Sociology Society and Social Interaction

Summary

Highlights

• Explore how societies transitioned from nomadic lifestyles to information economies 📜➡️💻.
• Discover the significance of mechanical and organic solidarity by Durkheim 🧐.
• Uncover Marx's insights on alienation and false consciousness in modern economies 💭.
• Learn about the industrial era's impact on societal shifts 🎡.
• Dive into Weber's ‘iron cage’ concept of excessive rationality ⚖️.
• Understand the evolution of cultural norms as societies become interdependent 💬.
• Marvel at the role of computer technology in forming post-industrial society 💾.
• Reflect on the societal costs of rapid technological growth 🕰️.
• Consider the deep impact of economic shifts on cultural and social structures 🌍.
• Contemplate the potential restrictions creativity faces in a rule-bound society 🔒.

Key Takeaways

• Societies evolved from nomadic hunters to information-driven economies 📜➡️💻.
• Key thinkers like Durkheim, Marx, and Weber provide insights into societal changes 🤓.
• Mechanical vs. organic solidarity signifies the shift from similarity to interdependence ☯️.
• Industrialization brought both progress and new societal challenges ⚙️.
• Post-industrial society focuses on information and service, heralded by computer technology 💾.
• Cultural evolution influenced by shifts in economic structures, as noted by Marx 💰.
• Durkheim emphasized changes in social cohesion as societies evolved ⚡️.
• Weber warned against the 'iron cage' of excessive rationality 🚧.
• Watch for the concept of alienation in modern economics, as explained by Marx 🥴.
• Explore the impact of false consciousness in shaping societal beliefs 🤔.

Overview

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction to Society and Social Interaction This chapter provides an introduction to society and social interaction, focusing on large trends. It begins with a brief overview of society as a community of people sharing culture. The lesson acts as a prelude to more detailed study available in the textbook.
• 00:30 - 05:30: Historical Changes in Societies This chapter examines the historical evolution of societies worldwide. It focuses on the transitions and major shifts that have taken place over different eras in history. The discussion covers various periods, highlighting significant changes in societal structures and dynamics.
• 01:00 - 03:00: Pre-industrial Era This chapter delves into the Pre-industrial Era, highlighting the lifestyle of early humans who were primarily hunters and gatherers. Their existence was highly nomadic, characterized by constant movement as they followed animal herds and collected naturally growing fruits and berries. This mobile lifestyle dictated their day-to-day activities and survival strategies.
• 03:00 - 05:30: Industrial Era The chapter discusses Native Americans of the plains, who were traditionally nomadic people following the buffalo. During the pre-industrial era, they didn't have permanent homes but had specific areas they frequently returned to. Eventually, these societies transitioned into what are known as pastoral societies, which are characterized by the taming and herding of animals instead of following them.
• 04:30 - 05:30: Post-industrial Era The chapter delves into the transition from hunting and gathering to more settled forms of living, emphasizing the domestication of animals and the development of herding practices. It describes the evolution from pastoral communities to horticultural and agricultural societies, highlighting the significant change as people began to plant and farm, leading to more stable and sustainable societies in the post-industrial era.
• 05:30 - 09:00: Durkheim's Perspective The chapter titled 'Durkheim's Perspective' discusses the significant shift in human societies brought about by the invention of the plough approximately 4000 to 5000 years ago. It highlights how this agricultural innovation enabled people to cultivate more land and produce most of their food needs. This development contributed to societal stability, allowing people to settle in one location, supporting Durkheim's perspective on how technological advancements can impact social structures.
• 09:00 - 12:00: Marx's Perspective In 'Marx's Perspective,' the chapter discusses the transformative inventions that herald the industrial era, primarily facilitated by harnessing energy. It begins with the utilization of water power to operate factories, before transitioning to the use of steam power, marking significant technological and societal shifts representative of the industrial age.
• 12:00 - 15:00: Weber's Perspective In Weber's Perspective, the chapter discusses the transformation during the industrial era when society shifted from agrarian lifestyles to industrialized urban living. The introduction of power sources such as gas engines and electricity revolutionized the way people lived and worked. Individuals moved from rural farming communities to cities to work in factories, marking a significant change in societal structure and daily life. This transition is highlighted as a profound and substantial shift from traditional ways of living.
• 15:00 - 15:30: Conclusion The chapter 'Conclusion' discusses the cultural transformation from rural living, with open spaces and gardening, to urban settings dominated by factories. It explores how societal shifts lead to changes in cultural dynamics, and mentions a new invention signifying what could be considered the last era in this transformation.

