The 'gig' economy is uprooting the American workforce

Summary

Highlights

• Sarah Kessler highlights how gig companies like Uber rely on independent contractors to avoid full-time employment costs. 🚗
• The debate over whether gig workers are de-facto employees continues to be a legal gray area. ⚖️
• Gig work appeals with flexibility but often falls short financially for average workers. 💸
• Technology allows companies to incentivize behavior without direct employee management. 📲

Key Takeaways

• The gig economy is reshaping traditional employment models, often bypassing full-time employee benefits. 📉
• Gig jobs offer flexibility but can result in financial insecurity for many workers. 💼
• Legal battles continue over the classification of gig workers as employees or contractors. ⚖️
• Technology aids in managing independent contractors, raising concerns about control and classification. 📱

Overview

Chapters

• 00:00 - 00:30: Introduction to the Gig Economy In the chapter titled 'Introduction to the Gig Economy,' the author explores the growing influence of the gig economy within the American workforce. Ride sharing jobs are highlighted as a prominent example, where companies categorize drivers as independent contractors rather than full-time employees. This practice extends to numerous other companies within the gig sector, affecting traditional employment models. The discussion reflects insights from Sarah Kessler, author of 'Gigged: The End of the Job and the Future of Work.'
• 00:30 - 01:00: Debate on Company Responsibility and Employee Status This chapter explores the contentious topic of company responsibility concerning the status of employees versus independent contractors. It discusses the evolving landscape of employment due to technological advancements, such as algorithms and cell phones, which have enabled companies to manage independent contractors similarly to employees. The chapter highlights that this area is heavily debated, with numerous court cases reaching different conclusions.
• 01:00 - 01:30: Incentives and Control in the Gig Economy The chapter discusses the mechanics of incentives and control within the gig economy, particularly focusing on drivers. Drivers are informed of peak hours, such as Fridays between 7:00 and 10:00, where they can earn significantly more, acting as an incentive to work during these times. Additionally, the system allows passengers to rate drivers, and poor ratings can result in drivers being removed from the platform. This automated decision-making, as opposed to manager intervention, is highlighted as a strategy companies use to avoid treating gig workers as traditional employees, potentially leading to misclassification issues.
• 01:30 - 02:00: Legal Ambiguities and Loopholes This chapter delves into the complexities and gray areas within labor laws as highlighted by the operational strategies of companies like Uber. It discusses how such companies utilize non-traditional workforces, not directly employed by them, which challenges existing legal definitions and standards of employment. The conversation touches upon the methods these companies use to exercise control over their workforce through systems of incentives and disincentives. These structures raise questions about the legal interpretations of employer-employee relationships, especially in terms of control as considered by labor laws, like those upheld by the Department of Labor.
• 02:00 - 02:30: Experiences of Gig Workers The chapter "Experiences of Gig Workers" discusses the ambiguous legal status of gig workers, who often find themselves caught between being classified as employees or independent contractors. This lack of clear definition allows for loopholes and inconsistencies in benefits and protections such as unemployment and health insurance, creating confusion and potential exploitation.
• 02:30 - 03:00: Challenges Faced by Gig Workers The chapter titled 'Challenges Faced by Gig Workers' explores the allure and pitfalls of gig economy jobs. It highlights the appeal of being one's own boss, having a flexible schedule, and the ability to pursue other interests. However, the chapter also exposes the downsides, including the difficulty gig workers face in making ends meet. Many have to juggle multiple tasks or driving gigs to earn what a traditional 20- to 40-hour a week job once provided.
• 03:00 - 03:30: Case Study: Gig Workers' Insecurity This chapter delves into the gig economy and the insecurity faced by workers in this sector. Despite having a college degree, the narrator found it challenging to earn even minimum wage after signing up for 30 different gig platforms. This experience highlights a disconnect between the optimistic narratives often portrayed by startups and the reality for gig workers. To explore this further, the book examines the lives of five individuals navigating the gig economy.
• 03:30 - 04:00: Conclusion and Book Mention This chapter discusses the disparity in opportunities presented by the digital age. While there is a narrative that independence and self-sufficiency are achievable through online work, this primarily benefits those with in-demand skills like computer programming. The chapter contrasts this with the experiences of individuals like a man from Arkansas, who struggles to make a living through gig work, such as answering customer service calls for Sears. His work conditions are precarious, as he has to compete for shifts that become available on a platform every week.

