminal if you could not prove at any given moment that you were employed
15:30 - 16:00 under slavery most black crime was punished by slaveholders leaving the courts to discipline whites now only about 10% of those arrested were white now what does this mean does this mean that white people are not committing crimes in the South we know that's not true Southern States had a history of placing prisoners with industries that would bear the cost of guarding and housing them in exchange for their
16:00 - 16:30 labor now States also began to charge fees renting prisoners to companies by the month the highest rates were for the strongest workers and longest sentences when you go to the 13th Amendment one of the fascinating things about the text of that amendment is that it says that slavery is abolished except in the case of a punishment for a crime and within that
16:30 - 17:00 wiggle room what you see in it is that there's still the possibility of extending slavery as it were by another [Applause] name when it's in the morning the system was known as
17:00 - 17:30 [Music] conving it took time for the system of convict leasing to develop it took time for the state to realize that prisoners believe it or not could be a source of profit once that Revenue starts coming in they're pleasantly surprised this is new Revenue we never had before the state of Alabama earned
17:30 - 18:00 $114,000 in its first year of convict leasing 1874 by 1890 Revenue was $164,000 roughly $4.1 million today by then States throughout the South and hundreds of counties and cities were engaged in some form of leasing convicts to Private
18:00 - 18:30 Industry and it gave tremendous discretionary power for the private owner either a land owner or a corporation or a coal mine could be any business concern to do what they wanted with that African-American we as convicts is something like a man drowning
18:30 - 19:00 we have been convicted of felonies and because of that we have lost every friend on Earth in 1884 a series of remarkable letters was sent from the Pratt coal mines to Alabama's new inspector of Prisons their author was Ezekiel Archie now a 25-year-old convict all these
19:00 - 19:30 years of how we suffered we have looked death in the face worked hungry thirsty half clothed and sore Archie was one of hundreds of convicts now being worked in a growing network of mines and factories around Alabama's new Industrial Center birmingh
19:30 - 20:00 ham founded in 1871 and fed by intersecting railway lines Birmingham was poised to exploit Alabama's Rich underground deposits of coal Limestone and iron ore the ingredients of Steel this was the new industrial South envisioned just prior to the Civil War by slaveholder John T
20:00 - 20:30 [Music] Milner John T Milner was a brilliant engineer extraordinary businessman he was also a supreme racist and a despotic person negro labor can be made exceedingly profitable in manufacturing iron and enroll in Mills provided there is an overseer a Southern man who knows how to manage negro he laid out some of
20:30 - 21:00 the first railroad lines that would run across Alabama in many respects he was the father of Southern industrialization particularly in the deep deep south Milner's Vision triggered Decades of Rapid industrial growth after emancipation industrialists replaced slaves with convicts acquiring thousands from State and County Government you can't drive Free Labor the same way
21:00 - 21:30 that you can force prisoners to mine 5 tons of coal a day and this is why people like Milner wanted prisoners in his coal mines he saw them as a great source of profit and he didn't have to worry about Labor disputes we would leave the cells around 3:00 a.m. and returned at 8:00
21:30 - 22:00 p.m. going the distance of 3 miles do rain or snow to describe the conditions in a CO mine at this time is to say that they're primitive is you can't even imagine it this is a place where for weeks or months at a time men might never see daylight the mine was often filled with standing water around their ankles and their feet they had to drink from that
22:00 - 22:30 water disease ran rampant through these mines they were incredibly dangerous places to work being subjected to Violent explosions poisonous gases that will release as coal fell from the walls in addition to the falling coal itself whippings keeping people chained up um brutal kinds of physical torture and mental abuse are the norm a lot of the things that kept people in
22:30 - 23:00 control under slavery are Amplified under this convict system Zeke Archie was one of about 500 convicts at the Pratt mines near Birmingham nearly half the company's Workforce they were overseen by J W comr the former slaveholder whose Enterprises now included convict mining that com is a hard my man I've seen
23:00 - 23:30 him I've seen him Hit [Music] Men 160 times with a tin prong strap then say they was not whipped when I learned about the brutality of JW comr I
23:30 - 24:00 um well I just started weeping and um I actually didn't leave my house for 2 days cuz I was in such a state of grief and shock the stories that I heard about all the comr men when I was growing up were about self-made men and so to learn about the ways that they weren't really self-made but were making themselves on
24:00 - 24:30 the backs and by the blood of other people specifically the blacks in the convict Leasing system um definitely shattered that image for me he'd go off after an escape man one day and dig his grave the same day
24:30 - 25:00 exposes of the convict labor system described it as worse than slavery slaves had been a significant long-term investment a convict could be rented for as little as $9 a month it was never in the economic interest of a slave owner to kill his own slaves or to abuse them so terribly that they couldn't work anymore so their economic value protected them in certain ways after the Civil War someone working