Sociology Society and Social Interaction Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 hello welcome to lesson five chapter four this is society and social interaction so we're going to look at some some large trends here in this short little video that I'm going to do for you and then of course you know we're into that textbook and make sure that you get the rest of the information but I just kind of want to set it set things up we've talked about society remember a society was people who share community and a culture now I wanted to sort of
• 00:30 - 01:00 show you or talk about how societies throughout the world have changed over time so we're going to look at this transition that's occurred in our world so this is kind of historical look at it so you have to go way back in history but I just want to mention the kind of eras that existed now these are major sort of shifts that occur over time the
• 01:00 - 01:30 first era is an error we call the pre-industrial era and you have to think oh think way back in history for this this started with early humans who would have been hunters and gatherers meaning that they would have followed animals around on their way they would have gathered fruits and berries and things that were growing in nature but they were very nomadic meaning very mobile they were moving around think of early
• 01:30 - 02:00 Native Americans of the plains who followed buffalos around people who didn't really have a home base they had places they returned to but they were pretty much constantly on the move in this pre-industrial era eventually what developer will we call pastoral societies pastoral societies or societies where they learn to tame animals so instead of chasing or following animals around
• 02:00 - 02:30 they domesticate animals and start putting animals in cages and so this is where you start to see herders right people who herd animals sheeps and goats and of course other animals from pastoral societies we see many societies transition into horticultural and agricultural societies which are essentially farming societies so people realized that they could start planting
• 02:30 - 03:00 food to produce a majority of their food needs and so one of the big inventions by the way that really make this possible is something called the plough this was at one point a new thing about four thousand five thousand years ago the plough allowed people to cultivate a lot more land it made people much more stable and what I mean by stable is they could stay in one location eventually
• 03:00 - 03:30 though some big inventions come along that lead to that next type of society that next major era which we call the industrial era and of course industry or industrial era means sort of factory era this was made possible by the controlling of energy or power specifically first it started with water power so they used to use water to run these factories eventually turn to steam
• 03:30 - 04:00 power and of course now we have gas and engines and all of this sort of electricity that comes from this but this is what happened in the industrial era and so instead of people primarily being farmers people move into factories people start living the cities and they're working in these things now you can imagine that that's a huge change from people who were living this lifestyle right here right I mean this is a huge
• 04:00 - 04:30 sort of cultural shift of people living out in the open and gardening I mean growing all their crops etc - moving to places like cities where you have these factories so as society shifts so does the types of culture that we have then eventually with another invention comes the last era our arguably say it's the last era
• 04:30 - 05:00 because certainly there's more to come we just can't imagine what they are but sort of the era that we're in now in this era is the post-industrial era which just means after industry now that's not to say there aren't any factories of course we saw a factories left but most people don't work in factories anymore you know the post-industrial era is an era that's focused on information so we call it an information economy or service economy
• 05:00 - 05:30 and so in this post-industrial era what becomes more and more important is information in education as you can imagine perhaps the invention that leads to this is the invention of computer technology and this is what makes information even more important so we see these transitions from these huge eras from our pre-industrial era to the
• 05:30 - 06:00 industrial era and then eventually into the post-industrial era and in each of these big era shifts society changes in a great way so let me show you here what those big three thinkers remember I said Durkheim Marx and Weber what did they say about culture and so we can look here it at Durkheim Emile Durkheim and remember he's a functionalist so he said everything
• 06:00 - 06:30 serves some purpose and one of the things that Durkheim really looked at is what holds people together that is what holds a culture or society what holds a community together and Durkheim noticed that as we went through these different eras that what was holding people together changed he initially said in the old days when people were farmers in that pre-industrial era what held people
• 06:30 - 07:00 together was something he called mechanical solidarity and that is people were held together by their similarities I mean so what he meant by that was if you were farming your neighbor as a farmer in your neighbors neighbors a farmer and everyone's sort of farmers there's gonna be a lot of similarities between those people I mean they're probably gonna see the world in the same way because they have the same experience um therefore and what held culture or society together was this
• 07:00 - 07:30 mechanical solidarity essentially everyone being very similar not identical but similar in their beliefs and values as we enter into the Industrial Age and in the post-industrial age that's not the case anymore I mean I mean probably each one of you have a different job a different career you have different sort of interests and hobbies so Durkheim was trying to figure out what holds people together in the industrial in the post-industrial era