The 'gig' economy is uprooting the American workforce Transcription

• 00:00 - 00:30 >> Sreenivasan: RIDE SHARING JOBS AREN'T THE ONLY TEMPORARY OPPORTUNITIES THAT COMPANIES ARE WOOING EMPLOYEES INTO. THE "GIG" ECONOMY IS BECOMING AN INFLUENTIAL SECTOR OF THE AMERICAN WORKFORCE. I SPOKE RECENTLY WITH SARAH KESSLER, AUTHOR OF THE BOOK "GIGGED: THE END OF THE JOB AND THE FUTURE OF WORK." SO SARAH, THE RIDE SHARING COMPANIES SEEM TO MAKE THEIR MONEY MOSTLY ON THE FACT THAT THESE ARE NOT THEIR FULL TIME EMPLOYEES, THAT THEY'RE INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORS AND THAT EXTENDS TO LOTS OF OTHER COMPANIES IN THIS GIG ECONOMY AS
• 00:30 - 01:00 WELL. IS THERE A LEVEL OF RESPONSIBILITY THAT THESE COMPANIES HAVE, ARE THEY DE- FACTO EMPLOYERS? >> THAT OF COURSE IS REALLY DEBATABLE AND THERE'S A LOT OF COURT CASES AROUND THIS TOPIC THAT HAVE GONE IN DIFFERENT WAYS. WHAT I WILL SAY IS THAT TECHNOLOGY HAS MADE IT POSSIBLE TO MANAGE INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORS IN A WAY YOU COULDN'T MANAGE WITHOUT CROSSING CERTAIN BOUNDARIES BEFORE. WITH KIND OF THESE ALGORITHMS AND THESE CELL PHONES YOU CAN SAY TO A DRIVER, YOU CAN DRIVE WHENEVER YOU WANT REALLY, IT'S
• 01:00 - 01:30 UP TO YOU, BUT JUST SO YOU KNOW, YOU'RE GOING TO MAKE THREE TIMES AS MUCH ON FRIDAY BETWEEN 7:00 AND 10:00. THEY CAN ALSO DO THINGS LIKE HAVE PASSENGERS RATE THEM AND USE THAT TO UNDERSTAND LIKE OH THIS DRIVER IS NOT MEETING EXPECTATIONS, WE'RE GOING TO KICK THEM OFF THE PLATFORM. SO INSTEAD OF HAVING THAT BE A DECISION THAT A MANAGER MAKES WHICH LIKELY SUGGESTS THAT THESE ARE YOUR EMPLOYEES AND YOU ARE MISCLASSIFYING THEM, IT IS A DECISION THAT THE PHONE MAKES AND THE ALGORITHMS MAKE.
• 01:30 - 02:00 SO I THINK THAT COMPANIES LIKE UBER THEY DEMONSTRATE A POTENTIAL FOR PEOPLE TO USE WORKFORCES THAT AREN'T THEIR DIRECT EMPLOYEES IN NEW WAYS THEY MAY NOT BE ABLE TO GET AWAY WITH BEFORE. >> Sreenivasan: WHAT YOU'RE DEMONSTRATING OR TALKING ABOUT, A SYSTEM OF INCENTIVES AND DISINCENTIVES, THAT SEEMS LIKE A WAY FOR A COMPANY TO EXERT CONTROL. I DON'T KNOW IF THAT'S A LEGAL TERM IN TERMS OF HOW THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR CONSIDERS AN EMPLOYER AND WHETHER THEY HAVE CONTROL OVER AN EMPLOYEE, BUT CREATING THESE KINDS OF STRUCTURES SEEMS TO INCENTIVIZE