25:00 - 25:30 these kinds of force laborers uh would push them to the very limits of human endurance We Are The Men Who do the work look at the white men how many are cutting five or 4 ton coal per day they are few convict Leasing was a source of Labor where you could realize the
25:30 - 26:00 maximum return at a minimum social cost the feeding of course was next to nothing uh Health was next to nothing convict miners cost as much as 50 to 80% less than free Miners and could be worked 6 days a week their presence allowed companies to depress wages and resist unions [Music] when one could obtain black labor at
26:00 - 26:30 almost no cost the profits for that form of business were enormous in Florida prisoners extracted gum and resin from Tall Pines and transformed it into turpentine in Georgia they hauled wet clay from river banks molding it into the millions of bricks needed for new buildings and homes from Texas to
26:30 - 27:00 Louisiana convicts forced their way through Acres of Virgin Forest harvesting Timber and building railroads in all more than 15,000 prisoners worked in southern industry in 1886 and that number was Rising quickly in many labor camps as many as a third of male convicts were boys younger than [Music]
27:00 - 27:30 16 girls and women were also forced into labor over 90% of convict laborers in Georgia were African-American men uh the next highest percentage would obviously be uh white men but African-American women were also utilized in these various tasks in manual labor black women are working in Brick yards in turpentine camps in mining camps farms
27:30 - 28:00 in lumber yards convict leasing becomes a new form of economic development in the South and a ubiquitous form of punishment uh for southerners as the criminal justice system expanded itself and sweeps would take place all throughout the South whether it was a dice game whether it was for an altercation whether it was for being mouthy or uppet
28:00 - 28:30 the record of thousands upon thousands of people arrested in this way is everywhere in the south in the fall when it was time to pick cotton huge numbers of black people are arrested in all of the cotton growing counties there are surges and arrests in counties in Alabama in the days before coincidentally a labor agent from the coal mines in Birmingham is coming to town that day to pick up whichever County convicts are there
28:30 - 29:00 some charges were serious but more than 2/3 of all state prisoners at the time of Zeke Archie's arrest including Archie were convicted under vague charges of burglary and Larsen County prisoners too were sent to the mines for often trivial offenses they faced the real possibility of death in some Alabama prison camps convicts died at a rate of 30 to 40% a
29:00 - 29:30 year and this this system is one that I think in many ways needs to be understood as brutal in a social sense but fishlyn [Music] [Music] one simply had to go and get another
29:30 - 30:00 [Music] convict the South's prison population continued to grow reaching 19,000 people by
30:00 - 30:30 1890 nearly 90% of those held were African-American when folded into National statistics the concentration of black prisoners seemed to reflect an alarming rise in black crime so as early as 1890 African-Americans are almost three times over represented in the prison population the general population is 12%
30:30 - 31:00 the nation's prisons population of blacks is 30% so there are many important implications in long-term consequences for this convict Leasing system not only is it so oppressive but when you have an overwhelmingly black prison population it cements that relationship between criminality and race in people's minds to the degree that it's seen as something inherent Southern editorialists sociologist politicians are all saying that the
31:00 - 31:30 statistics prove that black people are a criminal race and that freedom had been a mistake if you were to ask most Southerners white Southerners uh what they thought of African-Americans in the 1850s the 1860s even into the 1870s one profile would have been of people who are loyal beautiful trustworthy those same people in the 18 1880s and by the 1890s have been
31:30 - 32:00 demonized they no longer are trustworthy they no longer have the capacity for citizenship by the 1890s white voters had reversed the Civil Rights gains made during Reconstruction new state constitutions kept blacks out of voting booths and limited funding for black schools racial segregation was mandated by law they do this because it's important to
32:00 - 32:30 remind black people day after day after day minute after minute that they have a place in this society and that that place is subordinate so what that means is that when a black person is walking down the street and a white person walks towards them they step into the gutter my name is Barbara Jean bile I was born in Bur ham in 1936 you had to stay in your
32:30 - 33:00 place now my daddy was the one who was daring he used to be called that uper [ __ ] by white folks because he believed that we were just as good as anybody else he's smart man he's one of the first black men in this area to Dr her the vote that were a lot of time truckloads of KKK folks were passed by the house he had made white folks mad about something he wouldn't let my mother work he she went to clean up a house one time and he went over to pick
33:00 - 33:30 up and she was cleaning out some the the cabinets down there on her knees trying to clean out C he told her you're not going back you clean up your own cabinets I mean that's the kind of man he was but I he's another story though and I have to talk about him at another [Music] time segregation was not only mandated by Southern States it was upheld by the US Supreme Court in an 1896 ruling Pie