• 07:30 - 08:00 and he came to the conclusion that it was something called organic solidarity an organic solidarity I'm sorry it's misspelled up here an organic solidarity is what holds us together is our differences essentially and what he meant is that we all do different things but we all need each other so unlike the farmer of all days who could basically provide for all of their needs they could grow food they can make
• 08:00 - 08:30 clothes we need people who do things that we don't do so you may not need a police officer every day but you might need a please officer when someone breaks in your house you may not need a doctor every day you may not be a doctor but you need one when you get sick and so he said what holds society together is our differences now just as a note Durkheim said mechanical solidarity was going to be stronger because if people are just very
• 08:30 - 09:00 similar to each other and then they're going to definitely be on the same page but now it's a different type of thing that holds us together so there's Durkheim Durkheim also talks about enemy which is a sense of normlessness a sense of loss and you should check that out in your book because all of these sociologists were a little bit worried that as society changed as culture changed that it was going to be hard on people and in some
• 09:00 - 09:30 ways you could think of this as being hard on the psyche so depression and anxiety and these sort of things so read a little bit about enemy because it's a it's an interesting concept now the other of the big three the next of the big three is remember Karl Marx and Karl Marx had this idea and he said that essentially we have a pyramid of sorts and at the very bottom of this
• 09:30 - 10:00 pyramid is what he calls the base and he said the most important thing of any society what makes its culture what makes the society look the way it does is its economy that is how do people buy and sell goods and so for Marx everything was essentially about the economy no the economy is what leads to what he called the superstructure which is culture and all that sort of stuff so Marx was very skeptical of capitalism
• 10:00 - 10:30 and his idea was that you always have a bunch of workers at the bottom who are doing all this hard labor what while at the top you have people who are reaping all the rewards so he saw these changes from pre-industrial to industrial to post-industrial is very problematic not necessarily a good thing at all in fact he develops an idea very similar
• 10:30 - 11:00 to Durkheim x' idea of anomie that he calls alienation which is being sort of cut off or disconnected now he has a few different types of alienation that people experience in a modern economy and I want you to read about those in the book because those are they're really important and kind of the same notion that people get this feeling of loss and in this new sort of economies that we have now one of the things that
• 11:00 - 11:30 Mark said make made society work of what made it sort of possible was this sense of what he called false consciousness and false consciousness false consciousness is those people at the bottom come to believe things that are not in their own best interests so in other words people become convinced that things are good when they're not necessarily good so for example if
• 11:30 - 12:00 you're poor very poor and perhaps you believe that you should give tax cuts to the very wealthy he would say well that's false consciousness because that's not in your own best interest that's you know to give tax cuts to the people at the very top so this is sort of the idea that Marx develops and he would argue of course if he was alive today that this false consciousness comes from things like television and
• 12:00 - 12:30 the media and all this sort of commercials that tell you you want one once stuff that you probably don't actually need so be sure to check that out as well the last of the big three is this guy remember Max Weber and Max Weber talked about two things he talked about rationalization and he talked about what could go bad now the idea of rationalization that you can see up here is the idea that society has become more
• 12:30 - 13:00 logical in some ways it's kind of more scientific so if you think of how business operates or how factories operate they use reason or rationality to make them more efficient and so you develop rules and you develop working hours and requirements and you know all of you have been in the workforce have seen all these things you know the the many many
• 13:00 - 13:30 many rules or norms that you have to follow and the workplace or it could be at school or anywhere else now one of the things that Max Weber warned about he thought that in general this was okay rationalization it made a sort of modern economy as possible but one of the things that Max Weber really warned about in society's changing was what he called the iron cage of rationality and what he meant there was that over time so many rules could build
• 13:30 - 14:00 up so much de ma I mean bureaucracy could build up all of these sort of rules that one must follow that you almost become a prisoner that you can't do anything because you are stuck following all these rules some of them which become very silly and if you think about in your workplace or at school or any of the places you've been you've probably started to see these rules the rules that you look around and go why and how do we have a rule like that that's what he talks about is that
• 14:00 - 14:30 eventually people get so caught up in making rules and regulations in order to make things work that the rules can take over and you become a prisoner so think about it I always think of the classic example if you're working at McDonald's for example McDonald's has a very specific menu that is they make certain things if you've got a new idea for a burger McDonald's isn't going to want to see it at least they're not gonna want you to start going out there and try to sell it at their McDonald's all right I
• 14:30 - 15:00 mean they want you to do things their way and so some way you sort of become a prisoner of this rationality and cuts off creativity and those sort of things so this is how the big three or the founding fathers viewed change now they didn't think change was bad remember didn't think it was bad but they thought there were some potential downsides so that's it there for lesson 5 chapter 4 be sure to complete the rest of your
• 15:00 - 15:30 assignments this week and have a great week you