• 02:00 - 02:30 THE PEOPLE TO DO EXACTLY WHAT THE COMPANY WANTS. >> YEAH, THAT WOULD BE THE ARGUMENT THAT THEY ARE ACTUALLY EMPLOYEES. PART OF THE PROBLEM IS THERE'S NO CLEAR DEFINITION OF WHAT MAKES AN EMPLOYEE OR WHAT MAKES AN INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR. THE LAWS DEFINE THOSE DIFFERENTLY, SO IT MIGHT BE DIFFERENT WHEN YOU ARE THINKING ABOUT UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE THAN IT IS WHEN YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT HEALTH INSURANCE. PART OF IT IS THAT IT'S SO CONFUSING TO FIGURE OUT, IT OPENS THINGS UP FOR A LOT OF PEOPLE TO FIND LOOPHOLES. >> Sreenivasan: YOU'VE TALKED TO A LOT OF PEOPLE WORKING IN THE
• 02:30 - 03:00 ECONOMY FOR YOUR BOOK. SEVERAL OF THEM ARE LURED BY THE IDEA THAT THEY'RE THEIR OWN BOSS, THAT THEY CAN SET THEIR OWN SCHEDULE, THINGS ARE VERY FLEXIBLE, THEY CAN HAVE OTHER PASSIONS AND INTERESTS, IT JUST WORKS WITH THEIR LIFE. AND THEN YOU HAVE ALSO DISCOVERED THAT THERE ARE SHORTCOMINGS HERE THAT THEY'RE NOT ABLE TO MAKE ENDS MEET, THEY HAVE TO DO MULTIPLE TYPES OF TASKS OR DRIVING APPS AS WELL TO JUST TRY TO GET EVERYTHING TOGETHER THAT A 20 HOUR A WEEK JOB OR 40 HOUR A WEEK JOB USED TO BE ABLE TO DELIVER THEM.
• 03:00 - 03:30 >> YES, DEFINITELY. THE WAY I KIND OF GOT INTO THE GIG ECONOMY, I WENT AND SIGNED UP FOR 30 OF THESE AND TRIED TO MAKE THE MINIMUM WAGE AND WHAT I FOUND WAS THAT EVEN WITH A COLLEGE DEGREE, I STILL REALLY COULDN'T MAKE MINIMUM WAGE. SO I THOUGHT ABOUT HOW THIS MUST BE LIKE REALLY MORE COMPLICATED THAN THE STORY, THAT THESE STARTUPS WERE TELLING. SO FOR THE BOOK I FOLLOWED FIVE DIFFERENT PEOPLE WHO WERE WORKING IN THIS WAY IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER. WHAT I FOUND WAS THERE WAS A WORLD OF THIS STORY ABOUT
• 03:30 - 04:00 THIS PITCH ABOUT THIS BEING WONDERFUL AND INDEPENDENT AND ALL YOU NEED, IT REALLY EXISTS BUT IT EXISTS FOR PEOPLE THAT HAVE SKILLS LIKE PROGRAMMING COMPUTERS VERSUS SOME OF THE PEOPLE I FOLLOWED WHO ARE TRYING TO MAKE ENDS MEET ON THE LOW END OF THINGS, LIKE ONE MAN WHO I FOLLOWED IN ARKANSAS. HIS JOB WAS TO ANSWER CUSTOMER SERVICE PHONE CALLS FOR SEARS. THE WAY HE GOT WORK IS THAT THEY, EVERY WEEK, WOULD LET KIND OF THESE SHIFTS GO ONTO A PLATFORM AND HE WOULD GO ONTO THE PLATFORM AND TRY TO GRAB AS
• 04:00 - 04:30 MANY SHIFTS AS HE COULD BUT IN SOME TIMES OF THE YEAR, LIKE WHEN THERE ARE A LOT OF BROKEN AIR CONDITIONERS IN SUMMER HEAT, THERE ARE PLENTY OF SHIFTS TO GO AROUND. BUT WHEN THERE WASN'T THAT PROBLEM, HE HAD TROUBLE PIECING TOGETHER ENOUGH WORK, WHICH IS A HUGE PROBLEM IF YOU'RE LIVING FROM PAYCHECK TO PAYCHECK. SO YOU KIND OF LIVE WITH THIS LEVEL OF INSECURITY THAT PEOPLE WHO ARE WEALTHY AND WORK IN THE GIG ECONOMY DON'T. >> Sreenivasan: ALL RIGHT, SARAH KESSLER, THE BOOK IS CALLED "GIGGED: THE END OF THE JOB AND THE FUTURE OF WORK," THANKS FOR JOINING US. >> YEAH, THANK YOU FOR HAVING
• 04:30 - 05:00 ME.