33:30 - 34:00 versus Ferguson and after that white Southerners white legislators never had any reservation about imposing the most severe the most repressive restrictions on black life Ezekiel Archie was scheduled for release on February 6th 1887 at the age of 28 but he was not free a new indict for reasons unknown was
34:00 - 34:30 pending this letter is not all I could write but my condition will not permit fate seems to curse the convict death seems to summon us hence [Music]
34:30 - 35:00 as the 19th century came to a close and for many decades to come the possibility of Freedom was overshadowed by the constant threat of forced labor and violence I didn't [Music] know I didn't know decades after the Civil War the nation was reunited uned but the place of black Americans within it seemed more
35:00 - 35:30 uncertain than [Music] ever many whites in the South are completely indifferent about whether black people live or [Music] die they want to see them in their place they want to see them as an exploitable system of Labor they want to see them as an affirmation of their racial superiority and if they don't fulfill
35:30 - 36:00 that role then to hell with them another I never will forget this I'm 9 years old going from West Bond Beach to Tampa where where my mom's from to see my Grandmama and we had a brand new o mobile and a cop stopped her in CMI Florida and the way he talked to my mom
36:00 - 36:30 he gave her a ticket for speeding and she was not speeding it was just because he could do it you follow me and the ticket cost a one month salary and my mama had to restrain me cuz I wanted to get after this white boy like I could not believe at 9 years old when you have to just kind of just tuck it in like my mom would say rard you got to just stop because we may not get out of here and you can see the terror in her eyes
36:30 - 37:00 you follow me because we in little old CMI in the [Music] 50s September 1901 the dawn of a new [Music] century John Davis now 2 3 and renting his own Alabama Farm was on his way to
37:00 - 37:30 goodwater about 18 Mi away his wife was Ill being cared for there by her parents it was Harvest Time and Davis would have been careful to avoid trouble eager to return safely to his own small patch of cotton but trouble found him in the form of Robert Franklin a local Merchant and
37:30 - 38:00 Constable Bob Franken said [ __ ] have you gotten money when are you going to pay the money you owe me said I don't owe you any money convicts were not the only Southerners being forced into hard labor throughout the South many thousands of African-Americans were tied to White employers through various forms of
38:00 - 38:30 debt you get a person in debt you continually keep them in debt you never let them work it off and you control their labor any kind of relationship where you use debt as the forrum to extract labor that's illegal you violated the ponage law peonage or debt servitude was outlawed by the federal government just after the Civil War ponage comes from the word peon Mexican
38:30 - 39:00 peons it's serfdom its peasantry ironically enough the United States made ponage illegal only as a result of the acquisition of New Mexico and the federal government didn't want to introduce Mexican ponage into the American American legal system uh and so in 1867 the Congress made page illegal nearly 40 years later in 19 1903 a federal judge in Alabama raised an
39:00 - 39:30 alarm about allegations of ponage in his jurisdiction Witnesses have reported that a systematic scheme of depriving Negroes of their Liberty in Alabama has been practiced for some time Judge Thomas good Jones was a former Confederate officer and two-time governor of Alabama viewed as something of a moderate he'd been appointed to the federal court by US president Theodore
39:30 - 40:00 Roosevelt Teddy Roosevelt becomes president in 1901 after the assassination of William McKinley he viewed himself as uh an egalitarian person uh on the side of both business and The Working Man he believed that exposure of the sins of society and exposure of the sins of Commerce industrialism would lead to their eradication uh and he believed that for the factories of the north and he believed that for the racial abuses of
40:00 - 40:30 the South the president authorized a federal investigation into page in the Alabama counties of Shelby Kusa and talapa now they thought that these were exceptional circumstances they were out of the ordinary and I think that the Roosevelt administration and the Roosevelt justice department thought that it could score points is too easy a word but that
40:30 - 41:00 it could by by making a stand in this way it could accomplish quite a lot and have a symbolic impact that was pretty large Federal page inquiries were also underway in Georgia and Florida in Alabama Witnesses were called to appear before the Federal grand jury to determine if there was enough evidence to go to trial Prosecuting the case was us attorney
41:00 - 41:30 Warren s ree born in Alabama just after the Civil War now I have lived in this state my entire life for 37 years and I have never comprehended until now the extent of this present method of slavery through this ponage system Southern progressives were not free of the racism that southern conservatives had or Northern progressives were not free of that either um but they did think that there
41:30 - 42:00 were some things that were just beyond the pale and so when stories horrific sensationalized stories of African-American slavery came to light they were precisely the kind of thing that we as a modern Civilized Nation should not engage in among those testifying was John Davis freed hastily as word of the invest investigation
42:00 - 42:30 spread Bob Franklin said when are you going to pay the money you owe me said I don't owe you any money nearly 18 months had passed since he'd been stopped by Franklin the local Constable his testimony echoed that of other victims like Davis they were falsely accused and quick convicted they were sentenced and
42:30 - 43:00 charged fines and court fees which they couldn't pay they could do nothing as local whites paid the court and took control of them John Davis was bought from the court by Bob Franklin and then resold for profit he said we're going to carry her over to Mr Paces told him I didn't know anything about
43:00 - 43:30 it he said we know John Pace was the baron of talapa County Alabama he had been the sheriff of the county in the 1880s uh he then amassed a substantial amount of land the most fertile land along the tpusa river in his part of Alabama he was quite a character a 6'2 230 lb man who had frostbitten toes and
43:30 - 44:00 was supposed to be very ill and when he walked the Earth shook they said I bought the Negro John Davis from Bob Franklin a constable of tpusa I explained to Davis that he would be confined on my farm just as I confin County convicts Mr Pace asks will you work 10 months with me and I signed a
44:00 - 44:30 contract these contracts gave employers the right to whip confine and even trade workers as long as the debt was deemed unpaid page varied from a kind of paternalistic page to just the most awful conditions you can imagine people were put in Barracks they were beaten and some killed people were fogged they were chased by blood hounds it was pretty horrible at its
44:30 - 45:00 worst about as bad as it can get brutal things have transpired and sometimes death has been the result of the infliction of corporal punishment prosecutor Warren Reese's reports to Washington grew more urgent panage was not isolated in a few counties but was evident throughout the state trapping hundreds or even thousands of people these violations have developed into a
45:00 - 45:30 miserable business and custom to catch up negro men and women upon the flimsiest of charges reporting to Washington Reese would have had to remind himself that this was 1903 in Detroit the Ford Motor Company had begun production of the model A on Wall Street the new Stock Exchange Building had just
45:30 - 46:00 opened in Kittyhawk the rri brothers were preparing their first flight yet in much of the South African-Americans were still being held in what Rees and the Press called abject slavery what the US attorneys like Reese found was a totally corrupt legal system where you had the the justices of the peace were
46:00 - 46:30 corrupt in that the people who came before them may not be guilty but they would find them guilty John Pace Fletcher Turner and William and George Cosby all of them wealthy farmers were the ring leaders all of them had their own justice of the peace in the case of John Pace he had a man named James Kennedy Mr JW pace and I are brothers-in-law by marriage I went to work for him on the
46:30 - 47:00 1st of June 1891 and if they wanted a Man convicted of any particular thing then they simply had their own justice of the peace or the Justice of the Peace of one of the other families declare someone to be guilty note in none of these cases that I have spoken about did I receive one cent of costs nor was I paid in any other way by Mr Pace or anybody else for
47:00 - 47:30 trying these cases and after I worked that 10 months my time was out on the 10th day of July 1902 I told him my time is out this morning and he said go ahead to [Music] work I said no I'm going home this
47:30 - 48:00 morning he locked me up for 3 [Music] days and after that he said if I don't go to work he'll put me in the river down there [Music] as the investigation in Alabama
48:00 - 48:30 continued the Federal grand jury began issuing indictments John Pace was charged with several counts of ponage if convicted he faced decades in prison the next day pac's Justice of the Peace James Kennedy unexpectedly returned to court James Kennedy came to be terrified if IED that he would be convicted at trial once he had been indicted he's the
48:30 - 49:00 guy who fabricated all the documents he's the one who uh who declared all these people guilty and so he feels a great sense of Jeopardy if uh anybody from the Cosby family wanted a negro they would send somebody before me and have an affidavit mate the Negro would be fined and made to sign a contract and sent out to the farm this was never reported to the
49:00 - 49:30 judge Kennedy confirmed that at least 80 men and women had fallen victim to the conspiracy many other cases were suspected as the grand jury continued to issue indictments they asked judge Jones to explain the federal law against ponage judge Jones comes back with a ruling which asserts that in essentially every
49:30 - 50:00 case in which a landowner is holding a laborer to pay back a debt that unless there has been a conviction of that person in an open court in a sanctioned way by the government it's ponage it's debt slavery they are guilty of a conspiracy to deprive that person of the free exercise or enjoyment of a right or privilege secured to him by the Constitution of the United States and
50:00 - 50:30 the ruling from Judge Jones unleashes this Firestorm of fear and panic not just in Alabama but all across the South 40 years after the Civil War the United States had emerged as a global economic leader due in part to Southern industry and agriculture employers throughout the South relied on debt to coer labor the judges ruling might apply not just to convicts or those trapped by corruption
50:30 - 51:00 but also hundreds of thousands of black families tied to white landowners through tenant farming and sharecropping if they lose access to that army of laborers or they're compelled to deal with them on Equitable terms as free citizens then the entire southern economy is disrupted along with it the entire US economy is disrupted as well what had begun as a principal investigation that was probably going to go nowhere was turning into a potential political catastrophe for the Roosevelt
51:00 - 51:30 administration Mr President I have a brother about 14 years old a man hide him from me and I heard of him no more among black Southerners reports that ponage was being prosecuted sparked a very different outcry a flood of letters many of them addressed to the president at the archives today there's more than 30,000 pages of this kind of material
51:30 - 52:00 that document the arrest the subjugation the punishment the mistreatment The Profit that was made off of the force labor of armies and armies of people he has done nothing wrong for them to keep him in Chains so I was right to you to help me get my poor brother please let me hear from you at once car keny my name is Bernard William
52:00 - 52:30 Kenzie Carrie Kenzie is a cousin when I held this letter uh and it hadn't I mean here you holding car's Legacy when you begin to connect with your family you can put yourself back into 1900 and how difficult it was for anybody to push up against the system dear sir I have a little girl that has
52:30 - 53:00 been kidnapped while in one of the southern states some time ago my attention was called to a condition of Affairs and existence there so appalling in its Vice and cruelty and they just beat SS on me every day it started to whip me one day these letters are incredibly poignant a lot of them even though they're not written in the language of rights do refer to the 13th Amendment they are aware that they have a right not to be enslaved and they're calling upon the government to protect
53:00 - 53:30 them from slavery that they thought was supposed to be over and there was a tremendous hope it's absolutely evident through these letters that a huge population of African-Americans believed that the president was finally coming to their rescue but the Alabama page trials in the summer of 1903 were over almost as soon as they
53:30 - 54:00 began the federal government was eager to cap the investigation punish the ring leaders and move on the coses and Fletcher Turner pleaded guilty and judge Jones imposed minimum sentences judge Jones really believe that if you convicted these people some of them got fines a few of of them even served a little jail time that that would furnish an example so that people
54:00 - 54:30 who were doing this would no longer do it Pace also pleaded guilty and was sentenced to prison he remained free on appeal as his lawyers prepared an outrageous argument they said Pace was not guilty of ponage because his victims did not owe him money and while he may have been guilty of slavery in 1903 that was not a
54:30 - 55:00 crime it was a grish area because there was a 13th amendment that abolished slavery but there was never a statute passed to make you guilty of slavery of holding somebody in slavery after the Civil War 3 months after the trial in September 1903 president Rosevelt granted a pardon to The Cosby's 3 years later in 1906 he also pardoned John W Pace Pace never
55:00 - 55:30 went to prison and the federal government turned a blind eye to the forced laborers he continued to hold on his farm the federal government really pulls back from doing these cases in a big way there was a lack of will to do what would be and proved to be very hard work of actually uprooting the tremendous systems of involuntary servit ude that existed in the South and I don't think that the federal government
55:30 - 56:00 had that political will my uncle was named Henry Malone he's my father's older brother this story happened somewhere around maybe 1910 Henry was in just a young man whatever it was that he did the local sheriff came to my grandfather's place and they were looking for him and my
56:00 - 56:30 grandfather got my Uncle Henry to come and turn himself in and he was um sent away and he had to serve a year and a day we never got a chance to know the stories of why or what may have happened to him in that year and a day for all of my life and knowing my uncle I don't think I ever saw him smile or be a happy man
56:30 - 57:00 [Music] in 1908 2 years after the pardon of John Pace another young man would be trapped in the shadow of slavery 22-year-old green cottonham the world he entered as a man just as the 20th century was beginning was a
57:00 - 57:30 completely different in which already every Southern state had passed rafts of laws designed to circumscribe the lives of African-Americans to limit their ability to work freely to move freely to make it almost impossible for them to live in true Independence of the powerful whites wherever it was that they [Music] lived green was arrested with others out inside a train station in Colombiana
57:30 - 58:00 Alabama within 24 hours he'd been convicted of vagrancy he was sentenced to 3 months hard labor and $38 in fines to pay the fine the hard labor was extended to 6 months green was sent to the Pratt mines which paid the county $12 a month for him it's important for us to now go back and reexamine that notion of what being
58:00 - 58:30 a convict meant at the turn of the century green Cottingham was just picked up charged with vagrancy which is a crime of no real import but then thrown into this prison system just because you put a label on someone as a convict or whatever your label is that doesn't justify not treating them like human beings [Music] I'm the daughter of Betty Cottingham the
58:30 - 59:00 oldest daughter of George Cottingham I didn't know that people could be just picked up and put in jail they could be lost in the system nobody knew how to find them they could be buried in some grave somewhere and family still looking for them don't know where they are I didn't know that the sheriff department could sell free black people to corporation steel plants and coal
59:00 - 59:30 mines it wasn't in the history books we didn't know 30 years had passed but except for the electric lights Ezekiel Archie would have easily recognized the conditions green cottonham now faced above ground though Birmingham was becoming the Region's largest industrial center the mine that leased Green's labor was now owned by the northern-based US
59:30 - 60:00 steel the largest corporation in the world and a growing number of African-Americans nearly 2 million between 1910 and 1930 were moving out of the South [Music] there were plenty of reasons for black
60:00 - 60:30 people to get the hell out of the South having to put up with the threat of lynching with being grabbed off the street and put in jail and made to work and every time you walk down the street you had to be on your pce and Q so you wouldn't offend anybody the north was erecting its own barriers to Black achievement President woodro Wilson elected in 1912 mandated southern style segregation throughout the federal government there's a kind of Gentleman's
60:30 - 61:00 Agreement that's emerging during the Wilson Administration that the federal government is not only going to look away at the practices of the South but it's going to adopt those practices in relation to the ways in which it organizes its own Affairs nearly 400,000 African-Americans fought for democracy in World War I they returned to unprecedented racial hostility it just gives you chills to think that someone can go and fight for their
61:00 - 61:30 country and come back and have to fight for their very life because of one thing because they are African-American a new generation of civil rights organizations had emerged among them was the National Association for the advancement of colored people founded in 1909 by a group of activists including web duor boys we claim for ourselves every single
61:30 - 62:00 right that belongs to a freeorn American political civil and social dubo wrote and until we get these rights we will never cease to protest and to assail the ears of America this battle we wage is not for ourselves but for all Americans WB de Bo is very clear that the way in which Jim Crow laws violence in the form of lynching
62:00 - 62:30 disenfranchisement and overall discrediting disrespect of black people's basic humanity is something that has to be seen as a force that holds black people down this Paradigm the ncps was there can be no negotiation for civil liberties they must exist totally fully and immediately more than a new narrative and a new voice it also um
62:30 - 63:00 fielded a degree of uh of litigious activism they are saying that there needs to be anti- lynching law they are saying that there needs to be reform of the justice system they are saying that labor laws and labor Arrangements need to be reformed within the South and they're becoming increasingly effective in terms of doing that by 1908 the year green green cottonham was arrested the South's use of prison labor was
63:00 - 63:30 changing County governments continued to profit from renting convicts to Private Industry but growing numbers of states in what was build as reform began to use prisoners on state-run [Music] Enterprises chained together prisoners on road Cruise became an icon of the modernizing South perversely one of the biggest motivating factors behind the creation of the chain
63:30 - 64:00 gangs were that Southerners all across the region were frustrated that the roads of the South were the most terrible imaginable roads in America the economy couldn't grow effectively crops were lost in the fields simply because the roads were so terrible the conditions for Chang gang prisoners were equally horrific as they were for convict leas prisoners they were subject to the same modes of brutality the same beatings the same
64:00 - 64:30 standards of meager Health Care meager forms of shelter clothing [Music] food chain gangs continue deep into the 20th century along with other forms of force labor including debt page and sharecropping a sharecropper will agree to work for a percentage of the proceeds of the sale of the cotton crop sharecroppers had to take out loans in
64:30 - 65:00 order to survive and in order to bring the crop in during the year 50 70 90% interest rates were not uncommon all throughout the south in relation to sharecropping Finance of the the basic necessities that they needed to get through a year so that system is going to put African-Americans in a position where upward Mobility is essentially impossible for most of them sharecropping also engulfed growing numbers of whites including
65:00 - 65:30 immigrants but without legal or political rights black sharecroppers were especially vulnerable millions of black people in remote parts of the South could not leave the Farms they were being held on if they did they were subject to arrest by the sheriff and if they were arrested they would then be returned to the very same Farms off often times in Chains receiving nothing sharecropping is not slavery but
65:30 - 66:00 it did become for an enormous population of people forced labor families stayed intact probably within a 2 m radius of where they were born mothers fathers cousins grandparents everybody stayed if you knew by the mere fact of leaving exposed you to the danger of being caught up in this system it made you stay you knew what would happen if
66:00 - 66:30 you stepped [Music] off I grew up in monacello Georgia which is a small town about 90 Mi south of Atlanta my paternal grandmother was the daughter of John S Williams he died long before I was born but I heard from my uncles from my father from people who
66:30 - 67:00 knew him that he was a wonderful man he was well respected in the community in 1921 almost 18 years after the ponage trials Federal investigators visited the Williams Farm to follow up on reports that he was holding peons there's a group of black men out in the field the men are obviously terrified unwilling to say almost anything they're emaciated they' clearly have been terribly abused John Williams
67:00 - 67:30 suddenly appears he pleads that he didn't know this was against the law that he'll do better his intentions were good very apologetic to these Federal officials and they leave and he doesn't know what they're going to do he knows they found evidence that he was holding these people in slavery he talks to his Foreman Clyde Manning and says as the court transcript said we've got to do away with these boys the family story was that he had
67:30 - 68:00 worked prisoners on his farm that they were hardened criminals and they had been put in the penitentiary for a long time and one night a lot of the prisoners tried to escape and he along with other farmers who were working these men tracked them down and in the process of recapturing them killed some of them them then sometime later the story came to light for me it was of course totally
68:00 - 68:30 different from the story that I had heard Williams and Manning the black Foreman systematically hunted and murdered 11 black workers some were bludgeoned others were weighted down with chains and forced into a nearby River another was made to dig his own grave they did it in the most horrific ways that you can imagine that
68:30 - 69:00 I really can't talk about um I get I get I just get um so emotional what I think about not just the fact that these men were murdered but the cruelty with which it was it was carried out um that's what's hardest for me to imagine and hardest to accept and it came to light only because a little boy was fishing down by the creek
69:00 - 69:30 where they'd thrown some of the bodies and one of the bodies came up in the spring of 1921 Williams and Manning each faced an all white jury in a Georgia State Court both were found guilty and given life sentences within a decade both had died in prison Williams was the first southern white man since 1877 to be indicted for the first-degree murder of an
69:30 - 70:00 African-American it would not happen again until [Music] 1966 the following year an expose of page in Florida inflamed readers because the victim 22-year-old Martin tabbert was white a traveler from North Dakota tabert was picked up in a sweep in rural Florida charged with vagrancy and sold to a Lumber Company he died soon after
70:00 - 70:30 at the hands of a brutal overseer first he whipped him on his bare back 30 or 40 times tabbert then kept lying there so the boss continued to whip him another 30 or 40 times with a heavy leather lash Taber crawled to his feet and the guard began pursuing him through the camp whipping him as they ran finally after almost 150p lashes tabbert made it back to the cot that he had in a simple cabin somewhere collapsed into his bed and
70:30 - 71:00 never stood up again the outcry over tabbert's death helped to end State leasing in Florida shortly after in 1928 a similar case LED Alabama to remove its last prisoners from the coal mines but these changes had little impact as late as 1930 roughly half of all African-Americans or 4.8 million people still lived in the black belt
71:00 - 71:30 region of the South the vast majority were almost certainly trapped in some form of exploitative Labor arrangement for those African-Americans who remain in the South through the 1920s 1930s 1940s even the conditions that they're facing are often desperate and they find themselves more and more vulnerable if they try to rise up and create some sense of protest against the conditions that they
71:30 - 72:00 face in the fall of 1932 the United States underwent a profound political change marked by the election of a new President Franklin Delano Roosevelt a distant cousin of Theodore much as Teddy Roosevelt was seen as something of an advocate for African-Americans Franklin delanor Roosevelt was a 100 times that African-Americans are becoming an Ever
72:00 - 72:30 increasingly important part of the democratic political Coalition more African-Americans are moving North they're joining unions they're joining the NAACP in unprecedented numbers African-Americans who are involved in unions members of churches and African-Americans who are publishing newspapers and magazines are all finding ways to bring their influence to bear on the federal government and saying do your job we're talking about constitutional rights here we're talking
72:30 - 73:00 about citizens who are being abused here do your job or don't expect our [Music] [Applause] [Music] support in December 1941 the Japanese bombing of Pearl Har brought the United States into the second world [Music]
73:00 - 73:30 war President Roosevelt convened a meeting of the cabinet at the White House to discuss preparations to fight this war against Japan and Germany the president asked what are the things that the Japanese are going to attack us for in the course of the war that are problematic someone said the treatment of the Negro months earlier the Department of Justice had established a civil rights section but it's Focus was on labor issues not Racial equality now the
73:30 - 74:00 president asked his attorney general if this unit might be used to demonstrate a commitment to racial change and what stands at the intersection of African-American rights and labor rights page and involuntary servitude they can't just attack segregation headon during World War II because they still need the white Southerners who are part of the democratic Coalition but they did sincerely believe that these P cases were pretty bad and they required
74:00 - 74:30 a response Mrs Roosevelt I am a colored mother and I need your help in the decades since the pace trial the federal government had paid little attention to the continued complaints of forced labor sent to the White House the Department of Justice and the NAACP my boy answered an adver ement in our post paper for a job they are being guarded all night by armed guards and
74:30 - 75:00 not allowed to write home please don't send this letter back because I'm afraid if they find out I've written to you they'll kill my boy Viola Coley nearly 80 years had passed since the united states ratified the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution now in December 1941 President Roosevelt took steps to
75:00 - 75:30 finally enforce it just 5 days after Pearl Harbor Roosevelt's attorney general issued circular 3591 it said that federal attorneys were to aggressively prosecute any case of involuntary servitude or slavery not only those defined as page he says whether they're being held there because of a threat of imprisonment or out of violence whatever the mechanism is that is holding people in slavery you should go after
75:30 - 76:00 it and he says this is part of the war effort these cases are important because we need to make sure that African-Americans feel like their rights are being taken care of and within months there was a prosecution underway of a man in Texas who had been holding an African-American worker as a slave for almost 15 years he was convicted by a federal jury in 1942 and went to federal prison I Mark that as the technical end of slavery in
76:00 - 76:30 America the records are incomplete but it's estimated that in the 80 years following the Civil War as many as 800,000 people had faced the South's corrupt system of justice huge numbers of those arrested were forced into involuntary servitude some including VI Iola Coley's son Marian found freedom on January 7
76:30 - 77:00 1943 he enlisted as a private in the US Army one of more than 2.5 million African-Americans who registered for service during the second world [Music] war Green cottonham arrested in 1908 might have served in the first world war but by the second world war he would have been in his
77:00 - 77:30 50s but green never made it out of the Birmingham prison mines we don't know the exact details of the life that he led in The Stockade or underground but he survived 5 months before becoming ill he went to see the doctor on August the 2nd 1908 he never went back to the mine 13 days Days Later green cottonham died he is among more than 9,000
77:30 - 78:00 prisoners known to have died while least to Industry by Southern States and counties we want to think of some of these atrocities as things that happened occasionally but you can imagine the turmoil if at any time your CH be picked up never to be seen again how that would impact a whole segment of people how they view their opportunities um in in their future in all likelihood his body was
78:00 - 78:30 dumped somewhere in these fields outside the mine where hundreds of other prisoners also lie buried this was real these were real people these were real lives and they make us who we are what's fascinating about green Cottingham is the fact that he isn't special he's not well-known he's not a historical figure of you know importance
78:30 - 79:00 but that's part of the beauty he is representative of all of these nameless faceless people who disappeared during this time frame who were deemed to be of no value and then you realize the value isn't in being necessarily important we all have interesting stories we all have a life story wortht telling
79:00 - 79:30 [Music] [Music] at the end of the Civil War there were 4 million freed slaves who lived in absolute poverty uneducated little access to opportunity we also know that there were an equal number of white Americans in the South like members of my family my ancestors who were also impoverished illiterate no access to opportunity over
79:30 - 80:00 the next 75 years American society performed a miracle of sorts those 4 million whites living in those conditions became 40 million middle class Americans by the beginning of World War II that's what made American society the extraordinary superpower that it is today all of that though was done in a way that excluded African-Americans brutalized African-Americans at the same time when you see how people's lives
80:00 - 80:30 were truly stolen from them their freedom was taken away their fathers or husbands were taken away you can understand how the difficulties and the disparities would persist for much longer than it seems that they should have without the appreciation of this history you descend into fantasies that black people don't deserve equal rights because black people constitutionally
80:30 - 81:00 intellectually morally are not the equals of White's period we have to recognize that in these awful Gastly tales of the brutalization of black people in this country the motivation for that was profit from small land owners to major corporations and so at the end of the day that part of this country's Legacy is still with
81:00 - 81:30 us when I think about green Cottingham and what he went through I think about a quote that comes to mind it says something like the Arc of history is long but it bends towards Justice and even though green Cottingham didn't get Justice in his day and so many thousands of people were just like didn't get their Justice maybe now through the telling of this reality and this history these individuals can
81:30 - 82:00 receive some measure of Justice [Music] [Music] [Music]
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